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2.0 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
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COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
• The organization consists of a number of people who are interdependent.
• The performance of one individual in an organization is always affected by the performance of the other.
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COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
• Interdependence calls for coordination of activities which ensures that individual tasks will be carried out that the objectives of the organization will be achieved.
• Coordination can not be possible if there is no effective communication.
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2.1 Communication• Communication is the transfer of
information from a sender to a receiver.
• The process involves the transfer of information and some behaviors.
• Through communication; information and understanding is transferred between parts and people in an organization.
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Communication..
• It can also be defined as the process by which information is exchanged and understood by two or more people, usually with the intent to motivate or influence behavior.
• In most cases managers are information nerve centre, they receive, process and disseminate information.
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Communication..
• Effective communication, both within the organization and with people outside the company, is a major challenge and responsibility for managers.
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The Manager as an Information Nerve Centre
External Information
Internal Information
Manager as a receiver, processor and disseminator of information
Purpose-DirectedDirect attention to vision, values, desired outcomes Influence employee behavior
Strategic ConversationsOpen communication Listening Dialogue Feedback
MethodsRich channels Upward, downward, & horizontal channels Nonverbal communicationPersonal networks
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2.2 Importance of Communication in an Organization
Effective communication leads to:
i. It leads to greater effectiveness
ii. It keeps people in the picture
iii.It gets people involved with the organization and increases motivation to perform well
iv.It increases commitment to the organization
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Importance of Communication in an Organization…
v. It makes for better relationships and understanding between boss and subordinates (colleagues; people within the organization and outside it).
vi. It helps people to understand the need for change (how they should manage it; how to reduce resistance to change).
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Importance of Communication in an Organization…vii. Effective communication is critical to the
success of an organization.
viii.Through communication; member’s behaviour is controlled in several ways
ix. Communication fosters motivation for what is to be done
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Importance of Communication in an Organization…
viii.Communication provides a release for emotional expression
ix. It also provides information needed for decision making.
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2.3 Communication Networks
• Communication networks are systems of communication lines linking senders and receivers.
• They are channels through which messages pass from one person to another.
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Functions of Communication Networks
Communication networks have the following functions:
i. Providing the means for coordinating the activities of individuals, relationships, groups and other subunits within the organization.
ii.Providing mechanisms for directing the activities of the organization as a whole.
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Functions of Communication Networks
iii. Facilitating the exchange of information within the organization, and
iv. Ensuring the flow of information between the organization and the external environment in which it exists
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Communication Networks in an Organization
• One important differentiating characteristic of organization is the size.
• An increase in the number of individuals in a social unit dramatically increases the number of reciprocal communication linkages that are possible and necessary to connect the persons involved.
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Functions of Communication Networks…
• This is a problem of major proportion
within large organizations.
• In small groups, people can generally talk to whom they wish, about what they wish
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Communication Networks: Formal and Informal Communication Networks
• Communication networks can either be formal or informal.
• They are “formal” if they are formally formed and known for information dissemination/transfer among people in an organization.
• “Informal communication networks” inevitably develop among individuals and subunits in any group or organization
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Communication Networks: Informal Communication Networks…
• These informal networks serve to link individuals to one another in much the same way as do formal networks.
• Informal linkage comes into being primarily because of the personal and social needs of the members.
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Communication Networks: Informal Communication Networks…
Informal communication networks:
• Are generally face-to-face
• Are less constrained by organizational and political constraints
• Move messages rapidly
• Tend to be more the result of the situation than the people or their roles
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Communication Networks: Informal Communication Networks…
• Tend to develop more often within organizational workgroups, departments , or divisions than between them and
• Generally; informal communication networks transmit information that is accurate, though often somewhat incomplete, leading to misinterpretation
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2.4 Structures of Communication Networks
• Communication Networks can be centralized or decentralized.
• A centralized communication network is when information is centered in or directed through specific members.
• A decentralized communication network occurs when communication can start anywhere and travel anywhere in the organization.
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Structures of Communication Networks…
• These types of networks can be in various shapes; chain, Y, wheel, circle, all channel as seen in the diagram below:
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Structures of Communication Networks…
• The wheel: The wheel is characterized by the centralized position of a clear leader, who is the only one who can send messages to all members and the only one who can receive messages from all members.
• • The Y: The y pattern is somewhat less
centralized than the wheel, but more centralized than some of the other patterns.
•
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Structures of Communication Networks…
• The Circle: The circle has no leader; here there is total quality. Each member of the circle has exactly the same authority or power to influence the group.
• The Chain: The chain is similar to the circle except that the end members may communicate with only one person each.
•
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Structures of Communication Networks…
• The All-Channel: The all-channel or star pattern is like the circle in that all members are equal and all have exactly the same amount of power to influence others, except that each member in this pattern may communicate with any other member.
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Structures of Communication Networks…
• This pattern allows for the greatest member
participation. Communication through these networks occurs often but not always face-to-face. Messages may be written in informal memos or in formal letters and reports.
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2.5 Internal and External Communication Networks Internal Communication Networks• In internal communication networks
message flows within organizations
• Internal communication networks have important roles in organizations
• Companies with effective communication strategies are usually successful
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Internal Communication Networks… • Internal communication networks allow the
management and employees to exchange information easily within and organization.
• Internal communication networks can either be downward, upward or horizontal flows.
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External Communication Networks
External communication networks relate to those linking other organizations and public
Inflow: • External networks connect and respond
appropriately to environmental change, threat opportunity or challenge.
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External Communication Networks: Inflows
• Organizations receive information necessary to identify and respond appropriately to environmental change, threat, opportunity or challenge.
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External Communication Networks: Outflows
Outflow:
• Activities that involve the transmission of messages into the environment with the aim of informing and systematically influencing the environment outside the organization
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2.6 Mediated Communication Networks
• Mediated communication uses devices in transferring messages.
• In most enterprises, mediated communication is essential.
• The traditions of the mail; telephones; fax; teleconference; on-line computer systems; electronic mail etc show how mediated communication is useful.
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Mediated Communication Networks: Computer-Aided Communication Networks
• E-mail– Advantages: Quickly written, sent, and
stored; low cost for distribution– Disadvantages: Information overload, lack
of emotional content, cold and impersonal• Instant Messaging
– Advantage: 'Real time' e-mail transmitted straight to the receiver’s desktop
– Disadvantage: Can be intrusive and distracting
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Mediated Communication Networks: Computer- Aided Communication Networks
• Intranet–A private organisation-wide information
network (employees belonging to that company can access and interact)
• Extranet–An information network connecting
employees with external suppliers, customers, and strategic partners
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Mediated Communication Networks: Computer-Aided Communication Networks
• Videoconferencing–An extension of an intranet or extranet
that permits face-to-face virtual meetings via video links
• Web conferencing–conferencing event taking place among
people who are different geographical locations
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Mediated Communication Networks: Computer-Aided Communication Networks
• Webinar— It is a specific type of web conferencing.
—Web based seminar, presentation, lecture, workshop etc. that is transmitted over the web
—Use various web based technologies
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2.7 Classification of Communication Networks
Communication networks are classified by topology, reach and type of services to be provided by the network:
(i) Classification by Network Topologies
• A network topology is the way the components of a network are connected. Components here are computers. There can be star, bus and ring topologies.
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Classification of Communication Networks..
Network topologies may be physical or logical.
• Physical topology means the physical design of a network including the devices, location and cable installation.
• Logical topology refers to how data is actually transferred in a network as opposed to its physical design.
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Classification of Communication Networks: Network Topologies…
• In Star Topology the switch is connected to a number of smaller computers or terminals.
• This topology is useful for applications as some processing must be centralized and some can be done locally.
• Star topology is very vulnerable, because all communication in the network must pass through the switch
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Classification of Communication Networks: Network Topologies…
• In star topology all data is sent from one client to another through the server/switch.
Advantages
• If one client fails no other clients are affected.
Disadvantages
• If central file server fails the network fails
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Classification of Communication Networks: Network Topologies…
• The Bus Network links a number of computers by a single circuit made of twisted wire, coaxial cable, or fiber optic cable.
• Massages are broadcasted to the entire network through a single circuit.
• There is no central host, and message can travel in both directions along the cable.
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Network Topologies…
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Bus Topology
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Classification of Communication Networks: Network Topologies…
Bus Topology
Advantages
• Easy to set up and maintain failure of one node does not affect network
Disadvantages
• Higher rate of data collision than with a bus network fails if there is any damage to the bus
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Classification of Communication Networks: Network Topologies…
• A Ring Topology is the one in which all computers are linked by a closed loop in a manner that messages are transmitted from computer to computer, flowing in a single direction.
• Each computer operates independently so that if one fails, communication through the network is not interrupted
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Network Topologies…
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The Ring Topology
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Classification of Communication Networks: Network Topologies…
Ring TopologyAdvantages• no collisions because all data travels in same
direction.Disadvantages• fails if an individual node in the network fails
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Classification of Communication Networks: Geographical Scope..
(ii) Classification by Geographical Scope• Local Area Network (LAN). It is a
telecommunication network that requires its own dedicated channel and that encompasses a limited distance, usually one building or several buildings in close proximity.
• Bluetooth is an example of Personal Area Network which can link to eight devices within 10 meters (it is purely a LAN).
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Classification of Communication Networks: Geographical Scope..
• Wide Area Network (WAN). It covers a wider geographical area (than LAN) usually ranging from several miles to the entire continent.
• It may have a variety of cables, satellite and microwave technology.
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Classification of Communication Networks: Geographical Scope..
• Private Branch Exchange (PBE): a central switching system that handles a firm’s voice and digital communications.
• This is usually a special computer purposely designed for handling switching office telephone calls.
• These do not require networks as they can be wireless, however; they have limited geographical coverage.
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Classification of Communication Networks: Type of service
(iii) Classification by Types of Services they Provide
(a) Value Added Networks (VANs) offer data transmission and network services to subscribing firms.
• Value Added Networks simplify the communication process by reducing the number of parties that you have to communicate with.
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Classification of Communication Networks: Type of service
• VANs insert themselves between trading partners.
• They typically operate on a mailbox scenario where a company would send a transaction to a VAN and the VAN would then place the transaction in the mailbox of the receiver.
• The receiver would then contact the VAN and pick up any transactions it might have and then send anything it might need to send.
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Classification of Communication Networks: Type of service
• It is very similar to email, but rather than being unstructured text, it is used for structured standardized data.
(b) Other network services include Packet Switching, the basic switching techniques that can be used to achieve economies of and higher speeds in long distance transmission. There are other technologies provide various services
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2.8 Communication Flow in Organizations
• It is useful to discuss communication in organizations in terms of the direction in which information flows.
• There are upward downward communication where (also called vertical) lateral and serial communication where (also called horizontal).
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Communication Flow in Organizations…
(a) Upward communication• Upward communication refers to messages
sent from the lower of the hierarchy to the upper levels for example, line workers to manager.
• Problems with upward communication are extremely difficult to handle and that messages traveling up the ladder are often messages higher-ups want to hear.
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Communication Flow in Organizations…
(b) Downward communication • Downward communication refers to messages
sent from the higher levels of the hierarchy to the lower levels, for example, messages sent by managers to workers.
• Perhaps the most obvious example of downward communication is the giving of orders.
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Communication Flow in Organizations…
• Problems with downward communication are that management and labor often speaks different languages, and a lot of managers simply do not know how to make their messages understandable to workers.
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Communication Flow in Organizations…
(c) Lateral communication• Lateral communication refers to messages sent
by equals to equals- manager to manager or worker to worker.
• One problem with lateral communication is the specialized languages that divisions of an organization may develop. Such languages are often unintelligible.
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Communication Flow in Organizations…
• Another problem is the tendency of workers in a specialized organization to view their area as the one crucial to the health and success of the company
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Communication Flow in Organizations…
(d) Serial communication• Serial communication refers to messages sent
along a chain of people.• Problems with serial communication have to
do with leveling, sharpening and assimilation.• In leveling the number of details is reduced
and at the same time that details become omitted, other details become crystallized and heightened in a process called sharpening.
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Communication Flow in Organizations…
• Assimilation at the end refers to the tendency of our own attitudes, prejudices, needs and values
(d) The grapevine • A grapevine message is a type of serial
communication but having some additional properties that merit its separate consideration and do not follow such formal lines.
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Communication Flow in Organizations…
• Often it is difficult to discover the source of the original message, that is why it is so difficult to ascertain the truth or falsity of grapevine information
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Communication Flow in Organizations…
The grapevine, according to some organizational theorist seems most likely to be used when:
• there is great upheaval or change within the organization
• the information is new and no one likes to spread old and well-known information
• face-to-face communication is physically easy.
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2.9 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS• Communication Systems are designed to
over-come barriers of time and distance.
• Communication systems disseminate information around and between organizations.
• Usually a communication system must have a sender, channel and receiver of information.
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Components of a Communication System
Every communication system has the following basic components, these are:
• Data Source (where the data originates)
• Transmitter (device used to transmit data/sender)
• Transmission Medium (cables or non cable)
• Receiver (device used to receive data)
• Destination (where the data will be placed)INF 111 66
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Types of Communication Systems
• There are several types of communication systems.
• Communication systems vary in complexity level, level of contact between communicators, time lag of feedback, and the ability of communicators to adjust feedback.
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Types of Communication Systems
Thus categories communication systems into 4 types namely;
• Interpersonal communication systems
• Organizational communication systems
• Public communication systems
• Mass communication systems
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Types of Communication Systems
i. Interpersonal Communication Systems
• Interpersonal communication is the basic level of communication.
• An interpersonal communication may consist of a few as two people or two major subsystems.
• These interact with other face to face and have the opportunity to affect other.
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Types of Communication Systems
• There are various ways of message delivery in Interpersonal communication ranging from face to face; telephone; letter; e-mail; fax etc.
• However, the use of technology limits the
advantages of interpersonal communication.
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Types of Communication Systems
ii. Organizational Communication Systems
• In a bank and other larger organizations, communication is much more complex than in an interpersonal system.
• Each organization has an organizational communication system which is composed of a large collection of subsystems.
• The subsystems exist as separate entities yet interrelate with each other.
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Types of Communication Systems
• Both a formal and informal network of communication is required.
• For effective communication, managers should learn about the organizations with which they communicate.
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Types of Communication Systems
iii. Public Communication Systems
• A public communication system usually involves communication from one person to a large group of people.
• In this type of communication system the sender gives more information while the receiver remains as a listener.
• Obvious there is less feedback.
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Types of Communication Systems
iv. Mass Communication System
• In this communication system there is no chance for people to interact freely with one another.
• Feedback can be possible through letters, e mails, e.t.c.
• This communication system is characterized by feedback delay and normally can not get feedback from all those who received the message.
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Types of Communication Systems
• It is thus necessary to establish a formal feedback mechanism so as to know the reaction made after the communication process.
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Mediated Communication Systems Devices
i. Cellularii. Satelliteiii. Short-range wirelessiv. Wide Area Network
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