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ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY IV
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Prepared by: Miss Nadiah Shamsuddin
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of the learning session,
students will able to: Describe the histological characteristic and
the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Distinguish between gray matter and white
matter.
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Introduction Nervous tissue consist of two types of
cells:
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neurons5
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NERVE CELLS (NEURON)
Specific cells that transport electrical nerve impulse.
Transport impulse from one part to others part of body.
Property: Electrical excitability (ability to produce action
potential and impulse in response stimuli). Once they arise, action potentials propagate from
one point to the next along the plasma membrane due to the presence of specific types of ion channels.
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Nerve Cells Nerve fiber is a general term for any
neuronal process (dendrite or axon) The site of communication between two
neurons or between a neuron and an effectors cell is called a synapse.
(Neuron synapse neuron) Impulses transmit into neuron at synapse
through dendrite process and carry incoming impulse towards cell bodies. Then transfer away from cell body by axon.
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CELL BODY
Contains: Nucleus
Surrounded by cytoplasm that includes typical organelles such as:
lysosomes, mitochondria and a Golgi complex
Nissl bodies (prominent cluster of rough endoplasmic reticulum) :
sites of protein synthesis in neurons that was used to replace cellular components, as a material for growth of neurons and to regenerate damaged axons in the PNS.
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Cell body Characteristics:
Different sizes with others Protoplasma have granules Neurons cells cannot divide like others cell
body Form grey matter in brain and spinal cord Cells have one or more fibers (axons and
dendrite) will form white matter nervous system’s organs .
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DENDRITE Dendrite’s shorter processes terminating
mostly near the nerve cell body. They touch the others neuron at synapse.
Are conductive in nature : receive and carry incoming impulses towards cell
bodies. Have same structures like axons, but are
usually shorter and branching. In motor neuron, they forms part of synapses. In sensory neuron, they form the sensory
receptors that respond to specific stimuli.
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AXON
Each neuron has one axon. Axon may have branches along their
length known as axon collaterals. Axon collaterals is divide into many
fine processes known as axon terminals.
Axon terminals: Longer than dendrites , sometimes about
1 metre.
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AXON Has a long central core of cytoplasma
called axosplasma . The cytoplasma is surrounded by plasma
membrane axolemma. Together axoplasma with axolemma is
called as axis cylinder of the nerve fiber. Axon:
the conducting region of the neuron. It generates nerve impulses and transmit
them (typically away from the cell body.)
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AXON Insulated by myelin sheath
It gives white colour to the nerve fiber. Has a series of Schwann cell plasma membrane
and also known as neurolemma. There are tiny areas of exposed axolemma
between adjacent Schwann cells, called nodes of Ranvier.
Nodes of Ranvier: Assist in rapid transmission of nerve impulse. (the speed of transmission of nerve impulse slower
in non-myelinated fibers.)
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Functions of Myelin Sheath17
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Neurolemma A series of Schwann cell plasma
membrane - Thin membrane surrounding the myelin
sheath that found only around axons in the Peripheral Nervous Sytem.
When the axon is injured, neurolemma assists regenerations.
It forms a regeneration tube that guides and stimulates growth of the axon.
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Properties of neuron19
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Classification of neuron 20
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Classification of neuron22
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Classification of neuron23
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Classification of neuron
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Classification of neuron25
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Nerve Impulse The electrical activity in the
membrane of a neuron. Ways by which information is
transmitted within the nervous system along the axons of the neurons.
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Types of neuron 28
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Types of neuron: Sensory or Afferent Nerves Nerve that transmit impulse from peripheral body
through spinal cord to the brain to be interprets. Example: from skin. When action potentials are generated by sensory
receptors on the dendrites of these neurons, they are transmitted to the spinal cord by the sensory nerve fibers.
The impulse may then pass to the brain or to connector neurons of reflex arcs in the spinal cord.
Sensory receptors action potentials dendrites sensory nerve fibers spinal cord brain / connector neuron of spinal cord.
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Types of neuron: Sensory or Afferent Nerves Sensory nerves from peripheral nerve
are non-myelinated and not have neurolemma. From small division called as sensory nerve ending.
Stimulation; pain, hot temperature impulse transmit to sensory nerve brain
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Types of neuron: Motor or Efferent Nerves Nerve that send impulse from brain to
spinal cord. Then it goes to skeletal muscle to contract.
Brain spinal cord skeletal muscle (contract).
The nearer motor nerve to muscle, it lost its myelin sheath and neurolemma.
The nerve branches into filament and ends at Motor End Plate.
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NEUROGLIA It is about half the volume of the Central
Nervous System (50%). It held nervous tissue together.
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6 Types of Neuroglia34
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Differences between Neuroglia & Neuron
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General Functions of Neuroglia
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Neuroglia: Astrocytes37
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Neuroglia: Oligodendroglia / oligodendrocyte
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Neuroglia: Microglia 39
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Neuroglia: Ependymal cells 40
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