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MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu
12.007 Geobiology Spring 2009
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.
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Bahama banks
Image courtesy of NASA.
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Whiting events
Image courtesy of NASA.
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Reefs
Shelf
Fore Reef
Spring low tide line
Mean high tide line
Reef Flat
Shor
elin
e/In
terti
dal
Ree
f Cre
st
Shel
f Esc
arpm
ent
Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.
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Reef builders vs. Reef dwellers
Image courtesy of NOAA. Image courtesy of NOAA. crinoid octopus
Image courtesy of NOAA. Image courtesy of NOAA.
fish slug
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Ecological roles
Higher skeletal volume
Low skeletal volume
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Oolite Shoal
High-Energy Reef-Crest Zone
Cavernous boundstone with abundant low - diversity fauna dominated by two species of branched archaeocyaths (Protopharetra Paranacyathus community); archaeocyaths comprise up to 38% of the volume of the rock.
Low-Energy Reef-Crest Zone
Cavernous boundstone with high-diversity fauna of mostly non-branched archaeocyaths; archaeocyaths comprise up to 13% of the volume of the rock.
Back-Reef Lagoon Zone
Noncavernous, archaeocyath-bearing thrombolite; low-diversity archaeocyath fauna of mostly nonbranched forms; archaeocyaths comprise less than 3% of the volume of the rock.
Bioclastic Lime Mudstone
Tide channel
Renalcis
Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.
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Proterozoic Reefs
Microbial Reefs
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Interpreting Reef Fossils
Cambrian microbial reef
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Cambrian reefs
Image removed due to copyright restrictions.
Please see: Image courtesy of NOAA. http://www.palaeontologie.u ni‐wuerzburg.de/
Image courtesy of NASA.
TRILOBITE ARCHEOCYATHS
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Interpreting Reef Fossils
Image courtesy of NOAA.
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Echinoderms
Images removed due to copyright restrictions.
Please see:
http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2006/11/the_sea_urchin_genome.php
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Cambrian reefs
Images removed due to copyright restrictions.
Please see: http://www.palaeos.com/Paleozoic/Cambrian/EarlyCam.html
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Ordovician RadiationPaleozoic Reefs
Image courtesy of NOAA.
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Ordovician Radiation Paleozoic Reefs
Stromatoporoids
• Calcareous sponges with robust skeletons
• Important reef‐builders of the Paleozoic
• Suffered extinction during the Late Devonian
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Brachiopods
Image courtesy of NOAA.
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Ammonites
Image courtesy of NASA.
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Conodonts
Image courtesy of USGS.
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Encrinites
Images removed due to copyright restrictions.
Please see: http://www.cmpb.net/images/photo_fos_belg/frasnien/image019.jpg
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Modern crinoid
Images removed due to copyright restrictions.
Please see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Feather‐star1.jpg