![Page 1: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 1
Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) [email protected]
I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1. Introduction (the meson Bc & it
s mass)2. Decay (lifetime, …)3. Production (Tevatron vs LHC)4. Outlook
Production and decay of the meson Bc
—— A brief review of theoretical studies ——
(Based on the collaboration with Y.-Q. Chen, X.-Q. Li, C.-D. Lu, C.-F. Qiao, G.-L. Wang, J.-X. Wang, X.-G. Wu, et al)
![Page 2: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 2
1. Introduction (the meson Bc & its mass)
Of the six quarks u c t u c t d s b - u, d, s, light - c, b, t , heavy (top lifetime τ too short to form hadrons) Bc: double heavy-flavor mesons (unique in SM)
(weak decay only)
Very similar to, and very different from, hidden flavored heavy quarkonium J/ψ, ηc, …,Υ,ηb…. Good and new object for tests of PM, NRQCD, Lattice results etc.
![Page 3: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 3
1. Introduction (the meson Bc & its mass)
Bc mass : Lattice QCD : I.F. Allison et al, PRL 94 172001.
PM: Y.Q. Chen &Y.P. Kuang, PRD 46, 1165; Eichten & C.Quigg, PRD 49, 5845;….:
A. Kronfeld’s talk
![Page 4: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 4
1. Introduction (the meson Bc & its mass)
Theoretical estimate & LEP-I (ALAPH, PLB 402, 213; DELPHI PLB 398, 207): experimental studies of Bc can be carry out at Tevatron and LHC only!
Theoretical estimate at Z resonance (LEP-I) :
OPAL result PLB 420, 157:
The “early” day’s results
![Page 5: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 5
1. Introduction (the meson Bc & its mass)
• CDF discovery (1998 Observation) PRD 58, 112004
- 110 Pb-1 data ECM=1.8 TeV RunI Bc± J/(+-) ±
- The only previous evidence by CDF RunI
• CDF new Observation hep-ex/0505076
Bc± J/(+-) ± - 360 Pb-1 data ECM=1.96 TeV, RunIImBc=6287.0±4.8(stat)±1.1(syst) MeV/c2, 18.9±5.7 events
• D0 new Observation ICHEP-04 & Fermilab 4539-CONF
- 200 Pb-1 data ECM=1.96 TeV, RunII Bc± J/(+-) ±
Mass: 5.95 ± 0.34 GeV/c2
Events: 95 ± 12±11 +0.14
-0.13
Lifetime: 0.448 +0.123 ± 0.121 ps-0.096
- Br~2.4% + trilepton final state + easy to trigger
Note: even Br(Bc± J/(+-) ± )/Br(Bc± J/(+-) ± ) not available !
Present experimental status:
![Page 6: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 6
2. Decay
Bc lifetime: weak decay only (no strong &EM direct decay) according to spectator model and B & D mesons’ lifetime and annihilation: one may estimate More careful estimate:
vertex detector is useful in observation
Decay: Pure (radiative) leptonic Semoleptonic Nonleptonic
![Page 7: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 7
2. Decay
:
:
Bc lifetime (non-spectator effects involved)
: :
( )
In comparison with D & B mesons (input), we obtain:
![Page 8: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 8
2. Decay• Pure leptonic (radiative) decay (about measurement of the decay constant fBc):
Pure leptonic (tree) decay: (chiral suppression)
Radiative leptonic decay (decay constant):(escaped from chiral suppression)
QED corrections (one-loop):
![Page 9: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 9
2. DecayRadiative leptonic decay (QED correction to the tree level) in total:
Photon spectrum:
It is quite difficult for hadronic expt. to measure the decay constant!
![Page 10: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 10
2. Decay• Leptonic decay with light hadrons (color-singlet vs color-octet):
Color-singlet:
Short distance:
Long distance:
Charge lepton spectrum:
In the decay
![Page 11: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 11
2. DecayColor-octet:
P-wave (color-octet)
S-wave(color-octet)
Color-singlet
Near the endpoint of the charged lepton in the decay to observe the color-octet components!
Charged lepton spectrum:
![Page 12: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 12
2. Decay
• Semileptonic decays :
Transitions (decays with great momentum recoil)
The key factor:
![Page 13: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 13
2. Decay
Mandelstam formulation (or say composite quantum field theory) to
deal with the recoil effects in transitions:
The ‘wave function’ of bound state equation:
To cover a great range of momentum transfer (recoil), BS equation seems to be one of good choices for the problem.
![Page 14: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 14
2. Decay
Carry out the contour integrations & :
![Page 15: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 15
2. Decay
The semileptonic decays (S-wave) :
One I-W function
![Page 16: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 16
2. Decay
The semileptonic decays (P-wave or ) :
Two I-W functions
Recoil one
Normal one
Spectrum of charged lepton in the decays:
![Page 17: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 17
2. Decay
Nonleptonic decays (S-wave product): EFT+Factorrization
![Page 18: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 18
2. DecayNonleptonic decays (P-wave product or ):
![Page 19: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 19
2. Decay
•The lifetime is ‘quite long’ that the vertices of production and decay can be measured by vertex detector experimentally• Sizable decay channels are rich• The branch ratio of the decay to is quite great (form factors)• The branch ratio of decay to or is very large• Study two flavor ‘simultaneously’ (Vcb & Vcs)• Radiative pure leptonic decays escape from chiral suppression, but to measure the decay constant is still difficult • The color-octet component might be observable through • …….
![Page 20: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 20
3. Production (Tevatron & LHC)
Gluon-gluon fusion mechanism dominant
36 Feynman diagrams for complete calculations
‘Complete LO computation’: information about the accompany quark-jets is kept
QCD factorization:
Subprocess:
![Page 21: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 21
3. Production (Tevatron & LHC)
The lowest order calculations: uncertainties from
The cross-section at LHC is greater than that at Tevatron
S-wave state production
![Page 22: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 22
3. Production (Tevatron & LHC)
LHC
Tevatron
Uncertainty from mC
![Page 23: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 23
3. Production (Tevatron & LHC)
and
Uncertainty
from PDFs
![Page 24: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 24
3. Production (Tevatron & LHC)
Uncertainties: quite great; sensitive to Q2, mc . High order calculation can suppress them but it is too complicated.
Uncertainty from
![Page 25: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 25
3. Production (Tevatron & LHC)P-wave excited state productionTo match the wave functions correctly (special attention on the spin structure), we start with the Mandelstam formulation on BS solution:
![Page 26: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 26
3. Production (Tevatron & LHC)
1P1
3P1 3P23P0
3P0
3P1
1P1
3P2
LHC TEVATRON
P-wave production ( color-singlet)
To see the contributions to Bc
& the P-wave characters
![Page 27: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 27
| |2| |2 | |2
3. Production (Tevatron & LHC)
Color octet may be comparable with that of color singlet
Color-singlet (P-wave) M.E.
Color-octet (S-wave) M.E.
Scaling rule of NRQCD:
![Page 28: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 28
3. Production (Tevatron & LHC)
LHC
Tevatron
Color-octet 1S0
Color-octet 3S1
Color-singlet 3P2
Color-singlet 1P1
Color-singlet 3P0
Color-singlet 3P1
P-wave production color-singlet vs color-octetColor-octet
![Page 29: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 29
• The cross section of Bc at LHC is greater than that at Tevatron by one and more order of magnitude• The uncertainties are quite big for LO PQCD• The cross section is at the order 10-3 (less) of B meson production
3. Production (Tevatron & LHC)
Experimental needs of the M.C. generator:Difficulties of the experiments in Hadronic Collider
High efficiency for the generator
Generator: BCVEGPY1.0 (S-wave, helicity techniques )
BCVEGPY2.0 (S,P-wave, Color-octet,…& Mixture)
Signals for feasibility studies
CPC Lib. & hppt://www.itp.ac.cn/~zhangzx/
![Page 30: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 30
3. Production (Tevatron & LHC)
(ours)another
The generator is tested by comparing with PYTHIA
The generator is proved to be suitable for the original purpose.
![Page 31: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 31
3. Production (Tevatron & LHC)
- Bc Bs + h+ + X?
beam beam※PV
Bc: 140m
6.4GeV?
Bs: 438m
5.4GeV Oscilla.
h+: , ,,e() tracks: pT~100-500MeV,too soft, off-line only
※Ds- : 147m
1.968GeV
※K
0*
-
K+
K-
(36%)
(8%)
(3.3%)
(100%)
- Bc Bs associated h+ (as a tag for Bs).
- Br[ BcBs +h+ +X ] as Bs CP violation source ? Bc decay vertex is crucial .
To be a possible source for tagged Bs (at LHC) ?
![Page 32: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 32
3. Production (Tevatron & LHC)
beam beam
-
※PV
Bc: 140m
6.4GeV
Bs: 438m
5.4GeV
oscillati
on
h+: , ,,e() tracks: pT~100-500MeV,too soft, off-line only
※Ds- : 147m
1.968GeV
※K
0*
K+
K-
(36%)
(13%)
(3.3%)
(100%)
※
b-jet(B0,B+)
(pT>1)
Br~10%!
- Bs decay: the Bc decay vertex might be fixed with soft h+ tracks, Br increases by 50%The from the other side b-quark fragmentation Muon + opposite 2nd VTX (on Ds)
under feasibility investigation !
![Page 33: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 33
4. Outlook
• Experimental studies on Bc meson have been started at Tevatron
already, and fresh results will be issued ‘from time to time’.• The production cross-section at LHC is greater than that at
Tevatron, so further experimental studies at LHC can be expected.• Some model predictions will be tested.• Theoretical estimates are requested to decrease the uncertainties
and to increase the precision with data being accumulated.• Bc studies may solve some puzzles relating to charmonium
e.g. the observation may clarify up some of contents
in , in meson there are more charm quarks than in meson.
and some ‘unexpected things’ might be found.• ……
![Page 34: 2005-6-20C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing1 Chao-Hsi Chang ( 张肇西 Zhao-XiZhang) zhangzx@itp.ac.cn I.T.P., Chinese Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction (the meson](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052603/56649f1c5503460f94c31c7e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
2005-6-20 C.H. Chang, ITP, AS Beijing 34
Thanks