IDEOLOGIES & UPHEAVALSTHE REVOLUTIONS OF 1830 & 1848
1800’S IDEOLOGIES (“-ISMS”)What were the goals of the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815), and what were the driving ideologies behind their goals? What challenges did the participants of the Congress of Vienna face following implementation of their goals around Europe? What competing ideologies made the Congress’ goals difficult to implement successfully? Choose one “-ism” from your packet that was appropriate for the time period and defend/justify this ideology based on the historical circumstances. Choose one “-ism” from your packet that was radically wrong, and discuss the best way to keep that “-ism” suppressed.
1800’S IDEOLOGIES (“-ISMS”)
Reasserted Conservatism (Metternich)
Classical Liberalism (ECON/POL)Nationalism (POL/CUL)French “Utopian” Socialism (POL/ECON)
Marxist Socialism (POL/ECON)Romanticism (CUL)
VS.
Anarchism (POL)
LIBERALISMLiberalism
Desires:
Representative Govt. Equality before the Law Limited Male Suffrage Freedoms of speech, press, assembly, no arbitrary arrests Doctrine of Laissez-Faire
NATIONALISMWe have a real or imagined cultural unity right now!
That must stem from our commonality of language and culture!
The spirit and character of our government
should really reflect the spirit and character of
our people!
Is it just me, or are Liberty and Nationalism totally synonymous at
this time?
THE “DUAL REVOLUTION”
Both French Rev. and Industrial Rev. usher in Modernity
French Rev. = Indust. Rev. =
Post-1815, revolutions fused to create a “dual revolution”
Demands of sans-culottes = rise of socialist thinkers Growth of M/C = desire for liberal govt. “Dual Revolution”
Politics - Classical Liberalism Economics - Laissez-faire capitalism Dual Revolution
MAINTAINING STATUS QUO
I’ve got 99 problems, and Napoleon still
is one!
MAINTAINING STATUS QUO
GREEK REVOLUTION
BRITISH REFORMLiberal Reform in Great Britain
Parliament = undemocratic approx 8% male suffrage
Tory Govt.— landed aristocracy (CONSERVATIVE)
controls on press eliminated mass meetings “Battle of Peterloo”
Liberal Industrialists (Whigs)
“rotten buroughs” 50% increase of suffrage
“People’s Charter” of 1838 Call for universal male suffrage Repeal of Corn Laws (1846) Ten Hours Act (1847)
FRANCE: REVOLUTION OF 1830Louis XVIII’s
“gift” to the people MC & peasants keeps gains of French Rev. Intellectual/artistic freedom Representative Parliament
Approx. 100,000 “notable people” receive vote (30 million pop) (r. 1824-30)
Repudiated Const. Charter (July, 1830)
“Three glorious days” (r. 1830-48)
Const. Charter re’est Revolutionary Flag Merely the “king of the French people”
Problems: Vote Bourgeois Control
JUNE REBELLION OF 1832
FRANCE: REVOLUTION OF 1848
Causes Bad Harvests Unemployment in cities “Pre-revolutionary” outbreaks
Louis Philippe’s
Feb 24 - LP abdicates Provisional Republic (10 man) Second French Republic
Univ. male suffrage Attempted Socialism
— socialist “right to work”
April Elections — Clash of Ideologies & Classes
“June Days”
FRANCE: REVOLUTION OF 1848
REVOLUTIONS OF 1848What factors brought about the the Revolutions of 1848 in Europe? Group 1 - You are a group of students, poor workers, and liberal intellectuals from either Prussia, Austria, or the Italian City-States (you pick). How do you feel about the Rev in France? What do you want to do to enact change in your country? Group 2 - You are the autocratic leaders of either Prussia, Austria, or an Italian City-State. How do you feel about the Rev in France? How do you plan to keep a Rev from happening in your country?
“When Paris sneezes, Europe catches cold.”
(Klemens von Metternich)
AUSTRIA: REVOLUTION OF 1848Austrian Empire, 1848
Hungarian Demands: Nat’l autonomy Full civil liberties Universal suffrage
Spring 1848 — Const. Monarchy — Land — Classical Liberalism
Coalition of March Nationalism divides Serfdom abolished MC - fear urban socialism
Francis Joseph II (r. 1848-1916) and
PRUSSIA: REVOLUTION OF 1848German Unification? March 1848 —
Const. & unification Schleswig-Holstein Elect FW as Emperor of unified Germany
Reaction: “Crown from the Gutter” 1850, Austria/Russia force Prussia to renounce all claims for unification
REVOLUTIONS OF 1848
JAN - MAY
FEB - APRILMARCH-MAY
MARCH-MAY
Commonalities: Political freedom + Class Conflict Reflect the failures of restoration Effects of a generation of social change Rapid information -- technology Authorities realize the power of nationalism and popular opinion
By late Aug. 1849, all revolutions suppressed Some liberalism remains in tact, but mostly a conservative victory
1848 = “the turning-point at which modern history failed to turn” (Trevelyan) ...Reasons?
Constitutions no wide support (primarily urban MC) Radical phases alienate MC... Results = suppression Est’d authorities left intact Nationalism divides rather than unites No major intervention in favor of Rev.
REVOLUTIONS OF 1848