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!"#$%" ' ()*+%) ,"-$.*"/0"1%) !22302
'4.020"1 ,"-$.*"/0"1%) 51%132
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#$%& '$()$ *+,,-+./*0 &$1 &-&%2 *+3 -4 &$1 )-./(&(-. -4&$1 *+,,-+./(.5* '(&$(. '$()$ %. -,5%.(*30 -, 5,-+60-, %. -781)&019(*&*:(.)2+/(.5 &$1 .%&+,%2 %* 3-/(;1/ 7 &$1 %,&(;)(%2?@
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OBJECTIVES
A%. (* -.1 -4 &$1 *61)(1* '$- (.$%7(& &$1 1%,&$@ #$1 (* &$1 -.2< -.1'$- $%* (.&1,41,1/ '(&$ =%,(-+* .%&+,%2 6,-)1**1* 4-, +*1 -4 7-&$ 7(-2-5()%2 > 6$
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Atmosphere
Sea
Abiotic Environment
Biotic Environment
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I&3-*6$1,1
P
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SolarRadiationClimat
e
Geolog ySoil
V e g e t
a t i o n A
n i
m a l s
BioticComponent
AbioticComponent
Sun provides energy for plant photosynthesis
Amount of solar radiation varies withlatitude & hence effects climate. solarradiation also power weather systems
Soil [provides habitat including water & air for many invertebrates addition many animals haveevolved specialist cope with different soils for example the feet of camel.
Volcanic activity ,mountain, ranges etc. canalso affect climate
Climate interacts with geology in soilformation provides water for solar climate.
Plants provides food for animals
Dead plants & animals decomposes & return nutrients to the soil. Nutrientsare also returned to the soil through animal excrement.
Vegetation gives off water vapour who helps to stabilize the climate of the earth.Climate restricts the type of plants & animals that can survive in a particularecosystem. Water & temperature are two main climate controls.
Animals alter vegetation by browsing & grazing. Human have significantly alteredvegetation patterns through modification for agriculture.
Soil provides water & nutrients for plantstogether with a physical base in which plants caroot themselves.
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!"# %"##&'( )(*+,-.& /, )*/0("#& +1 *)'2 3/4&'( 5),&, 6,",-&'3&3 -)#(/%7&,8 9( /, )7*+,(,)*& &: ;.& "- (+ )' )7(/("3&+1 *,8?.& )(*+,-.& /,3/:/3&3 /' (+ @ 7)2,A
Name ofsphere orlayer
HeightinKms.
Temperature
ImportantChemicalSpecies (Gas)
Troposphere 0-8 15 to 45 N 2,O 2,CO2,
H2Stratosphere 8-50 -55 to 05 O 3,O 2
Mesosphere 50-80 -2 to -90 N 2+O2
Ionosphere 80-400
O2,O+,NO+
Exosphere 400-1600
H2,He
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Constituent Symbol Average concentration Source Volume
Nitrogen N 2 780900 Biotic 7.809 ! 10 1
Oxygen O 2 209400 Biotic 2-094 ! 10 1
Argon Ar 9300 Radioactive 9.3 ! 10 -1
Carbon dioxide CO 2 318318 Biotic & industrial 3.18 ! 10 -2
Neon Ne 18 Internal
helium He 5.2 Radioactive 5.2 ! 10 -4
Methane CH 4 1.3 Biotic 1.3 ! 10 -4
Krypton Kr 1.0 Internal 1.0 ! 10 -5
Hydrogen H 2 0.5 Biotic & photochemical 5.0 ! 10 -5
Water H 2O 0.25 Physical 2.5 ! 10 -5Carbon monoxide CO 0.1 Photochemical & industrial 1.0 ! 10 -5
Ozone O 3 0.02 Photochemical 2.0 ! 10 -6
Ammonia NH 3 0-01 Photochemical 1.0 ! 10 -6
Nitrogen dioxide NO 2 0.001 Biotic & industrial 1.0 ! 10 -7
Sulpher dioxide SO 2 0.002 Photochemical 2.0 ! 10 -8
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Source PollutionTransportation 42%
Fuel 21%Industries 14%
Solid wastedisposal
05%
Other 18%
42%
678
Transportation Fuel
C* %. +.'%.&1/ )$%.51 (. &$1R+%2( &< -4 1%,&$Q* 1%,& $*%&3-*6$1,1 )%+*1/ 7< 13(**(-.-4 5%*1* )%+*1/ 7< 13(**(-. -45%*1* /+1 &- 7+,.(.5 -4 4-**(24+120&,%.*6-,&%&(-.0(./+*&,(%2(.*&(&+&(-. 1&)@
Industries waste Other
21%
14%
05%
18%
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Different PollutantsS@ M % * 1 - + * ' % * & 1 T K 9 ( / 1 * - 4
.(&,-51.0UK V 0WKV 0WK@W20H,0C0KX> *3-5@V@ W-36219 -,5%.() )$13()%2*T H1.L1.10 1&$1,@X@ I)(/ 6,-6 21&*T P VUKY 0 POK XY@ I 5 , - ) $ 1 3 ( ) % 2 * T 4 1 , & ( 2 ( L 1 , * 06 1 * & ( ) ( / 1 * 0 $ 1 , 7 ( ) ( 9 2 1 * 0 4 + . 5 ( ) ( / 1 * 0
,13%&()(/1*0'11/()(/1*071)&,1)(/1* 1&)@Z@ [2+-,(/1*\@ A1&%2*T A1,)+,
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C&%+'3)#2 -+77"()'(, D?.&,& #&,"7( 1#+* %.&*/%)7 #&)%(/+', E&(;&&' (;++# *+#& )/# %+*-+'&'(,8
Formation of secondary pollutants
2SO 2+O2 2SO 3
2SO 3+H2O H2SO4 (Secondary pollutant)
O%&+,%2 J-22+&%.&*T #$1 6-22+&(-. '$()$ )-31* -+& 4,-3 .%&+,%2*-+,)1* *+)$ %* 4-,1*& ;,1* =-2)%.() 1,+6&(-. /1)-36-*(&(-. -4-,5%.() 3%b1, > .%&+,%2 ,%/(-%)&(=(&
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Primary Pollutants Secondary Pollutants
Factory
Volcano
NO2,SO 3,HNO3,
H2SO4,H2O2,O3,PANs,MostNO 3-- & SO4-2CO,CO
2,NO,Most
Hydrocarbons,Most SPM
Solar radiation
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4*93)%:*" (.*;1 1A
B
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!"=.0%2$"@ 4*93)%:*"
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4*93)%:*" (.*;1 "%:*"2 $"1
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4*))3:*"
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O$. 4*))3:*"
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S3..$=%"0 _%1.$"%
! /9%=1 *G S3 . .$=%"0 _%1.$"% ;%2 $120"-$.*"/0"1%) #%/%@0 1 1* #* ;$1< 93+)$=
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?/''2=)1+ @)('21)
O"%)>212 02:/%10 1
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?/''2=)1+ @)('21)
B
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?/''2=)1+ @)('21) A !.""#21*B"1()C21)(+, D'"/1#:)(+'
S*320
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?/''2=)1+ @)('21)A E1F2'"1C+1().G+*/.)0"1, 3"( E1H"'=+#
O" ,4O 20"$*. 9*)$=> %"%)>21F 0"-$.*"/0"1%).0@3)%:*"2 $" 9)%=0 1* 9.0-0"1 1902 *G#$2=
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4.*10=1 fO$. G.*/ 4*))3:*"
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`%.+*" `.0#$1
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`)$/%10 `
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g%10. 4*))3:*"
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g%10. 4*))3:*"
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g%10. 4*))3:*"
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I)(+' %=)'=2(J
h> 6E6CF 7AD +$))$*" 90*9)0 ;$)) +0 )$-$"@ $"=*3"1.$02 ;$1< ;%10. 2=%.=$1>F %"# 1;*L1
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I)(+' %=)'=2(J ! Over 1 billion people worldwide do not have access
to clean water.
! More than 2 billion people do not have proper
sanitation.
! By 2025 there will be 1.8 billion people living withabsolute water scarcity and 2/3 of the worldspopulation could be living under water stressed
conditions
! On a global basis, the amount of fresh wateravailable per person is falling rapidly.
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S*; Z3=< g%10.#* ;0 *" ,%.1 )-33(&31.&
A1%*+,1 -4 '%&1, 3%.%5131.& 6,%)&(*1* : M-/,18 0 K,)$(/ W$13()%2*0 f(L%5 U&1120 C#W ?
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EBK
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Green Building Movement
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K
Why Rain Water Be Harvested ?
N" ="1,+'F+ R )/*C+1( (&+ ,("')*+ "H*'"/1# :)(+'
N" '+#/=+ :)(+' ()6.+ #+4.+0"1 N" 2C4'"F+ (&+ S/).2(J "H *'"/1# :)(+' N" )''+,( ,+) :)(+' 21('/,2"1 21 ="),().
)'+), N" )F"2# T""# R :)(+' ,()*1)0"1 21
/'6)1 )'+),
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N*$20 4*))3:*"
ll
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Noise pollution?./, ) .), #/5.(72 E&&' %)77&3 ), (.& ) +1 '+/,&8 E&%)",& .&):2
/'3",(#/)7/K)(/+' ;& )#& &0-+,&3 (+ ) ./5. 7&:&7 +1 '+/,& )77 )#+"'3 ",8L+/,& .), E&%+*& ) : /*-+#()'( ,(#&,, 1)%(+# /' *+3' 7/1&8 9( 7&)3,*)'2 .&)7(. .)K)#3, 8C+*& +1 (.& ,+"#%&, +1 '+/,& -+77"(/+' )#& )/#%#)1(M)"(+*+E/7&,M 1)%(+#/&,M 7+"3,-&)J,6 -+-6 N+%JA'AN+77 *",/% /' %7"E,
. Noise produces following health problems-1)Auditory fatigue2)Deafness or impaired vision3)Rise in blood pressure, pulse
rate4)Headache5)Nausea6)Disturbed sleep7)Emotional disturbances
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Space vehicle launch
Loudspeaker
Jet take off
Very High above than100db
Loud Conversation
Heavy Traffic
High Approximate 80db
Quit Conversation
Ticking Clock
Pleasant below than80dB
Quit RainingSports car
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()*+%) g%./$"@
Higher sea levels Higher temperatures
Variable climatic conditions These changes are expected to
cause a significant impact onagriculture and ecosystems
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D."6). B.2C)(+ < B&)1*+
T010./$"$"@
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D."6). I)'C21* < B.2C)(+
()*+%) ;%./$"@ %[0=12 1
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D."6). U2CC21*
O$. 9*))31%"12 G.*/ G*22$) G30) 320 /%P0 =)*3#2.0d0=1 /*.0 *G 1
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(.00" S*320 ,[0=1
Human activities are increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere, which cause more heat to be trapped
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(.00" S*320 ,[0=1
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Ultraviolet rays
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Ultraviolet raysfrom Sun
The Ozone layer instratosphereblocks theseharmful UV rays
Chlorofluorocarbonsare entering in toatmosphere releasingchlorine. The chlorinethan break down theozone
The chlorine released from CFCs breakdown the ozone molecule.
chlorine
ozone
More ultraviolet radiations are reaching in to earthssurface as there is a whole in ozone layer.
Oxygen
Whole in
Ozone layer
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Xc*"0 l%>0. T09)0:*"
B %313/" T09)010# *c*"0 )0-0)2 =%320 1
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O
Methane
CarbonDioxideNitrous oxide
Ozone
EarthEarth
CarbonDioxide
50%
Methane 18%Chlorofluorocarbons
14%
Ozone 12%Nitrous oxide 06%
Green house gases in naturalcondition insulates the earth against
extreme of temperature by limitingboth incoming solar radiation &escape of reradiated heat in tospace.
This natural balance may bedistorted by Green House
Effect as gases such ascarbon dioxide have built upin the atmosphere trappingmore heat
sun
Infra-redradiation
Atmosphere
SurfaceTemperaturenormal
Some reradiatedheat reflectedback to earth
Atmosphere
sun
SurfaceTemperatureincreases
More reradiatedheat reflectedback to earth
Less reradiatedheat escapes into space
Some reradiatedheat escapes into space
sun
Contribution of different gasesto cause green house effect
Environmental challenges
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Environmental challenges M,11. $-+*1 1N1)&T C.),1%*(.5 52-7%2 &1361,%&+,1@ U)(1.&(*&*
6,1/()&(.5 &$%& 1%,&$Q* &1361,%&+,1 '(22 (.),1%*1 7< XBYc
W 7< *+26$+,@C& (.),1%*1* %)(/(&< -4 *-(2 >1N1)&* &$15,-'&$ -4 &,11* > 62%.&*@ #$1 3%81*&() 3-.+31.& #%8 A%$%2 (. C./(% (*%2*- %N1)&(.5 7< &$(*@
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S6X g%10.NX6
N$1.*@0"#$*U$#0
S>#.*=%.+*"2
X6Z*)0=3)%.XU>@0"
HNO3Nitric Acid PANsPeroxyacylnitrates
Aldyhydes(e.g. Formaldehyde)
O3Ozone
OAtomic Oxygen
NX N$1.$=XU$#0
UltravioletRadiation
Photochemical Smog
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Acid Rain
SO2 &NOX
+water
SEASeaLakeFactories,Transportation
Solar Radiation
H2SO4 (Sulphuric Acid)
HNO3 (Nitric Acid)
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O=$# k%$"
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-
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U:21#.21* !"'+,(,
B 9)%""$"@ 20.-$=02 1* =*"1.*)9*93)%:*" @.*;1
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-
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U+='+),21* 52"#2F+',2(J
4*93)%:*" #0"2$1> $2 =*""0=10# 1* 1 $" /%"> .0@$*"2A
T%1% G.*/ 1
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`*.%) k00G2
X"0 1>90 *G 0=*2>210/ 1o1 G%=0 1
-
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-
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!))0@%) _$))$"@ *G O"$/%)2
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g%210 Z%"%@0/0"1
,p=$0"1 ;%210 /%"%@0/0"1 =*/9.$202 e3$=P $#0":Y=%:*" *G 1
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)
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4)%2:= g%210
Actual Plant of 300 Kg Capacity
)%2 %2 0
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4)%2:= g%210
(% %@0
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(%.+%@0
U '0W )0"1
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U+,+'0W=)0"1
T020.:Y=%:*" $2 =%320# +>f X-0.@.%c$"@ X-0.9)*3@
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)O 1.00 10%.2 @0"0.%102f
q k2A CAM )%P@0"
q j%=$)$1%102 k2A QAK )%P
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m%)30 *G % B.00
q k0=>=)02 k2A QAK )%P
q h02$#02 9.*-$#0 d*;0.F G.3$12 %"# :/+0.
q g
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g%2102
%".2# I),(+ Q2S/2# I),(+ D),+"/, EC2,,2"1,
G+C+C6+' (&+ (&'++ GX,YYYYYG+#/=+Z G+/,+Z G+=J=.+
B*U$= =*"2:130"12 $" 0L;%210
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JQ
"#$%#&'&() "#&)(*(+'&()! %,-./01 2-,23-/ 456,17 8061 9 261:-3:! "6/;510 ,6< /3407 =">(7? 8061 5@-10 9 "61:-3:! )A-/2;07 9 BC6/ 72,00. :5.-/5,7 $0,23,
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) @
>*1* 4 *1* *)
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_>*1* 4.*1*=*)
_>*1* 4.*1*=*)L $2 1 @.*392 %)1
-
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_>*1* 4.*1*=*)
j)0U$+$)$1> /0=2 1* %=
-
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BK-[\]U/'6)1 B.2C)(+ B"1H+'+1=+
BK-[^]U"&) B.2C)(+ B"1H+'+1=+BK-[_]B)1=`1 B.2C)(+ B"1H+'+1=+
_>*1*F r%9%"F 1*1* =*"G0.0"=0 *" =)$/%10 =
-
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5*/0 S%./G3) k023)12 *G 4*-0.1>
l0% "$"@ 1* l$ 0 Z* 0 5321%$"%+)>
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l0%."$"@ 1* l$-0 Z*.0 5321%$"%+)>
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Conclusion
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U&-)D$-23 )-.41,1.)1 -4 Sa^V 6,-)2%(3* &$%&T
#$1 6,-&1)&(-. > (36,-=131.& -4 $+3%. 1.=(,-.31.& (* %
3%8-, (**+1 '$()$ %N1)&* &$1 '122 71(.5 -4 61-621 > 1)-.-3()
/1=12-631.& &$,-+5$-+& &$1 '-,2/ > (& (* /+&< -4 %225-=1,.31.&* > 61-621 &- )-33-. 1N-,&* 4-, &$1 6,1*1,=%&(-.
> (36,-=131.& -4 1.=(,-.31.& 4-, &$1 71.1;& -4 %22 61-621 >
&$1(, 6,-*61,(&