Download - 13. Directional Drilling
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Slide 1
PETE 661
Drilling Engineering
Lesson 13
Directional Drilling
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Slide 2
Directional Drilling
When is it used?
Type I Wells
Type II Wells
Type III Wells
Directional Well Planning & Design
Survey Calculation Methods
Build and Hold
Build-Hold and Drop
ContinuousBuild
KOP
EOC
I II III
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Slide 3
Read ADE Ch.8 (Reference)
HW #7Cementingdue 10-25-02
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Slide 4
Inclination Angle, I
Direction Angle, A
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Max.Horiz.
Depart.?
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Type I Type II Type III
Build and Hold
Build-Hold and Drop
ContinuousBuild
KOP
EOC
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Slide 13
x
y
I
I
r
rL
In the BUILDSection
x = r (1 - cos I)
y = r sin I
L = r rad
degI r180
= L
BUR*
000,18r
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Fig. 8.11
42131 xrr and xr
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Slide 1642131 xrr and xr 3D Wells
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N18E
N55WS20W
S23E
Azimuth
Angle
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Example 1: Design of Directional Well
Design a directional well with the following restrictions:
• Total horizontal departure = 4,500 ft
• True vertical depth (TVD) = 12,500 ft
• Depth to kickoff point (KOP) = 2,500 ft
• Rate of build of hole angle = 1.5 deg/100 ft
• Type I well (build and hold)
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Example 1: Design of Directional Well
(i) Determine the maximum hole angle required.
(ii) What is the total measured depth (MD)?
(MD = well depth measured along the wellbore,
not the vertical depth)
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(i) Maximum Inclination
Angle
r1 18 000
15
,
. r2 0
D4 1
12 500 2 500
10 000
D
ft
, ,
,
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(i) Maximum Inclination Angle
500,4)820,3(2
500,4)820,3(2000,10500,4000,10 tan2
x)rr(2
x)rr(2)DD(xDDtan2
221-
421
4212
1424141
max
3.26max
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(ii) Measured Depth of Well
ft 265,9L
105,4sinL
ft 4,105
395500,4x
ft 395
)26.3 cos-3,820(1
)cos1(rx
Hold
Hold
Hold
1Build
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(ii) Measured Depth of Well
265,9180
26.33,8202,500
LrDMD Holdrad11
ft 518,13MD
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* The actual well path hardly ever coincides with the planned trajectory
* Important: Hit target within specified radius
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What is known?I1 , I2 , A1 , A2 ,
L=MD1-2
Calculate = dogleg angle
DLS =L
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Slide 28
(20)
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Wellbore Surveying Methods
Average Angle Balanced Tangential Minimum Curvature Radius of Curvature Tangential
Other Topics Kicking off from Vertical Controlling Hole Angle
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Slide 30
I, A, MD
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Slide 31
Example - Wellbore Survey Calculations
The table below gives data from a directional survey.
Survey Point Measured Depth Inclination Azimuth along the wellbore Angle Angle
ft I, deg A, deg
A 3,000 0 20 B 3,200 6 6 C 3,600 14 20 D 4,000 24 80
Based on known coordinates for point C we’ll calculate the coordinates of point D using the above information.
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Slide 32
Example - Wellbore Survey Calculations
Point C has coordinates:
x = 1,000 (ft) positive towards the east
y = 1,000 (ft) positive towards the north
z = 3,500 (ft) TVD, positive downwards
Z
E (x)
N (y)C
Dz
N
D
C
yx
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Slide 33
Example - Wellbore Survey Calculations
I. Calculate the x, y, and z coordinates of points D using:
(i) The Average Angle method
(ii) The Balanced Tangential method
(iii) The Minimum Curvature method
(iv) The Radius of Curvature method
(v) The Tangential method
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The Average Angle Method
Find the coordinates of point D using the Average Angle Method
At point C, X = 1,000 ft
Y = 1,000 ft
Z = 3,500 ft
80A 24I
20A 14I
ft 400MD D, toC fromdepth Measured
DD
CC
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The Average Angle Method
80A 24I
20A 14I
ft 400MD D, toC fromdepth Measured
DD
CC
Z
E (x)
N (y)
C
Dz
N
D
C
yx
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Slide 36
The Average Angle Method
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The Average Angle Method
This method utilizes the average of I1 and I2 as an inclination, the average of A1 and A2 as a direction, and assumes all of the survey interval (MD) to be tangent to the average angle.
From: API Bulletin D20. Dec. 31, 1985
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ft 71.8350cossin19400
cossin
502
8020
2
192
2414
2
AVGAVG
DCAVG
DCAVG
AIMDNorth
AAA
III
The Average Angle Method
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The Average Angle Method
ft
AIMDEast AVEAVG
76.9950sinsin19400
sinsin
ft
IVert AVG
21.378cos19400
cos400
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Slide 40
The Average Angle Method
At Point D,
X = 1,000 + 99.76 = 1,099.76 ft
Y = 1,000 + 83.71 = 1,083.71 ft
Z = 3,500 + 378.21 = 3,878.21 ft
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The Balanced Tangential Method
This method treats half the measured distance (MD/2) as being tangent to I1 and A1 and the remainder of the measured distance (MD/2) as being tangent to I2 and A2.
From: API Bulletin D20. Dec. 31, 1985
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The Balanced Tangential Method
ft 59.59
)80cos24sin20cos14(sin2
400
)AcosIsinAcosI(sin2
MDNorth DDCC
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The Balanced Tangential Method
96.66ft
)80sin24sin20sin14(sin2
400
)AsinIsinAsinI(sin2
MDEast DDCC
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The Balanced Tangential Method
ft77.376)14cos24(cos2
400
)IcosI(cos2
MDVert CD
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Slide 45
The Balanced Tangential Method
At Point D,
X = 1,000 + 96.66 = 1,096.66 ft
Y = 1,000 + 59.59 = 1,059.59 ft
Z = 3,500 + 376.77 = 3,876.77 ft
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Slide 46
Minimum Curvature Method
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Minimum Curvature Method
This method smooths the two straight-line segments of the Balanced Tangential Method using the Ratio Factor RF.
RF = (2/DL) * tan(DL/2) (DL= and must be in radians)
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Slide 48
Minimum Curvature Method
The dogleg angle, , is given by:
radians 36082.020.67
0.935609
))2080cos(1(24sinsin14-14)-cos(24
))AAcos(1(IsinIsin)IIcos(Cos CDDCCD
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Slide 49
Minimum Curvature Method
The Ratio Factor,
ft 25.6001099.1*59.59
RF)IcosIsinAcosI(sin2
MDNorth
01099.12
67.20tan*
3608.0
2RF
Z
tan2
RF
DDCC
2
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Minimum Curvature Method
ft 380.911.01099*376.77
RF)IcosI(cos2
MDVert
ft 97.721.01099*96.66
RF)AsinIsinAsinI(sin2
MDEast
DC
DDCC
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Slide 51
Minimum Curvature Method
At Point D,
X = 1,000 + 97.72 = 1,097.72 ft
Y = 1,000 + 60.25 = 1,060.25 ft
Z = 3,500 + 380.91 =3,888.91 ft
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Slide 52
The Radius of Curvature Method
ft 79.83
180
)2080)(1424(
)20sin80)(sin24cos400(cos14
180
)AA)(II(
)AsinA)(sinIcosI(cosMDNorth
2
2
CDCD
CDDC
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Slide 53
The Radius of Curvature Method
ft 95.14
180
)2080)(1424(
)80cos20)(cos24cos14(cos400
180
)AA)(II(
)AA)(cosIcosI(cosMDEast
2
2
CDCD
DCDC
2180
CDCD
DCDC
AAII
AcosAcosIcosIcosMDEast
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The Radius of Curvature Method
ft 73.377180
1424
)14sin400(sin24
180
II
)IsinI(sinMDVert
CD
CD
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Slide 55
The Radius of Curvature Method
At Point D,
X = 1,000 + 95.14 = 1,095.14 ft
Y = 1,000 + 79.83 = 1,079.83 ft
Z = 3,500 + 377.73 = 3,877.73 ft
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Slide 56
The Tangential Method
80A 24I
20A 14I
ft 400MD D, toC fromdepth Measured
DD
CC
DD AIMDNorth cossin
ft 25.2880cos24sin400
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Slide 57
The Tangential Method
ft 22.16080sinsin24400
sinsin
DD AIMDEast
ft 42.36524cos400
Icos400Vert D
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Slide 58
The Tangential Method
ft 3,865.42365.423,500 Z
ft 1,028.2528.251,000Y
ft 1,160.22160.221,000X
D,Point At
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Slide 59
Summary of Results (to the nearest ft)
X Y Z
Average Angle 1,100 1,084 3,878
Balanced Tangential 1,097 1,060 3,877
Minimum Curvature 1,098 1,060 3,881
Radius of Curvature 1,095 1,080 3,878
Tangential Method 1,160 1,028 3,865
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Slide 60
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Slide 61
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Slide 62
Building Hole Angle
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Slide 63
Holding Hole Angle
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Slide 64
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Slide 65
CLOSURE
LEAD ANGLE
(HORIZONTAL) DEPARTURE
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Slide 66
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Slide 67
Tool Face Angle