Download - 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
1/72
CARBOHYDRATES
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
2/72
Definition
Polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones Or prothem on hydrolysis.
Water soluble in Nature
1 gm of carbohydrate Yield 4.5 Kcal of en
Can be stored in body
Performs various functions
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
3/72
Classification
1. Monosaccharidesa. Aldoses
b. Ketoses
2. Oligosaccharidesa.Diasaccharides
b.Trisaccharides
c.Tetrasaccharides
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
4/72
Monosaccharides
No. of carbons Aldose (- CHO) Keto
3c Glyceraldehyde 3P D
4c Erythrose 4 P Eryth
5c Ribose 5P Rib
6c Glucose 6P Fru
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
5/72
Derivatives of Monosacchar
1. Sugar acids2. Sugar alcohols
3. Osazones4. Phosphoric acid esters
5. Amino sugars
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
6/72
Disaccharides: Biomedical imporName Linkage Importance
Maltose
(Glu+Glu) (1 -> 4)
Formed in GIT on digestio
and glycogen by amylase
Lactose
(Gal+glu)
(1 -> 4)Sugar present in milk
Sucrose
(Glu+fru)
(1 -> 2)Table sugar
Isomaltose
(Glu+glu)(1 -> 6)
Formed in GIT on digestio
and glycogen by amylase
Trehalose
(Glu+glu)(1 -> 1) Present in the diet
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
7/72
PolysaccharidesHomopolysaccharides
1. Starch (1
4 and 1
6)
2. Glycogen(1
4 and 1
6)
3. Dextrins (1
4 and 1
6)
4. Dextran (1
4 ,1
6 and 1
3)
5. Cellulose (14)
6. Chitin (Nac Giusamine, 1
4)
7. Inulin( Fructosan)
8. Agar(Galactasan)
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
8/72
Heteropolysaccharides
Name
Repeating
Disaccharides Oc
Hylaluronic acid D-Glucuronic acid-N-
acetyl glucosamineJoints, O
Chondroitin sulphate
D-Glucuronic acid-N-
acetyl galactosamine4 S/6S
Cartilag
HeparinGlucoronic acidN-S-
glucosamineMast
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
9/72
Heteropolysaccharides
Name Repeating
Disaccharides
Occur
Dermatan
sulphate
Iduronic acid-N-
acetyl
galactosamine 4S
Skin,v
blood v
Keratan Sulphate D- Galactose-N-
S- glucosamine
Cartila
Cor
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
10/72
Glycoproteins/Proteoglyca Extracellular Macromolecules
Depending on their carbohydrate and protein coare classified as--
1.Glycoproteins-Carbo< proteins
-Oligosaccha.(1-20), branched
Eg- Igs, Transferrin ets 2.Proteoglycans-Carbo> proteins
-Longer(100), Linear, Unbranched
Eg.- Decorin, Perlecan ,aggregan
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
11/72
Glycoproteins There are 2 types of glycoproteins
1.O-linked
2.N-linked
Functions of glycoprotein
1. Lubrication2. Cell adhesion
3. Cell recognition
4. Sugars in Glycoprotein stabilizes protein again
degradation, protect from proteolysis
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
12/72
Structure of glycoprotei Polypeptide chains of proteins
covalently linked to oligosaccharide
chains of carbohydrate
There maybe 1-30 or even more
oligosaccharide chains
The no. of mono saccharide residues
may vary from 1-2 to much larger
The mono saccharide residues are
mainly xylose, fucose, gal, man, gluN,
galN, manN, NANA
aa
aa
aa
aa
gal
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
13/72
Glycoprotein degradation
Lysosomal enzymes glycosidases1. Exoglycosidases
2. Endoglycosidases
Genetic deficiency of these enzymes results indegraded glycoproteins and oligosaccharides i
These disorders are termed as glycoprotein sto
diseases.
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
14/72
Proteoglycans
Functions
1.Polyionic
2.Highly hydrophilic
3. Forms gel like substance acts
as lubricants and cushions4.Provides rigidity and stability to
connective tissue
5.Mediate cell -cell interactions
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
15/72
Mucopolysaccharidosis
Type Syndrome Enzymatic DefectA
I Hurrlers Alpha-L-Iduronidase
II Hunters Iduranate Sulphatase
III Sanfilippos Heparin Sulphasate
IV MorquiosGalactosaminesulphat
ase
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
16/72
Type Syndrome Enzymatic DefectAc
V Scheies L-Iduronidase
ViMaroteaux-
Lamys
N-
Acetylgalactosamin
e-4-sulphatase
vII Slys Beta-Glucoronidase
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
17/72
Digestion and absorption
Starts in mouth: Salivary amylaseStomach: No significant digestion
Small Intestine: Sucrase,Lactase,Maltase,Iso
pancreatic Amylase
Digestive products: Glu,Gal,Fru,
Absorption :GLUTS (1-7)
Mode of absorption: facilited transport and Se
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
18/72
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
19/72
Glycolysis
Only pathway which can operate in bconditions:
1. Aerobic ( In presence of Oxygen)
Glucose ------> Pyruvate
2. Anaerobic(In absence of Oxygen)
Glucose ------> Lactate
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
20/72
Glycolysis1. Location: Most of the mammalian cell
2. Site: Cytosol
3. Precursor: Glucose
4. End product: Pyruvate/Lactate
5. Significance: Energy ( ATPs)6. Regulatory Enzyme: a. GK/HK
b. PFK
c. PK
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
21/72
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
22/72
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
23/72
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
24/72
Energetics of glycolysis
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
25/72
Energetics of glycolysisEnzyme Type of
phosphorylation
No. of
Glucokinase/Hexokinase -
Phosphofructokinase -
Glyceraldehyde 3P
dehydrogenase
Oxidative 3 +
Phosphoglycerate Kinase Substrate Level
Pyruvate Kinase Oxdative 1
Total 10
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
26/72
Link between Glycolysis and Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH)
Multienzyme complex
Requires 5 coenzymes
NAD+
TPP
Lipoic acid
CoA
FAD
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
27/72
TCA/Citric Acid Cycle/KrebsC1. Location: Cells containing Mitochondria
2. Site: Mitochondrial Matrix3. Precursor: Acetyl CoA
4. End product: ATPs+ CO2+H2O
5. Significance: Energy ( ATPs)
6. Regulatory Enzyme: a. Citrate Synthase
b. Isocitrate DHGNS
c. -KG DHGNS
d. Succinate- thiokinase
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
28/72
TCA/Citric Acid Cycle/KrebsC
Special features:
1. Anabolic + Catabolic role = Amphibolic
2. Produces Plenty of energy
3. Links various metabolic pathways4. Plays Important role in metabolic switch
eg. Extra glucose is converted to Fat
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
29/72
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
30/72
Energetics of TCA
Enzymes Phosphorylation No. of AT
Isocitrate dehydrogenase Oxidative 3 (2.5)
-KG dehydrogenase Oxidative 3 (2.5)
Succinate Thiokinase Substrate level 1
Succinate dehydrogenase Oxidative 2 (1.5)
Malate dehydrogenase Oxidative 3 (2.5)
Total 12 or 10
Gl i
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
31/72
Gluconeogenesis1. Location: Mainly in liver and kidneys
2. Site: Mitochondrial Matrix and cytosol
3. Precursor: Lactate,pyruvate,isocitrate,-KG,Succinyl
CoA,Glycerol,Odd chain Fas,glucogenic AA
4. End product: Glucose
5. Significance: Synthesizes glucose from non carbohyd
6. Regulatory Enzyme: a. PC
b. PEP-CK
c. Fru 1,6 BPtase
d. Glucose 6 Ptase
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
32/72
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
33/72
HMP shunt
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
34/72
HMP shunt1. Location: Adrenal cortex,lactating mamm
glands, gonads
2. Site: Cytosol
3. Precursor: Glucose
4. End product: NADPH and fru 6 P, Gly 3P
5. Significance: NADPH ,Ribose5P
6. Regulatory Enzyme: a. Glucose 6P DHGN
b 6 P gluconate DH
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
35/72
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
36/72
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
37/72
Significance of HMP shun
1. Provides two important intermediates
a. NADPH + H+
- Required for synthetic pathways like F
synthesis, Cholesterol synthesisb. Ribose 5P
- Pentose sugar present DNA,RNAs and
Nucleotides
Disorders of HMP shunt
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
38/72
Disorders of HMP shunt
1.Glucose 6 phosphatase deficiency
-No NADPH No reduction ofglutathioneDrug induced Oxidativ
can not be metabolised leads to hem
anaemia.
2.Wernicke- Korsacoff syndrome
TPP deficiency especially in alcoholi
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
39/72
Uronic acid pathway
1. Location: Adrenal cortex,
2. Site: Cytosol
3. Precursor: Glucose
4. End product:
5. Significance: Provides Glucuronic ac
Ascorbic acid
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
40/72
GlyMet
Glycogen metabolism
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
41/72
Glycogen metabolismIntroduction
Glycogen metabolism involves 2 pathways
Glycogenesis: synthesis of glycogen from glucose
Glycogenolysis: breakdown of glycogen to form glu
Pathways occur in the liver and skeletal muscle
The protein on which the glycogen molecule is is called glycogenin. This protein is also an enzy
catalyzes the addition of first few molecules of
itself
M t
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
42/72
Management
In disorders leading to hypoglycemia
administration of uncooked cornstarnasogastric feeding between meals i
required
In disorders leading to muscle fatigu
fructose infusion during exercise is th
preferred treatment.
i d f G l b
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
43/72
Disorders of Galactose Metab
Galactosemia
1. Galctokinase
2. Galactose 1 P uridyltransferase (classical) -Galactosemia,Galactosuria,Hypoglycemia,A
1PDecreased PiLiver DysfunctionGlycogen storage in liver, Galactitol/dulcito
Cataract in earlyage.Hemolysis(lowNADP
3. Epimerase (Rare)
Disorders of Fructose Metabo
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
44/72
1. Essential fructosuria (Rare)
-Fructokinase is deficient
- High plasma fructose-Fructosuria
- Asymptomatic
1. Hereditary fructose intolerance
a. Aldolase B
b fructose 1 6 Bi phosphatase
Diabetes mellitus- metabolic rearran
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
45/72
Diabetes mellitus metabolic rearran
Insulin Deficiency-decreased glucose uptake
Decreased of Glycolysis
Increased of gluconeogenesis
Increased glycogenolysis
Decreased glycogenesis
Increased Lipolysis
Decreased lipogenesis
Increased proteolysis
Di b lli h
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
46/72
Diabetes mellitus- other consequ
1. Glycosylation of proteins. eg-Hemoglobin, albumin
2. Sorbitol pathway: Accumulation
sorbitol leads to Cataract, nephrand peripheral neuropathy.
Li id
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
47/72
Lipids
Organic, insoluble molecules whisoluble in organic solvents.They a
esters of Fatty acids with alcohol
actually or potentially related to acids.
Cl ifi ti
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
48/72
Classification
1. Simple lipids: Fats /oils (TAG)and2. Compound lipids: PL,GL,SL,LP
3. Derived lipids: FA,Alcohols,Chole
Digestion and absorption of l
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
49/72
Digestion and absorption of l Mouth: Lingual lipase
Stomach :Gastric lipase
Small intestine: Pancriatic LipasePhospholipase
Cholesterol esterase
EmulsificationMicell formation
Adsorption of FFA, Glycerol,LysoPL,Chole
Resynthesis of LipidsPacked in Chylomicron
Lipid transportation
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
50/72
Lipid transportation Lipoproteins
Chylomicrons- Apo B48,TAG,Chole-E(InstLiver)
VLDL-ApoB1oo,TAG,Chole-E (LiverPe
IDL-ApoB100,Chole-E (LiverPeripher
LDL-ApoB100,Chole-E (LiverPeriphe
HDL ApoA Chole E(Periphery Liver
Beta oxidation of Fatty aci
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
51/72
Beta oxidation of Fatty aci1. Location: Peripheral tissue
2. Site: Mitochondrial matrix3. Precursor: Acyl CoA
4. End product: Acetyl CoA
5. Significance: Energy ATPs
6. Regulatory Enzyme: carnitine acyl c
transferase I
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
52/72
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
53/72
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
54/72
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
55/72
Energetics
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
56/72
Enzyme/ Reaction ATP
Acyl CoAdehydrogenase FADH2 2 x7=14 or 1
Enoyl CoA
Dehydrogenase
NADH+H+ 3x7=21 or 2
Acetyl CoAOxdaition
TCA 12x8=96
Total =131-2=
=108-2
FA synthesis
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
57/72
FA synthesis
1. Location:Liver,Lactating mammary glands,A
tissue,Kidneys,Brain2. Site: Cytosol
3. Precursor: Acetyl CoA
4. End product: Acyl moeity(Palmitate)5. Significance: Fatty acid-Required for synth
other compounds
6. Regulatory Enzyme: acetyl CoA carboxylase
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
58/72
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
59/72
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
60/72
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
61/72
Chain Elongation
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
62/72
Chain Elongation
Two types
1. Microsomal
2. Macrosomal
3. Endoplasmic Reticulum (Desatu
Cholesterol biosynthesis
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
63/72
Cholesterol biosynthesis
1. Location:Liver,adrenalcortex,Intestine,ovar
Skin,Arterial wall etc.
1. Site: Cytosol and ER
2. Precursor: Acetyl CoA
3. End product: Cholesterol4. Significance: Cholesterol-Required for synt
other compounds
5. Regulatory Enzyme: HMG-CoA Reductase
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
64/72
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
65/72
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
66/72
lipoproteins
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
67/72
lipoproteins
1. Chylomicrons
2. VLDL
3. IDL4. LDL
5 HDL
Types of hyperlipoproteine
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
68/72
Types of hyperlipoproteineType Lipoprotein fraction elevated
1 Chylomicrons2a LDL
2b LDL+VLDL
3 Chylomicron remnants and IDL
4 VLDL
5 VLDL + Chylomicrons
Prostaglandins
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
69/72
Prostaglandins
Derivatives of arachidonic acid commonly
as eicosanoids.
Local Hormones-Autocrine, Paracrine
Inflammatory mediators(Fever)
Vasoconstrictor
Vasodialators
U i i
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
70/72
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
71/72
-
7/25/2019 1_Biochem - Carbohydrates & Lipids
72/72