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Indoor air quality in primary schools Preliminary results of the ARIA Project
J. Cavaleiro Rufo, J. Madureira, I. Paciência, E. de Oliveira FernandesINEGI, Porto, Portugal
C. Pereira, J.P. TeixeiraINSA, Porto, Portugal
K. Slezakova, M.C. PereiraLEPABE, FEUP, Porto, Portugal
M. Pinto, A. MoreiraFMUP, Porto, Portugal
HB 2015 – Healthy and energy-efficient school buildings12/02/2015
GEAC - Energy and
Built Environment Group
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19 of May, 2015
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Outline
• Context
• Objectives
• Materials and methods
• Sampling sites
• Indoor and outdoor air measurements
• Walkthrough inspection
• Results
• Final remarks & future perspectives
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Context
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Long term exposure to indoor air pollutants
Large section of time spent at school
Children
Immature respiratory systems
Development and exacerbation of respiratory diseases
The ARIA Project
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GEAC - Energy and Built Environment Group
This work describes the preliminary results regarding the IAQ parameters
measured at the first 10 ARIA primary schools (35 classrooms).
Objectives of the ARIA project
a) Evaluate the indoor air quality (IAQ) of 20 Portuguese primary schools
b) Assess the clinical condition of children attending the selected schools
c) Study the associations between school IAQ and the children’s health
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• 10 public primary schools (35 classrooms)
• Located in the urban area of Porto (S1 to S10)
• One school day per classroom
• Occupation period only
• Recess periods not considered.
Methods: Sampling sites & study design
Participating schools
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Methods: Indoor and outdoor air measurements
IAQ Parameter Method Instrument Analysis PeriodVolatile organic compounds
Passive diffusionTenax TA stainless steel
tubesGC-MS 1 school week (Monday to Friday)
Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde
Passive diffusion Radiello passive samplers HP-LC 1 school week (Monday to Friday)
PM10 and PM2.5 GravimetrySKC portable pumps
coupled with PTFE filters- - 8 hours per sampling place
Ultrafine particles (Optical) P-Track model 8525 - -8 hours per sampling place (1 min
logging intervals)
Bacteria and fungi
NIOSH 0800 and EN 13098 methods
Merck Air Sampler MAS-100
Naked eye count with Fellers law
correction10 min per sampling place
Carbon dioxideInfrared non-
dispersive sensorTSI IAQ-CALCTM monitor
(model 7545)- -
5 school days per classroom (Monday to Friday, 5 min logging
intervals)
Relative humidityThin-film capacitive
sensor TSI IAQ-CALCTM monitor
(model 7545)- -
5 school days per classroom (Monday to Friday, 5 min logging
intervals)
Temperature ThermistorTSI IAQ-CALCTM monitor
(model 7545)- -
5 school days per classroom (Monday to Friday, 5 min logging
intervals)
Table 1 – Air sampling methodologies
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Methods: Walkthrough inspection & checklist
Characteristic Nr School ID
Low traffic 4 S1, S2, S4, S7
Medium traffic 3 S5, S8, S9
High traffic 3 S3, S6, S10
Residential area 3 S1, S2, S4
Densely packed residential area 7 S3, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10
Industrial area 1 S1
Metro station 2 S5, S10
Hospital 1 S4
Natural ventilation 10 All schools
Meals are cooked in school 1 S5
Table 2 – Example of some characteristics of the sampled schools
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• Outdoor characterization
• School building characteristics
• Classroom characteristics
• Ventilation strategies
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Results (1)
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9
S10All
scho
o ls
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Indoor Bacteria
Indoor Fungi
C
CF
U/m
3
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9
S10All s
c hools
0
50
100
150
0
1×100 4
2×100 4
3×100 4PM10
PM2.5
UFP
B
PM
(µg
/m3 )
UFP
(particle/cm3)
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9
S10All s
choo
ls
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
16
18
20
22
24
26CO2
Temperature
D
CO
2 (p
pm)
Te
mpe
rature (ºC
)
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9
S10All
schoo
ls
0
200
400
600
800
0
10
20
30
40Total VOCFormaldehydeAcetaldehyde
A
Tot
al V
OC
(µg
/m3 ) A
ldehydes (µg/m
3)
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9
S10All
sch oo
ls
0
200
400
600
800
0
10
20
30
40Total VOCFormaldehydeAcetaldehyde
A
Tot
al V
OC
(µg
/m3 ) A
ldehydes (µ g/m
3)
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9
S10All s
choo
ls
0
50
100
150
0
1×100 4
2×100 4
3×100 4PM10
PM2.5
UFP
B
PM
(µg
/m3 )
UF
P (particle/cm
3)
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9
S10All s
cho
ols
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Indoor Bacteria
Indoor Fungi
C
CFU
/m3
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9
S10All s
choo
ls
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
16
18
20
22
24
26CO2
Temperature
D
CO
2 (p
pm)
Te
mpe
rature (ºC
)
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Results (2)
Parameters S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 Total
TVOCs 11.1 2.3 2.6 2.6 1.2 3.2 1.9 1.1 1.2 0.7 1.6
Formaldehyde 10.9 2.5 11.4 18.6 4.3 9.9 8.1 11.5 11.4 22.2 9.2
Acetaldehyde 20.7 4.6 15.9 18.7 1.7 6.9 2.4 3.1 6.8 17.7 5.4
PM10 1.5 0.6 1.4 10.8 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.4 3.0 3.4 1.8
PM2.5 1.6 0.4 1.7 1.5 2.7 2.1 0.6 0.5 2.3 N/A 1.2
UFP 1.8 0.9 0.3 2.5 1.8 1.3 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.0
Bacteria 6.2 12.1 32.8 42.5 16.3 704.8 30.3 42.3 2.3 1.8 7.2
Fungi 0.8 1.4 4.4 40.0 1.9 2.1 11.1 6.5 0.9 1.3 5.3
CO2 6.7 3.5 3.7 6.1 4.9 2.5 2.6 3.0 5.9 8.1 4.5
Temp. 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.3 0.8 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2
RH 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.9 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9
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Table 3 – Indoor/outdoor ratios of the measured pollutants, per school
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• A large number of pollutants exceeded the WHO and Portuguese reference values.
• The high CO2 levels suggest poor ventilation in schools, which may be responsible for the
increased indoor concentrations of other pollutants.
• Opening the windows during school breaks may be a solution to overcome this problem.
• The ARIA project will study the tendencies of IAQ parameter concentrations associated
with classroom and building characteristics.
• The results from the children’s clinical evaluation may further clarify the health risks of
exposure to air pollutants in schools and their impact on the development of asthma and
allergy
Final remarks
Perspectives towards the future
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19 of May, 2015
Modern design Energy efficiency Mechanical ventilation
Modern schools in Porto (only 1 modern school in 20)
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Thank you!
19 of May, 2015
This study is supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology(FCT) through the ARIA project (PTDC/DTP-SAP/1522/2012).