1 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
SketchiXML:an Informal Design Tool for
User Interface Early PrototypingAdrien Coyette, Jean Vanderdonckt, Quentin Limbourg
Université catholique de Louvain (UCL)Louvain School of Management (IAG)
Information Systems Unit (ISYS)Belgian Lab. of Computer-Human Interaction (BCHI)
http://www.isys.ucl.ac.be/bchi{coyette, vanderdonckt, limbourg}@isys.ucl.ac.be
2 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
What’s the situation of today?
• Interactive Software evolution: context of use =(U,P,E)
time
Platform
User
Environment
Language
3 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
What is the situation today?
• Technological aspects of user interfaces progress significantly faster than– Software engineering aspects
• It takes time to develop a user interface with a new device, a new interaction technique
• It takes more time to develop a toolkit• It takes even more time to rely on a model-driven approach
– Usability engineering aspects• New user interfaces are shipped with usability problems
because– Little or no experience– No past, no empirical evidence
• Empirical experiments require a lot of resource if done carefully
4 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
How to address this issue?
• Capture essence of concepts through models– Separation of concerns, Correlability– Parsability, editability– If possible, human readability
• Typical models Task & Concepts
Abstract UI
Concrete UI
Final UI
Task & Concepts
Abstract UI
Concrete UI
Final UI
Source platform Target platform
Task & Concepts
Abstract UI
Concrete UI
Final UI
Task & Concepts
Abstract UI
Concrete UI
Final UI
Source platform Target platform
5 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Typical models
Task & Concepts
Abstract UI
Concrete UI
Final UI
Task & Concepts
Abstract UI
Concrete UI
Final UI
Source platform Target platform
Task & Concepts
Abstract UI
Concrete UI
Final UI
Task & Concepts
Abstract UI
Concrete UI
Final UI
Source platform Target platform
textInput button button
Window
AICfacet=control
AICfacet=control
AICfacet=control
AbstractIndividualContainer
textInput button button
Window
AICfacet=control
AICfacet=control
AICfacet=control
AbstractIndividualContainer
6 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Mappings across levels
[LimbourgLimbourg, 2006]
Environment T
Final userInterface T
Concrete userInterface T
Task and Domain T
Abstract userInterface T
T=Target context of use
Concrete userInterface S
Final userInterface S
Task and Domain S
Abstract userInterface S
S=Source context of use
Reification
Abstraction
Reflexion
Translation
UsiXMLunsupported
model
UsiXMLsupported
model
User S Platform S Environment S Platform TUser T
7 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Our goals
• Objectives– Description of interactive systems
• Using pre existing domain specific meta-models• Used both at design and run time
– Capitalization• Properties• Transformations
Interactive system
Model of the IS
Model of the IS ‘
Interactive system ‘
Checks of properties
Transformation
Models, instances of Meta-Models described in MOF (even for properties and transformations…)
8 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
UsiXML
• UsiXML =– USer Interface exTensible Markup Language– XML-compliant specification language for user interfaces suitable
for any interface• Web• Java• Windows-based applications• Multimodal applications, 3D applications• Virtual, mixed reality applications
– http://www.usixml.org– Join the UsiXML Consortium by registering on line
9 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
All the models in UsiXML
10 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
The Concrete User Interface in UsiXML
Simple widgets (e.g.,
check box)
Containers (e.g., dialog
box)
Behaviour ofConcrete
interaction objects Relationships
betweenConcrete
interaction objects
11 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
MDE based on UsiXML
Model to Model
PlatformIndependentModel (PIM)
PlatformSpecific
Model (PSM)Model to Code Source code
MDE Components
Techniques proposed based on UsiXML
ComputingIndependentModel (CIM)
Model to Model
UsiXML model:Abstract user
interface
UsiXML model:Concrete user
interfaceRendering
Final userinterface
UsiXMLmodels: task,
domain
Graphtransformations
Graphtransformations
12 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
The whole picture of UsiXML according to MDE
UsiXML model:Abstract user
interface
UsiXML model:Concrete user
interface
Rendering
Final userinterface
UsiXMLmodels: task,
domainGenerative
programming
Graphtransformations
Graphtransformations
Derivation rules
IdealXML
ReversiXML
FlashiXMLQtkXML
InterpiXML
VisualiXML
TransformiXML
GrafiXMLVisiXML
SketchiXMLFormiXML
KnowiXML
MethodiXML
13 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Presentation plan
1.1.UsiXMLUsiXML1.1. Overall presentationOverall presentation
2.2. SketchiXMLSketchiXML1.1. MotivationsMotivations
2.2. Paper prototypingPaper prototyping
3.3. Computer Assisted PrototypingComputer Assisted Prototyping
4.4. SketchiXML Development SketchiXML Development
5.5. SurveysSurveys
6.6. ConclusionConclusion
14 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Motivations
user interface determines how easily a user may control underlying functions of a computer program.
Thus, a program equipped with powerful functionalities and low quality user interfaces may be under-exploited or misused
15 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Motivations
Additionally, the proportion of code dedicated to user interface in application development is considerable:
from 50% to 70 %50% to 70 % of the application code
[Myers and Al, 2000]
16 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
How to build a graphical user interface efficiently?
Start all programs JBuilder build your UI
Motivations
17 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Motivations
Even if a “final result” is quickly available, the UI Even if a “final result” is quickly available, the UI created is likely to require a huge set of expensive created is likely to require a huge set of expensive modifications… modifications…
There are no rewards in life for being the There are no rewards in life for being the first one with the wrong answer. first one with the wrong answer.
[SnyderSnyder, 1996]
18 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Motivations
As it was the case in software engineering, HCI communities wanted to develop a well-structured method for developing user interfaces.
However, the systematization, and the reproducibility found in software engineering methods cannot be transposed equally in HCI: the development life cycle remains inherently open, ill-defined, and highly iterative
[LimbourgLimbourg, 2004]
20 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Motivations
We consider that informal techniques based on low fidelity mock up is the best alternative for the early design phase.
It allows to cope with the fact the such process is eminently open, iterative and incomplete
[SumnerSumner, 1997]
21 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Motivations
Such approach allows to reduce the time needed between the cycle
Permit to involve the end user in the process since few technical background is required
And rises as many usability problems than using high fidelity mock-ups
[Virzi and AlVirzi and Al, 1996]
23 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Presentation plan
MotivationsMotivations
Paper prototypingPaper prototyping
Computer Assisted PrototypingComputer Assisted Prototyping
SketchiXML Development SketchiXML Development
SurveysSurveys
DemonstrationDemonstration
ConclusionConclusion
24 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Paper prototyping
What is it used for?
Early design phaseGet a sense of the user's needs and goalsQuickly prune the tree of possible designsRemove “locked-in” choices
[SnyderSnyder, 1996]
25 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Paper prototyping
How to Create a paper prototype ?
PaperEraserPencils ScissorsGlue/TapePost-it
[SnyderSnyder, 1996]
26 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Paper prototyping
[SnyderSnyder, 1996]
27 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Paper prototyping
Paper prototypes are as much about:
seeing how the user uses the design as it is about seeing what ideas (user
and designer) come up DURINGDURING the design
Iteration is keyIteration is key
[SnyderSnyder, 1996]
28 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Design Tab
How to do it?How to do it?
Brainstorm, ConceptDesignTest
[SnyderSnyder, 1996]
29 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Paper prototyping
BrainstormBrainstorm Come up with all the tasks and goals you think the user will
need in the interface Come up with all the individual functions that will be
performed in the interface Generate a concept of how each goal will be accomplished
DesignDesign Create paper mockups of a series of screens representing
each feature One screen for each step in each task Generate a diagram of “ state transitions” from one mockup to
another[SnyderSnyder, 1996]
30 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Paper prototyping
TestTestPick users and have them step through common tasksAs they move through the steps, describe what happens after each action, and show them the next screenWrite down mistakes, misunderstandings, problems, things that worked
IterateIterateUsing what you learned, redesign the paper prototype to improve the designRetest and redesign until all common problems are removed
[SnyderSnyder, 1996]
31 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Paper prototyping
Paper prototyping appears thus to be the a Paper prototyping appears thus to be the a natural answer:natural answer:familiar and unconstrained approach
fast to learn and quick to produce
focus on basic structural issues instead of unimportant details
it is very appropriate to convey ongoing, unfinished designs, and it encourages creativity,
can be performed collaboratively between designers and end-users
32 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Design Tab
But drawbacks also exist…changes are hard to accomplish
The designer has to redraw the common features that the design retains
lack of interaction between the paper-based design and a user (a designer needs to"play computer" )
Can't emulate complex interactions
But...it isn't designed for those purposes:But...it isn't designed for those purposes:It is designed to solve problems before any It is designed to solve problems before any money or time is invested in a solutionmoney or time is invested in a solution
33 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Paper prototyping
Designers almost never use paper prototyping in design projects
Why?Why?Doesn't impress?Too simple and cheap to do anything valuable?Probably a little of both
[SnyderSnyder, 1996]
34 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Paper prototyping
The idea of developing a computer-based tool for sketching UIs naturally emerged from these observations
Such tools would extend the advantages provided by sketching techniques by easily creating, deleting, updating or moving UI elements.
Some research was carried out in order to propose a hybrid approach, combining the best of the hand-sketching and computer assisted interface design, but as we will se trough the state of the art, this marriage presents a set of shortcomings.
35 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Presentation plan
MotivationsMotivations
Paper prototypingPaper prototyping
Computer Assisted PrototypingComputer Assisted Prototyping
SketchiXML Development SketchiXML Development
SurveysSurveys
DemonstrationDemonstration
ConclusionConclusion
36 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Computer Assisted Prototyping
DENIM(James A. Landay, James Lin, Mark W. Newman, Jason I. Hong)
http://dub.washington.edu/denim/
37 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Computer Assisted Prototyping
Advantages:Advantages:
Support for scenario-based design Several levels of granularity Good documentation Toolbox of generic widgets Mature product, based on experimental
testing Zooming facility from local design (e.g.
a web page) to a global design (e.g., a portion of a web site or an entire web site)
Storyboarding facilities based on patterns
38 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Computer Assisted Prototyping
Shortcomings:Shortcomings:
No shape recognition and interpretation, thus loosing the effort
No code generation No preview mode Only dedicated to web sites
39 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Computer Assisted Prototyping
AdvantagesAdvantages
Performance (speed and accuracy) Multi-stroke gestures Recognizes rotated shapes Computationally light Open source Requires standard and freely available
libraries Extensible shape interpretation grammar
40 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Computer Assisted Prototyping
Shortcomings:Shortcomings:
No scenario editor Mono-window Only generates java (and no UI spec) Limited widget set Shape interpretation can only take as
input a construct made of a maximum of two vectorial shapes
No zoom
41 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Presentation plan
MotivationsMotivations
Paper prototypingPaper prototyping
Computer Assisted PrototypingComputer Assisted Prototyping
SketchiXML DevelopmentSketchiXML Development
SurveysSurveys
DemonstrationDemonstration
ConclusionConclusion
42 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
SketchiXML Development
Avoidance of Effort loss
Large conceptual coverage
Robust recognition
Language neutrality
Ease of use (naturalness)
Flexible processing
Context independency
Requirements Requirements elicitation:elicitation:
43 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
SketchiXML Development
Context independency
Well defined editing functionalities.
Save and export facilities.
Zooming capabilities
Robust scenario editor
Recognition flexibility …
Requirements Requirements elicitation:elicitation:
44 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
SketchiXML Development
SketchiXML as a Multi-Agent SystemMulti-Agent System
Adaptive
Modular
Flexible
45 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
SketchiXML Development
Software Agent •Implemented with/in software technologies •Environment : humans, machines, other software agents, platforms.
AgentAgent : : Individual who can act • autonomous, pro- active, adaptative with/in its
environment IntelligenceIntelligence
Multi-agent system: Multi-agent system: organization of individuals to organization of individuals to achieve particular, possible achieve particular, possible common goals.common goals.
46 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
SketchiXML Development
I* representation of the Virtual I* representation of the Virtual mediator :mediator :
When a shape is provided, the mediator send it to the appropriate agents for recognition and integrate answers
47 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
SketchiXML Development
Recognition engine :Cali libraryRecognition engine :Cali library
A fast, simple and compactA fast, simple and compact approach to identify Scribbles (multi-stroke geometric shapes)
Combines temporal adjacency, Fuzzy Logic and temporal adjacency, Fuzzy Logic and geometric featuresgeometric features to classify scribbles.
Recognizes elementary geometric shapes, such as Triangles, Rectangles, Diamonds, Circles… and some gesture commands, such as, Delete, Cross, WavyLine, Move, Copy and Tap.
Shapes are recognized independently of changes in recognized independently of changes in rotation, size or number of individual strokesrotation, size or number of individual strokes.
The recognizer has a recognition rate of 97%97% and a fast response
48 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
SketchiXML Development
Using the cali library:– widgets have to be “constructed” based on
geometric primitives (elipse, rectangle, line, …)– each geometric primitive is entered (drawn)
separately
• The new approach:– user can give examples for each widget (training)– complete widget can be entered all at once– distance measure between trained and drawn
widgets based on stroke directions– Multi-strokes too (!= Rubine’s algorithm)
49 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
SketchiXML Development
Recognition engine :Trainable Gesture RecognizerRecognition engine :Trainable Gesture Recognizer Handdrawn input (sketch) is
superimposed with a grid Each sampling point is mapped to
its closest grid node For adjacent nodes, a stroke
direction (out of 8 different directions) is taken
A string is generated from direction coding of input
Complex task of comparison of drawing inputs is reduced to simple calculation of string edit distances
50 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
SketchiXML Development
Distance is shortest sequence of edit commands that transform s to t Simplest set of operations:
•Copy character from s over to t •Delete a character in s (cost 1) •Insert a character in t (cost 1) •Substitute one character for another (cost 1)
Levenstein Levenstein distance distance
51 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
SketchiXML Development
The shape interpretationshape interpretation is based on the same mechanism:
When the program starts, the visual grammar is loaded
For each widget representation, an agent is created and try to build a widget according to his dedicated pattern
Each of these agents register to the mediator, and provide the kind of shape required according to its pattern
52 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
SketchiXML Development
Drawing Canvas
Shapes Recognition
Shape Interpretation
UpdateBeliefs
UpdateUI
SketchiXML SketchiXML
processprocess
54 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Presentation plan
MotivationsMotivations
Paper prototypingPaper prototyping
Computer Assisted PrototypingComputer Assisted Prototyping
SketchiXML Development SketchiXML Development
SurveysSurveys
DemonstrationDemonstration
ConclusionConclusion
55 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Surveys
Building the widget Building the widget catalogue catalogue
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Surveys
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Surveys
0
50
100
150
200
Lisbox 3 Lisbox 1 Lisbox 2 Lisbox 4 Lisbox 5
0
50
100
150
200
Lisbox 1 Lisbox 3 Lisbox 2 Lisbox 4 Lisbox 5100
150
200
250
300
Lisbox 3 Lisbox 1 Lisbox 2 Lisbox 4 Lisbox 5
58 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Surveys
0
20
40
60
80
100
Check box Square Line
Elem ents
succ
essf
ul
reco
gn
itio
n r
ate
Recognition rate of the applicationRecognition rate of the application
Overall recognition rate for widget : 94.12% (only)
No difference between end user and computer scientist
0
20
40
60
80
100
Button Rectangle1 Rectangle2
Elem ents
succ
essf
ul
reco
gn
itio
n r
ate
0
20
40
60
80
100
Radio button Circle Line
Elem ents
succ
essf
ul
reco
gn
itio
n r
ate
0
20
40
60
80
100
Combo box Rectangle Triangle
Elem ents
succ
essf
ul
reco
gn
itio
n r
ate
59 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Surveys
Evaluation of the usability of the application:Evaluation of the usability of the application:1. Evaluation of the time needed to draw a simple form with the
application:
The time needed decrease strongly as user get used to the application (learning effect)
End user are significantly faster than computer scientist to draw the same user interface
2. Evaluation of the application with a multiple choice questionnaire at the end of the test
Most of the participant enjoyed the test
Most of them found the application easy to use
Most of the participant were satisfied with the results (despite the low recognition rate)
60 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Surveys
61 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Surveys
62 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Surveys
63 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Surveys
64 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Surveys
65 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Surveys
66 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Presentation plan
MotivationsMotivations
Paper prototypingPaper prototyping
Computer Assisted PrototypingComputer Assisted Prototyping
SketchiXML Development SketchiXML Development
SurveysSurveys
DemonstrationDemonstration
ConclusionConclusion
67 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Demonstration
68 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Presentation plan
MotivationsMotivations
Paper prototypingPaper prototyping
Computer Assisted PrototypingComputer Assisted Prototyping
SketchiXML Development SketchiXML Development
SurveysSurveys
DemonstrationDemonstration
ConclusionConclusion
69 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Conclusion
We have introduced a new and innovative sketching tool that generates a user, platform, and environment independent output
We have met most of the requirements that were identified as important shortcomings of existing tools
we have also conducted a survey on 60 peoples from different activity sectors with different backgrounds, in order to identify how these people would intuitively represent the widgets to be handled by SketchiXML
We have conducted a survey on 40 peoples with different background in order to test the application
SketchiXML extends a set of tools based on UsiXML, allowing to initiate the design process from the early design phase to the final concrete user interface for different platforms, with tools support for every stages
70 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Conclusion
Meet all the requirements elicited in the state of the art and particularly the Development of a scenario editor allowing to represent transition between screen.
During the sketching process, the possibility to instantly switch to a runnable version of the current UI would be useful. Indeed, all informal design tools providing code generation allow easy switching from design to run mode, while SketchiXML requires to invoke a third application.
71 Invited talk for RUIPIACS’2006 Workshop – Geneva, Switzerland, September 13 rd, 2006
Thank you very much for your attention
For more information and downloading,http://www.isys.ucl.ac.be/bchi
http://www.usixml.orgUser Interface eXtensible Markup Language
http://www.similar.ccEuropean network on Multimodal UIs
http://www.usixml.org/index.php?view=page&idpage=29SketchiXML home page