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14.330 SOIL MECHANICS
Geology
FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING (FE)EXAM CALCULATOR POLICY (AS OF 01/22/14)
http://ncees.org/exams/calculator-policy/
Casio: All fx-115 models. Examples of acceptable Casio fx-115
models include (but are not limited to):• fx-115 MS
• fx-115 MS Plus
• fx-115 MS SR
• fx-115 ES
Hewlett Packard: The HP 33s and HP 35s models, but no others.
Texas Instruments: All TI-30X and TI-36X models. Examples of
acceptable TI calculators include (but are not limited to):• TI-30Xa
• TI-30Xa SOLAR
• TI-30X IIB
• TI-30X IIS
• TI-36X II
• TI-36X SOLAR
FX-115ES FX-115MSPlus HP 33s
TI-30Xa SOLAR TI-36X SOLAR
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Geology
NATURAL SOIL DEPOSITS
Soils are produced by weathering of rock.
Weathering is the physical or chemical breakdown of rock.
Physical Processes:- Unloading- Frost Action- Organism Growth- Crystal Growth- Abrasion
Chemical Processes:- Oxidation- Hydration- Hydrolysis- Carbonation- Solution
after FM 5-410 Military Soils Engineering
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• Igneous Rocks• Granite > silty sands
• Basalts > clayey soils
• Sedimentary Rocks• Shales > clays and silts
• Sandstones > sandy soil
• Limestone > coarse or fine grained soils
• Metamorphic Rocks• Gneiss > silty sands
• Slate > clayey soils
• Marble > fine grained soils• Quartzite > coarse grained soils
ROCK-SOIL RELATIONSHIPS
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SOIL FORMATION METHODS
Two Main Groups
Residual Soils Transported SoilsRock material weathered in place
via mechanical and chemical
processes (chemical usually
dominant factor).
As a result of this process, and
because the rock material may
have an assorted mineral structure,
the upper layers of soils are usually
fine-grained and relatively
impervious to water.
Example: Piedmont (Eastern US).
Soils transported from place of
origin via three main processes:
1. Water
2. Glacial
3. Air
Most soils are transported soils.
Example: Cape Cod.
after FM 5-410 Military Soils Engineering
Slide 5 of 18Revised 01/2015
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RESIDUAL SOILSTYPICAL WEATHERING PROFILES
(a) Mudstone, Shale,and Slate
(b) Gneiss and Schist (c) Granite to Gabbro;
from Sowers, G.F. 1988. Foundation problems in residual soils. Proceedings, Engineering Problems of Regional Soils: 154- 171. Beijing, China and Sowers, G.F. (1994). "Residual soil settlement related to the weathering profile." Vertical and Horizontal Deformations of
Foundations and Embankments, ASCE GSP 40, 1689-1702.
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(a) Metamorphic Rocks (b) Intrusive Igneous Rocks ZONE ZONE
Colluvium of other transported soils;
“pebble marker”
common here IA A horizon
IB B horizon
IC C horizon
(Saprolite)
IIA Transition
from
Saprolite to
Weathered
Rock
IIB Partly
Weathered
Rock
III Unweathered
Rock
II Weathered
Rock
I Residual
Soil
III
IIB
IIA
IC
IB
IA
Colluvium etc.
Figure 3-2. from NHI-06-088 (after Deere and Patton, 1971).
RESIDUAL SOILSTYPICAL WEATHERING PROFILES
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Covers ~1/3 of SC and NC.
Eastern Border ofProvince called Fall Line
“Georgia Red Clay” – Residual Soil
Figure from Finke, K.A., Mayne, P.W. & Klopp, R.A. (2001). Piezocone penetration testing in
Atlantic Piedmont residuum. Journal of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Engineering 127 (1).
RESIDUAL SOILSPIEDMONT PROVINCE
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TRANSPORTED SOILS DEFINITIONS
Glacial Soils: formed by transportation and deposition of
glaciers.
Alluvial Soils: transported by running water and deposited
along streams.
Lacustrine Soils: formed by deposition in quiet lakes.
Marine Soils: formed by deposition in seas/oceans.
Aeolian Soils: transported and deposited by the wind.
Colluvial Soils: formed by movement of soil from its original
place by gravity (e.g. landslides).
from Das, B.M. (1998). Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, 4th edition, PWS Publishing Company.
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TRANSPORTED SOILSMeander and
Erosion along
Rivers
Meander
Development &
Cutoff
from FM 5-410 Military Soils Engineering
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Geology
from FM 5-410 Military Soils Engineering
Oxbow Lake Deposits
TRANSPORTED SOILS
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Geology
Map courtesy of Google.com
Oxbow Lake
Example
Northampton, MA
TRANSPORTED
SOILS
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from FM 5-410 Military Soils Engineering
Major Floodplain Features
TRANSPORTED SOILS
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NEW ENGLAND
GEOLOGY
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NEW ENGLAND GEOLOGY
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NEW ENGLAND GEOLOGY
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NEW ENGLAND GEOLOGY
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Surficial Geologic Map of the Ashby-Lowell-
Sterling-Billerica11-Quadrangle Area
(Stone and Stone, 2007)
NEW ENGLAND
GEOLOGY
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