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11.3 MEASURING THE PROPERTIES OF SIMPLE CIRCUITS
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Circuit diagrams:
- use standard symbols to represent the components in an electric
circuit and their connections.
The conducting wire is shown as straight lines that connect to form a
rectangle or square.
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Series circuits: only one path along which electrons can flow.
Parallel circuits: more than one path along which electrons can flow.
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Electric current
- unit: amps (A) or milliamps (mA)
- device to measure:
ammeter or milliammeter (or galvanometer)
Ammeters are always connected in series
A multimeter, when set as an ammeter, measures the
current
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Potential Difference (voltage)
- unit: volts (V)
- device to measure: voltmeter
Voltmeters are always connected in parallel
A multimeter, when set as an voltmeter, measures the
potential difference
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Cells connected in series (positive to negative, and negative to positive)
Total voltage:
sum of the voltage across each cell
Total voltage:
Voltage across one cell.
Cells connected in parallel (positive to positive, and negative to negative)
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What advantages or disadvantages might there be to connecting cells
in either of the two ways?
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Adding cells in series to a battery is
like raising the gravitational potential
of a box by lifting it to a higher shelf.
Many familiar batteries contain
several cells that have been
connected in series.