![Page 1: 12.November.2013 Tuesday Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.. Food passes from the mouth and pharynx esophagus stomach mixes with gastric secretions. Digestion mostly](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649ce55503460f949b227c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
INTRODUCTION TO DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ANATOMY
12.November.2013 Tuesday
Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.
![Page 2: 12.November.2013 Tuesday Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.. Food passes from the mouth and pharynx esophagus stomach mixes with gastric secretions. Digestion mostly](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649ce55503460f949b227c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Food passes from the mouth and pharynx esophagus stomach
mixes with gastric secretions.
Digestion mostly occurs in the stomach and duodenum.
1.INTRODUCTION
![Page 3: 12.November.2013 Tuesday Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.. Food passes from the mouth and pharynx esophagus stomach mixes with gastric secretions. Digestion mostly](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649ce55503460f949b227c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
a series of ring-like contraction wavesbegins around the middle of the stomach moves slowly toward the pylorus
Peristalsis
responsible for mixing the masticated (chewed) food mass
with gastric juices emptying the contents of the stomach into
the duodenum.
![Page 4: 12.November.2013 Tuesday Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.. Food passes from the mouth and pharynx esophagus stomach mixes with gastric secretions. Digestion mostly](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649ce55503460f949b227c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Absorption of chemical compounds occurs principally in the small intestine
a coiled 5- to 6-m-long tube duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
Absorption
![Page 5: 12.November.2013 Tuesday Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.. Food passes from the mouth and pharynx esophagus stomach mixes with gastric secretions. Digestion mostly](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649ce55503460f949b227c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Peristalsis also occurs in the jejunum and ileum.is not forceful unless an obstruction is present.
Stomach continuous with duodenumreceives the openings of the ducts from pancreas & liver major glands of the digestive tract.
![Page 6: 12.November.2013 Tuesday Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.. Food passes from the mouth and pharynx esophagus stomach mixes with gastric secretions. Digestion mostly](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649ce55503460f949b227c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Cecum receives the terminal part of the ileumAppendixColon (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid)RectumAnal canal
Most reabsorption of water occurs in the ascending colon.
Feces form in the descending and sigmoid colon accumulate in the rectum before defecation.
Large intestine
![Page 7: 12.November.2013 Tuesday Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.. Food passes from the mouth and pharynx esophagus stomach mixes with gastric secretions. Digestion mostly](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649ce55503460f949b227c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
2. SKELATAL ANATOMY OF THE ORAL & NECK REGIONS
Oral cavity inferior to the nasal cavities. has a roof and floor, and lateral walls.opens onto the face through the oral fissure.continuous with the cavity of the pharynx @ oropharyngeal isthmus.
![Page 8: 12.November.2013 Tuesday Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.. Food passes from the mouth and pharynx esophagus stomach mixes with gastric secretions. Digestion mostly](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649ce55503460f949b227c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Bones contribute to the skeletal
framework of the oral cavity
paired MaxillaePalatine boneTemporal bones
unpaired MandibleSphenoidHyoid bone
2. SKELATAL ANATOMY OF THE ORAL REGION
![Page 9: 12.November.2013 Tuesday Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.. Food passes from the mouth and pharynx esophagus stomach mixes with gastric secretions. Digestion mostly](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649ce55503460f949b227c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
cartilaginous parts of the pharyngotympanic tubes on the inferior aspect of the base of the skull
related to the attachment of muscles of the soft palate.
2. SKELATAL ANATOMY OF THE ORAL REGION
![Page 10: 12.November.2013 Tuesday Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.. Food passes from the mouth and pharynx esophagus stomach mixes with gastric secretions. Digestion mostly](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649ce55503460f949b227c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The styloid process and inferior aspect of the petrous part of the temporal bone provide attachment for muscles associated with the tongue and soft palate, respectively.
2. SKELATAL ANATOMY OF THE ORAL REGION
![Page 11: 12.November.2013 Tuesday Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.. Food passes from the mouth and pharynx esophagus stomach mixes with gastric secretions. Digestion mostly](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649ce55503460f949b227c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
2. SKELATAL ANATOMY OF THE ORAL REGION
Mandible bone of the lower jaw. a body of right and left parts, fused anteriorly in the midline and two rami.
The hyoid bone is a small U-shaped bone in the neck between the larynx and the mandible.
![Page 12: 12.November.2013 Tuesday Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.. Food passes from the mouth and pharynx esophagus stomach mixes with gastric secretions. Digestion mostly](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649ce55503460f949b227c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
2. NECK
extends anteriorly lower border of the mandible upper surface of the manubrium of sternumposteriorly superior nuchal line on occipital bone intervertebral disc between the CVII & TI.
a tube providing continuity from the head to the trunk
![Page 13: 12.November.2013 Tuesday Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.. Food passes from the mouth and pharynx esophagus stomach mixes with gastric secretions. Digestion mostly](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649ce55503460f949b227c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
3. SKELATAL ANATOMY OF ABDOMINAL REGION
Abdomen a roughly cylindrical chamber
inferior margin of the thorax
superior margin of the pelvis and the lower limb.
![Page 14: 12.November.2013 Tuesday Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.. Food passes from the mouth and pharynx esophagus stomach mixes with gastric secretions. Digestion mostly](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649ce55503460f949b227c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
3. SKELATAL ANATOMY OF ABDOMINAL REGION
Sup. opening of the abdomen:inferior thoracic apertureclosed by the diaphragm.
Inferiorly, the deep abdominal wall is continuous with the pelvic wall at the pelvic inlet.
Superficially, the inferior limit of the abdominal wall is the superior margin of the lower limb.
![Page 15: 12.November.2013 Tuesday Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.. Food passes from the mouth and pharynx esophagus stomach mixes with gastric secretions. Digestion mostly](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649ce55503460f949b227c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
4. SKELATAL ANATOMY OF THE PELVIC REGION
Pelvis is divided into two regions:
False pelvis (Greater pelvis)
superior region related to upper parts of the pelvic bones& lower lumbar vertebrae generally considered part of the abdomen
True pelvis (Lesser pelvis)
related to the inferior parts of the pelvic bones, sacrum, and coccyxhas an inlet and an outlet.
![Page 16: 12.November.2013 Tuesday Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.. Food passes from the mouth and pharynx esophagus stomach mixes with gastric secretions. Digestion mostly](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649ce55503460f949b227c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
4. SKELATAL ANATOMY OF THE PELVIC REGION
The bowl-shaped pelvic cavity enclosed by the true pelvis consists of the pelvic inlet, walls, and floor.
continuous superiorly with abdominal cavity
contains elements of the urinary, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems.
![Page 17: 12.November.2013 Tuesday Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.. Food passes from the mouth and pharynx esophagus stomach mixes with gastric secretions. Digestion mostly](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649ce55503460f949b227c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
4. SKELATAL ANATOMY OF THE PELVIC REGION
Pelvic inlet somewhat heart shaped completely ringed by bone.
Posteriorly, the inlet is bordered by the body of vertebra SI.
pelvic outletdiamond-shaped formed by both bone and ligaments.
limited anteriorly in the midline by pubic symphysis.
![Page 18: 12.November.2013 Tuesday Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.. Food passes from the mouth and pharynx esophagus stomach mixes with gastric secretions. Digestion mostly](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649ce55503460f949b227c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
4. SKELATAL ANATOMY OF THE PELVIC REGION
The bones of the pelvis right and left pelvic (hip) bonesSacrumCoccyx
![Page 19: 12.November.2013 Tuesday Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.. Food passes from the mouth and pharynx esophagus stomach mixes with gastric secretions. Digestion mostly](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649ce55503460f949b227c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
5. ABDOMINAL REGIONS
Visualization of the position of abdominal viscera is fundamental to a physical examination.
Some of these viscera or their parts can be felt by palpating through the abdominal wall.
Topographical divisions of the abdomen are used to describe the location of abdominal organs and the pain associated with abdominal problems.
![Page 20: 12.November.2013 Tuesday Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.. Food passes from the mouth and pharynx esophagus stomach mixes with gastric secretions. Digestion mostly](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649ce55503460f949b227c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
FOUR-QUADRANT PATTERN
A horizontal transumbilical plane passing through the umbilicus &intervertebral disc between vertebrae LIII and LIV intersecting with the vertical median plane
right upperleft upperright lowerleft lower quadrants
![Page 21: 12.November.2013 Tuesday Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.. Food passes from the mouth and pharynx esophagus stomach mixes with gastric secretions. Digestion mostly](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649ce55503460f949b227c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
NINE-REGION PATTERN
2 horizontal PLANES
Superior horizonal plane (Subcostal plane)
immediately inferior to the costal margins,
at the lower border of the costal cartilage of rib X
passes posteriorly through the body of vertebra LIII.
![Page 22: 12.November.2013 Tuesday Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.. Food passes from the mouth and pharynx esophagus stomach mixes with gastric secretions. Digestion mostly](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649ce55503460f949b227c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
NINE-REGION PATTERN
2 horizontal PLANES
Inferior horizonal plane (Intertubercular plane)
connects the tubercles of the iliac crests
palpable structures 5 cm posterior to the anterior superior iliac spines
passes through the upper part of the body of vertebra LV.
![Page 23: 12.November.2013 Tuesday Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.. Food passes from the mouth and pharynx esophagus stomach mixes with gastric secretions. Digestion mostly](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649ce55503460f949b227c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
NINE-REGION PATTERN
2 horizontal PLANES
Inferior horizonal plane (Intertubercular plane)
connects the tubercles of the iliac crests
palpable structures 5 cm posterior to the anterior superior iliac spines
passes through the upper part of the body of vertebra LV.
![Page 24: 12.November.2013 Tuesday Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.. Food passes from the mouth and pharynx esophagus stomach mixes with gastric secretions. Digestion mostly](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649ce55503460f949b227c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
NINE-REGION PATTERN
pass from the midpoint of the clavicles inferiorly to a point midway between
anterior superior iliac spine
& pubic symphysis
2 VERTICAL PLANES
![Page 25: 12.November.2013 Tuesday Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.. Food passes from the mouth and pharynx esophagus stomach mixes with gastric secretions. Digestion mostly](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062713/56649ce55503460f949b227c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
NINE-REGION PATTERN
Superiorly
right hypochondrium epigastric region left hypochondrium
Inferiorly
right groin (inguinal region) pubic region left groin (inguinal region)
In the middle
right flank (lateral region) umbilical region left flank (lateral region)