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20th Century Music & Realism
Drama1900-present
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20th Century Music
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20th Century Music
• Tone Color–Became a more important element of
music than ever before
–Glissando – rapid slide up or down a scale
• Harmony–Dissonance – was treated in the same
way consonance was
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20th Century Music (cont’d)
• Rhythm –Irregular and unpredictable
–Polyrhythm – use of two or more contrasting and independent rhythms at the same time, often found in 20th century music
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20th Century Music (cont’d)
–Ostinato – motive or phrase that is repeated persistently at the same pitch, used in 20th century music to stabilize a group of pitches
• Melody–Melody became more difficult to sing
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Impressionism
• Impressionism – musical style which stresses tone color, atmosphere, and fluidity, typical of Debussy (flourished 1890-1920)
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Debussy• 1862-1918
• French Impressionist composer
• Developed a new fluidity of form and explored unusual harmonic relationships and dissonances
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Debussy (cont’d)
• Not only among the most important of all French composers but also a central figure in all European music at the turn of the 20th century
• His music virtually defines the transition from late-Romantic music to 20th century Modernist music
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Ravel• 1875-1937
• French composer who became a leading exponent of Impressionism
• Along with Debussy he led French music away from Wagnerian Romanticism
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Ravel (cont’d)
• He composed highly original, fluid, symbolic music within the outlines of classical forms.
• He excelled at piano composition and orchestration, often scoring his own piano pieces and works by other composers.
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Neoclassicism
• Neoclassicism – musical style marked by emotional restraint, balance, and clarity, inspired by the form and stylistic features of 18th century music, found in many works from 1920-1950
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Primitivism
• Primitivism – evocation of primitive power through insistent rhythms and percussive sounds
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Stravinsky• 1882-1971
• A Russian-American composer, is considered to be the greatest and most versatile composer of the 20th century
• Helped revolutionize modern music
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Stravinsky (cont’d)
• His influence is immeasurable, he revitalized the rhythms of European music and achieved entirely new sonorities and blends of orchestral colors.
• The Firebird and The Rite of Spring were both ballets and are known as masterpieces of modern music.
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Expressionism
• Expressionism – musical style stressing intense, subjective emotion and harsh dissonance, typical of German and Austrian music of the early 20th century
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Sprechstimme
• Sprechstimme – in German, speech-voice; a style of vocal performance halfway between speaking and singing
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Schoenberg
• 1874-1951
• Almost entirely self-taught by studying scores, playing in amateur groups, and going to concerts
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Berg
• 1885-1935
• A student of Schoenberg
• Music is a unique synthesis of traditional and 20th century elements
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Webern
• 1883-1945
• Didn’t live to see the influence of his music in the 1950s and 1960s
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Bartók
• 1881-1945
• Music has an individual style that fused folk elements, classical forms, and 20th century sounds
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Shostakovich
• 1906-1975
• One of the leading composers of the Soviet Union
• Leningrad, his 7th symphony, became a symbol of resistance against Nazi Germany
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Ives
• 1874-1954
• American composer whose original music was ahead of its time
• Music rooted in folk and popular music from his childhood
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Gershwin• 1898-1937
• A well-known 20th century American composer born in Brooklyn, NY
• He wrote some of the most original and popular musical works produced in the U.S.
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Gershwin (cont’d)
• Wrote scores for several musicals including: Funny Face and Of Thee I Sing
• Combined traditional musical forms with jazz and folk themes and rhythms: Rhapsody in Blue, An American in Paris, and Porgy and Bess
• Composed music for Hollywood films
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Still• 1895-1978
• Part of the “Harlem Renaissance”
• Afro-American Symphony (1931) was the 1st composition by a black composer to be performed by a major American symphony orchestra
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Copland
• 1900-1990
• A New York composer who used jazz and American folk tunes in his compositions
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Copland (cont’d)
• Composed ballets that include Billy the Kid and Appalachian Spring
• Composed music for films including Of Mice and Men
• Major orchestral works are El Salon Mexico and the Third Symphony
• “The Dean of American Composers”
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Serialism
• Serialism – method of composing that uses an ordered group of musical elements to organize rhythm, dynamics, and tone color, as well as pitch
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Chance Music
• Chance Music (aleatory music) – music composed by the random selection of pitches, tone colors, and rhythms
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Minimalist Music
• Minimalist Music – music characterized by steady pulse, clear tonality, and insistent repetition of short melodic patterns
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Quotation Music
• Quotation Music – works which make extensive use of quotations from earlier music
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tango
• tango – Argentinean dance in quadruple meter for couples in close embrace
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vibraphone
• vibraphone – percussion instrument of definite pitch with metal bars, similar to the marimba, with tubular metal resonators driven by electronic impulses
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bandoeon
• bandoeon – square accordion used in tango bands, operated entirely with buttons
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marimba
• marimba – percussion instrument with tuned wooden bars, similar to the xylophone, but larger and having cylindrical acoustic resonators
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Realism Drama
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Ibsen
• Norwegian playwright
• “Father of Realism”
• Wrote about many controversial topics that sometimes astonished theatre audiences of the time
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Ibsen (cont’d)
• In his play A Doll’s House, Victorian audiences were shocked because the lead character, Nora, leaves her husband and children
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Shaw
• English playwright• Realistic characters• Thought of his plays as a way to
educate society and make improvements that would raise the social and intellectual level of its citizens
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Shaw (cont’d)
• In 1913, he wrote Pygmalion, a play that exposed the pretentious and phony ways of society