Download - 14.. Vaccination and Lab Monitoring
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Laboratorium Imunologi
The Role of Vaccination & Lab Monitoring in The
Control of Poultry Diseases.
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Vaccination & Lab Monitoring Vaccination & Lab Monitoring
All-in All-outManagement
Feed
Hygiene
Kebersihan / Disinfeksi
Flock management
Vaksinasi
Control ofRodents &Insects
Lab. Monitoring
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Kesehatan seimbang
Agen penyakit:
- Defisiensi
- Toxin
- Virus
- Bakteria
- Parasit
Resistensi:
- Pakan baik
- intestinal flora
- Immunitas
* Local
* Systemic
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SISTEM PERTAHANAN TUBUH AYAM TERHADAP SISTEM PERTAHANAN TUBUH AYAM TERHADAP INFEKSIINFEKSI
SSistemistem Immun Immun spesifik spesifik
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SISTEM PERTAHANAN TUBUH AYAM TERHADAP INFEKSISISTEM PERTAHANAN TUBUH AYAM TERHADAP INFEKSI
SSistemistem Immun Immun spesifik spesifik
Organ Organ PrimPrimerer– TimusTimus
»» T-cell systemT-cell system
cell-mediated immunitycell-mediated immunity
– Bursa FabriciusBursa Fabricius» B-cell systemB-cell system Imunas Imunas humoral humoral
– Sumsum tulangSumsum tulang» Precursor blood cellsPrecursor blood cells
– Yolk sacYolk sac» Maternal immunityMaternal immunity
Peripheral lymphoid tissuePeripheral lymphoid tissue
– Glandula Glandula Harderian Harderian
– Caecal tonsillesCaecal tonsilles
– LimpaLimpa
– GALTGALT
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GOODVACCINATION
PROGRAMDESIGN
VaVaksksinainasi pada ayamsi pada ayam
Progaram Progaram VaVaksinasiksinasi
Interval betweenSubsequentVaccinations
Route Vaksinasi
Umur vaksinasi pertama
TipeVaksinasi
JumlahVaksinasi
1. Stimulation & Maintenance of Protective Immunity2. Development of Immunologic Memmory
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GOODIMMUNE
RESPONSE
VaVaksksinainasi pada ayamsi pada ayam
Persyaratan untuk mendapatkan vaksinasi yang baikPersyaratan untuk mendapatkan vaksinasi yang baik
Tidak ada imunosupresi
Unggas sehat
Cara pemberian benar
ProgramVaksinasi benar
Pakan yang bagus Penyimpanan vaksin benar
Vaksin sesuai dan bagus
Tidak ada cekaman
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VaVaksksinainasi pada ayamsi pada ayam
Penyebab kegagalan vaksinasiPenyebab kegagalan vaksinasi
Pemberian vaksin dgn dosis Pemberian vaksin dgn dosis sub-optimal.sub-optimal. Kualitas vaksin jelekKualitas vaksin jelek ( (jarangjarang).). Penangan vaksinselama transportasi dan penyimpananPenangan vaksinselama transportasi dan penyimpanan.. Teknik vaksinasi salahTeknik vaksinasi salah..
Immunsuppressi.Immunsuppressi. Immune suppressive Immune suppressive krn infeksi krn infeksi viral.viral. StressStress atau cekaman atau cekaman .. Mycotoxines.Mycotoxines.
Titer Titer maternal antibodimaternal antibodi tinggi tinggi..
Strong field challengeStrong field challenge ( Tantangan lapang sangat kuat) ( Tantangan lapang sangat kuat)
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VaVaksksinainasi pada ayamsi pada ayam
Penyebab kegagalan vaksinasiPenyebab kegagalan vaksinasi
Agen penyebab tidak dinetralisasi oleh vaksin yg digunakan Agen penyebab tidak dinetralisasi oleh vaksin yg digunakan (e.g. (e.g. IBV variants, AIV subtypes, E. coli serotypes).IBV variants, AIV subtypes, E. coli serotypes).
Terlambat vaksinasiTerlambat vaksinasi.. Unggas telah sakit ( dalam masa inkubasi) saat divaksinasiUnggas telah sakit ( dalam masa inkubasi) saat divaksinasi Infeksi lapang muncul sebelum imunitas akibat vaksinasi Infeksi lapang muncul sebelum imunitas akibat vaksinasi
terbentukterbentuk
Imunitas vaksinal muncul saat baru lahirImunitas vaksinal muncul saat baru lahir..
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Vaksinasi pada UnggasVaksinasi pada UnggasLive VaccinesLive Vaccines
KeuntunganKeuntungan– Imunitas komplekImunitas komplek
» Humoral + cell-Humoral + cell-mediated.mediated.
» Berbagai klas AbBerbagai klas Ab– Titer Ab protektif cepat Titer Ab protektif cepat
terbentukterbentuk..– MudahMudah aplikasi massaaplikasi massa..– Tdk perlu adjuvantTdk perlu adjuvant– Tdk ada reaksi Tdk ada reaksi
hipersensitivitashipersensitivitas..– Kuantitas besarKuantitas besar..
KerugianKerugian– Virus vaksin ada Virus vaksin ada
dipopulasi unggasdipopulasi unggas..– Virus vaksin Virus vaksin
kemungkinan kemungkinan shedding shedding ..– Mungkin terjadi reaksi Mungkin terjadi reaksi
Post vaccinal Post vaccinal
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Vaksinasi pada UnggasVaksinasi pada UnggasInactivated VaccinesInactivated Vaccines
KeuntunganKeuntungan– Tidak ada introduksi Tidak ada introduksi
virus vaksin yg hidupvirus vaksin yg hidup– Tidak ada Tidak ada shedding shedding
virus vaksinvirus vaksin..– Tidak ada reaksi Tidak ada reaksi post post
vaccinal .vaccinal .– Vaksinasi per individu Vaksinasi per individu
akuratakurat. .
KerugianKerugian– Mungkin ada rMungkin ada reaeaksi ksi
hypersensitivity.hypersensitivity.– Titer Ab protektif lambatTiter Ab protektif lambat– Hanya imunitas humoralHanya imunitas humoral– Biaya teknisi sangat Biaya teknisi sangat
tinggi untuk vaksinasitinggi untuk vaksinasi..– Kualitas vaksin Kualitas vaksin
memerlukan biaya memerlukan biaya produksi yg tinggiproduksi yg tinggi..
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Vaksinasi pada unggasVaksinasi pada unggasMetoda aplikasi vaksinasiMetoda aplikasi vaksinasi
Aplikasi Aplikasi Individual :Individual :
– Eye drop vaccinationEye drop vaccination sangat efisiensangat efisien.. Penanganan sangat intensifPenanganan sangat intensif; ; menggunakan spesifik menggunakan spesifik
diluentdiluent..
– Wing web, i.m. & s.c. injectionWing web, i.m. & s.c. injection sangat sangat effi effisiensien.. Penanganan sangat intensifPenanganan sangat intensif; ; menggunakan peralatan menggunakan peralatan
steril dan spesifik diluent untk steril dan spesifik diluent untk live vaccineslive vaccines..
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Vaksinasi pada unggasVaksinasi pada unggasMetoda aplikasi vaksinasiMetoda aplikasi vaksinasi
Aplikasi jumlah besar Aplikasi jumlah besar ::
– Vaksinasi mell air minumVaksinasi mell air minum cepat, mudah , ekonomis, amancepat, mudah , ekonomis, aman.. Hrs. tidak ada Hrs. tidak ada disinfectants; disinfectants; kualitas air diperhatikankualitas air diperhatikan; ;
perhatikan sistem air dan peralatan minumanperhatikan sistem air dan peralatan minuman..
– Spray vaccinationSpray vaccination cepatcepat, , respon imun bagusrespon imun bagus.. Kemungkinana reaksiKemungkinana reaksiPost vaccinal (esp. in Mg+); Post vaccinal (esp. in Mg+);
menggunakan menggunakan distilled water distilled water ; drop; drop besar unt ayam besar unt ayam muda dan muda dan drop drop kecil unt ayam dewasa kecil unt ayam dewasa; ; perhatikan perhatikan secara benar funsi peralatansecara benar funsi peralatan..
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Lab Monitoring
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Tugas Utama laboratorium Veteriner ( Unggas)
- Program Pengendalian Penyakit.
- Sistem Peringatan Dini /Early Warning System (EWS). Corrective Action can be taken before disease / production losses.
- Pengukuran Hasil Vaksinasi.(Kualitas vaksin, Aplikasi dan metode Vaksinasi.
-Pemeriksaan Diagnostik.
- Penelitian penyakit Infeksius.
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Contoh Program Monitoring Breeders / Layers
UmurUmur Sample Sample Test Test
Hari Hari 1 1 -Transfer box paperTransfer box paper- Serum Serum
- Salmonella.Salmonella.- MG – IBD – SE-SP/G - AI MG – IBD – SE-SP/G - AI
MingguMinggu 9 9 - Cloaca swabs Cloaca swabs - Serum Serum
-Salmonella Salmonella - ND – IBV - etcND – IBV - etc
MingguMinggu 16 16 - DroppingsDroppings ( Cairan) ( Cairan)- Serum Serum
-SalmonellaSalmonella- Se/St- MG –ND – AI -etc Se/St- MG –ND – AI -etc
MingguMinggu 22 22 - DroppingsDroppings- Serum Serum
-Salmonella Salmonella - SP/G-ND – AI – MG -etcSP/G-ND – AI – MG -etc
MingguMinggu 45 45 - DroppingsDroppings- Serum Serum
-SalmonellaSalmonella- Se/St- MG –ND – AI -etc Se/St- MG –ND – AI -etc
MingguMinggu 62 62 - DroppingsDroppings- Serum Serum
-SalmonellaSalmonella- Se/St- MG –ND- AI -etc Se/St- MG –ND- AI -etc
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Contoh Program Monitoring Broilers
UmurUmur Sample Sample Test Test
HariHari 1 1 -Transfer box paperTransfer box paper- Serum Serum
- Salmonella.Salmonella.- MG – IBD - AI MG – IBD - AI
- 10 - 10 hari sebelum hari sebelum dikeluarkandikeluarkan
- Droppings Droppings - Salmonella Salmonella
- - Umur dipasarkanUmur dipasarkan - Serum Serum - ND – IBV – AI - IBD ND – IBV – AI - IBD
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Contoh Program Monitoring
Rumah Potong Unggas
WaktuWaktu Sample Sample Test Test
AntemortemAntemortem Caecal ContentCaecal Content - Salmonella.Salmonella.- CampylobacterCampylobacter
PostmortemPostmortem Neck SkinNeck Skin - Salmonella Salmonella
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Most Important serological tests
1- Hemagglutination Inhibition test (HI).
2- ELISA (indirect).
3- Rapid plate agglutination test (RPA).
4- Agar gel precipitation test (AGPT).
Serological Monitoring
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Intrepertasi hasil vaksinasi dg ELISA selalu memperhatikan ke 3 kunci utama respons imun setelah vaksinasi :-
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1- Intensity of Response:-
Diindikasikan dgn Mean Titer.
Jakinkan level titer Ab cukup . Ekspetasi Titer hasil vaksinasi “ Baseline Titers” Nilai Baseline Titers berhub dgn tipe ayam , umur, tipe vaksin, Program vaksinasi, dan faktor lain2. Shg hrs membuat setiap baseline unt setiap program naskinasi dan kondisi lokal .
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2- Keragaman Response:-
Diindikasikan dgn % CV.
Vaksin tsb divaksinasikan untuk semua ayam atau tidak. Penentuan % CV setelah vaksinasi :-
% CV% CV Keragaman Keragaman hasilhasil
Kurang dari Kurang dari 30 % 30 % Sangat baikSangat baik
30-50 % 30-50 % BaikBaik
Lebih dari Lebih dari 50 % 50 % Tidak disarankanTidak disarankan
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3. Persistency of Response:-
Diindikasikan dg Mean Titer response over Time
Mnegetahui titer Ab cukup lama, atau diperlukan vaksinasi ulang
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Examples of Vaccination Baselines Titers in Broiler:-
TestTest Vaccine Type Vaccine Type Mean titer range Mean titer range at 35 - 40 at 35 - 40 harihari
Suspect Titer Suspect Titer Infection Infection
NDVNDV -Live, 2x -Live, 2x per-per-minumminum
2000 – 5000 2000 – 5000 More than 7000More than 7000
-Live, 2x Spray -Live, 2x Spray 4000 – 8000 4000 – 8000 More than 10000More than 10000
IBVIBV -Live, 1x (H120)-Live, 1x (H120) 800 – 1500 800 – 1500 More than 3000More than 3000
-Live, 2x (H120)-Live, 2x (H120) 2000 – 4000 2000 – 4000 More than 6000More than 6000
IBD IBD -Live, 1x (intmed.)-Live, 1x (intmed.) 2500 – 4500 2500 – 4500 More than 7000More than 7000
-Live, 2x (intmed.)-Live, 2x (intmed.) 3000 – 6500 3000 – 6500 More than 9000More than 9000
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Examples of Vaccination Baselines Titers in layers or Breeders:-
TestTest Vaccine Type Vaccine Type Mean titer range Mean titer range Miggu stl Miggu stl Vaks Vaks
dilakukan ujidilakukan uji
NDVNDV -Live (Lasota) -Live (Lasota) 2000 – 8000 2000 – 8000 2 – 3 2 – 3 mggmgg
-Inact. -Inact. 10000 – 15000 10000 – 15000 4 – 7 4 – 7 mggmgg
IBVIBV -Live (H120) -Live (H120) 2000 – 4000 2000 – 4000 3 – 5 3 – 5 mggmgg
-Inact.-Inact. 6000 – 17000 6000 – 17000 5 – 7 5 – 7 mggmgg
IBD IBD -Live (intmed.)-Live (intmed.) 2500 – 7000 2500 – 7000 3 –5 3 –5 mggmgg
-Inact.-Inact. 7000 – 12000 7000 – 12000 4 – 7 4 – 7 mggmgg
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Microbiological Monitoring of Hatchery
-Mesin tetas memerlukan pemeriksaan rutin unt mengetahui populasi mikroba diruang penetasan (hatchery).
-Monitoring di mesin tetas setiap 6 -8 mgg
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Microbiological Monitoring of Hatchery
-Ambil sampel disetiap dlm hatchery dan peralatan.
- Bbrp area yg perlu diperiksa :
- Air intake & outlets, Setters, Hatchers, Air in chick holding dan ruang penyimpana telur, area tempat cuci tray, air, dan peralatan vaksinasi.
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Microbiological Monitoring of Hatchery
Sampel yg diperlukan:
- Swab method for counting - Sampel udara. - Egg shell monitoring by rolling method. - Sampel bulu (Bacterial count – Salmonella ) - Stamping with plate count agar (Rodac method) - Sterility testing for vaccine equipments.
- Chicks ( cull Chicks for Salmonella testing)
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Microbiological Monitoring of Hatchery
- Interpretasi: - Swab counting method. - Swab from a tow inch square area:
- Kurang dari 10 koloni Bagus
- 10 –30 koloni Moderat.
- diatas 30 koloni Kontaminasi ringan
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Microbiological Monitoring of Hatchery
- Interpretation: - Air Samples Count (Salder, 1975).
Bacterial Colony Count Bacterial Colony Count
Score Score Setters Setters Rooms Rooms
0 – 100 – 10 0 - 150 - 15 1- Excellent 1- Excellent 11 – 25 11 – 25 16 - 36 16 - 36 2- Good 2- Good 26 - 4626 - 46 37 – 57 37 – 57 3- Average 3- Average 47 – 6647 – 66 58 – 76 58 – 76 4- Poor 4- Poor
67 or more67 or more 77 or more 77 or more 5- Bad 5- Bad
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Microbiological Monitoring of Hatchery
- Interpretation: - Sampel bulu (Microbial counts /gram). (Magwood . - 1962)
Bacterial Colony Count Bacterial Colony Count ScoreScore
-25,000 Excellent
- 50,000 Good
- 100,000 Fair
100,000 + Poor
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Microbiological Monitoring of Hatchery
- Interpretation: - Stamping with plate count agar (Rodac method) . (Stinson and Tiwari, 1978).
Bacterial Colony Count Bacterial Colony Count ScoreScore
0 – 5 Excellent
6 – 15 Good
16 – 30 Fair
31 – 50 Poor
50 + Unacceptable
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Kesimpulan
VaVaksinasiksinasi & & Laboratory Monitoring Laboratory Monitoring cara yang efektif untuk pengendalian cara yang efektif untuk pengendalian ((controlcontrol))
Penyakit infeksius pada ayam.Penyakit infeksius pada ayam...
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