![Page 1: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria
![Page 2: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
Description
Bacteria are single-celled prokaryotes.
![Page 3: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
Where do they live?
Prokaryotes are widespread on Earth.
( Est. over 1 billion types of bacteria, and over 1030 individual prokaryote
cells on earth.)
Found in all land and ocean environments, even inside other organisms!
![Page 4: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
Common Examples
• E. Coli
• Tetanus bacteria
• Salmonella bacteria
• Tuberculosis bacteria
• Staphylococcus
• Streptococcus
![Page 5: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
Modes Of Nutrition
• Bacteria may be heterotrophs or autotrophs
![Page 6: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
Bacteria Reproduce How?
• by binary fission.
• exchange genes
during conjugation=
increases diversity.
conjugation bridge
TEM; magnification 6000x
• May survive by
forming
endospores =
specialized cell
with thick
protective cell wall.
• Can survive for
centuries until environment improves. Have been found in mummies!
![Page 7: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
• Bacteria Diagram
flagellum
pili
plasmid
cell wall
chromosome
plasma
membrance
This diagram shows the typical structure
of a prokaryote. Archaea and bacteria
look very similar, although they have
important molecular differences.
– plasmid = small piece of genetic material, can replicate
independently of the chromosome
– flagellum = different than in eukaryotes, but for movement
– pili = used to stick the bacteria to each other or surfaces
![Page 8: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
• Classified by: their need for oxygen, how they gram
stain, and their shapes
![Page 9: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
Main Groups by Shapes
– rod-shaped, called bacilli
Lactobacilli: rod-shaped Enterococci: spherical Spirochaeta: spiral
– spiral, called spirilla or spirochetes
– spherical, called cocci
![Page 10: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
• Main Groups by their need for oxygen.
• obligate anaerobes
are poisoned by
oxygen - Ex. Clostridium botulinum
- Ex. Clostridium tetani
– obligate aerobes
need oxygen - Ex. Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
– facultative aerobes
can live with or without
oxygen
- Ex. E. Coli
![Page 11: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
• Main Groups by Gram staining
Gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer of
peptidoglycan and stain red. Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker
peptidoglycan layer and stain purple.
– stains polymer peptidoglycan
– gram-positive stains purple, more peptidoglycan
– gram-negative stains pink, less peptidoglycan
![Page 12: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
GRAM NEGATIVE GRAM POSITIVE
– The amount of peptidoglycan within the cell wall can
differ between members of kingdom (eu)bacteria.
![Page 13: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
So, Why is Gram Staining Important?
• Different types of infectious bacterial diseases
respond differently to antibiotics when they are
gram- positive or gram-negative!
![Page 14: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
KEY CONCEPT
How Bacteria help man.
![Page 15: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
• Bacteria help ferment many foods.
– yogurt, cheese
– pickles, sauerkraut
– soy sauce, vinegar
![Page 16: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
Bacteria provide nutrients to humans and other animals.
• Live in digestive systems of animals – LIKE US!!!.
– make vitamins (Ex. E. coli in our lg. intestine make B
vitamins for us!)
– break down food (Ex. Bacteria in cow stomach digest
cellulose in grass, hay, etc.
– fill niches
Human intestinal bacteria
![Page 17: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
• Bioremediation uses bacteria to break down pollutants.
– oil spills
– biodegradable materials
![Page 18: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
How Bacteria Hurt Man!
![Page 19: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
Some bacteria cause disease.
• Bacteria cause disease by invading tissues or making
toxins.
• A toxin is a poison released by an organism.
Clostridium botulinum bacteria cause botulism food poisoning.
![Page 20: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
• Example: Flesh Eating Bacteria
– may colonize new tissues
Flesh eating Streptococcus bacteria, normally do not harm us.
Only become dangerous when come in contact with other tissues like fat or muscle.
![Page 21: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
![Page 22: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
Antibiotics are used to fight bacterial disease.
• Antibiotics may stop bacterial cell wall formation.
• Antibiotics do not work on viruses.
• Prevention is best method to fight bacterial disease.
![Page 23: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
Bacteria can evolve resistance to antibiotics.
A bacterium carries
genes for antibiotic
resistance on a plasmid.
A copy of the plasmid is
transferred through
conjugation.
Resistance is quickly
spread through many
bacteria.
• Bacteria are gaining resistance to antibiotics, due to:.
– overuse
(Handsanitizers?)
– underuse (Take your RX as directed)
– misuse (For livestock raising?)
– Read p. 565!
• Antibiotics must be
used properly.
![Page 24: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
Bacteria play important roles in ecosystems.
• Prokaryotes have many functions in ecosystems.
– photosynthesize
– recycle carbon, nitrogen,
hydrogen, sulfur
– fix nitrogen = Nitrogen
fixation
Root nodules of white clover contain
Nitrogen fixing bacteria, which convert
atmospheric nitrogen into a form the
clover can use. The bacteria get
sugars from the clovers’ photosynthesis.
This is an example of mutualistic
symbiosis.
![Page 25: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
Turn your pink sheet over, to put the Archaea on the
other side!!!!
![Page 26: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
Kingdom Archaeabacteria, Domain Archaea
![Page 27: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
Description
Archaeabacteria are single-celled prokaryotes that
live in extreme environments. They do NOT have
peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
![Page 28: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
Where do they live?
• Hot springs
• Deep sea vents
• Bottoms of Swamps
• Mouths of volcanoes
• Extra Salty lakes and seas
![Page 29: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
Common Examples
• Methanogens = methane gas lovers
• Thermophiles = heat lovers
• Halophiles = salt lovers
![Page 30: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
Modes of nutrition
• Heterotrophs and Chemoautotrophs
• Chemoautotrophs use chemicals in their environment to
create their own food
(Unlike photosynthesizers, that rely on energy from the
sun.)
![Page 31: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
Reproduce how?
• Same as Eubacteria
![Page 32: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
Diagrams (omit)
flagellum
pili
plasmid
cell wall
chromosome
plasma
membrance
This diagram shows the typical structure
of a prokaryote. Archaea and bacteria
look very similar, although they have
important molecular differences.
![Page 33: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
Classified by:
• Shapes (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, bacilli
• Where they live
![Page 34: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
Main Groups – see common examples
![Page 35: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria . ... (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, ... PowerPoint](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021711/5cae5d5b88c99333788d0072/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
18.4 Bacteria and Archaea
Special roles in ecosystems – fill niches in extreme
environments • Fill niches in extreme environments
• Many of them are chemosynthesizers