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Freedom of Association and Protection of the
Right to Organize Convention, 1948
(No.87)
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
Tim De Meyer
Specialist on International Labour Standards& Labour Law, Subregional
Office for East Asia (SRO Bangkok), [email protected]
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vGwfvyfpGm toif;tzGJ@rsm; zGJ@pnf;cGifhESifhvGwfvyfpGm toif;tzGJ@rsm; zGJ@pnf;cGifhESifhvGwfvyfpGm toif;tzGJ@rsm; zGJ@pnf;cGifhESifhvGwfvyfpGm toif;tzGJ@rsm; zGJ@pnf;cGifhESifh
pnf;&kH;cGifhtm;pnf;&kH;cGifhtm;pnf;&kH;cGifhtm;pnf;&kH;cGifhtm;
tumtuG,fay;jcif;qdkif&m jyXmef;csuf 1948tumtuG,fay;jcif;qdkif&m jyXmef;csuf 1948tumtuG,fay;jcif;qdkif&m jyXmef;csuf 1948tumtuG,fay;jcif;qdkif&m jyXmef;csuf 1948
(trSwf87)(trSwf87)(trSwf87)(trSwf87)
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
wif'Dar,mwif'Dar,mwif'Dar,mwif'Dar,m
EkdifiHwum tvkyform;pHE_ef;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;Oya'txl;uGsrf;usifolEkdifiHwum tvkyform;pHE_ef;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;Oya'txl;uGsrf;usifolEkdifiHwum tvkyform;pHE_ef;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;Oya'txl;uGsrf;usifolEkdifiHwum tvkyform;pHE_ef;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;Oya'txl;uGsrf;usifol
ta&S@tm&S a'o&kH;cGJ (ta&S@tm&S a'o&kH;cGJ (ta&S@tm&S a'o&kH;cGJ (ta&S@tm&S a'o&kH;cGJ (SRO befaumuf) xkdif;EkdifiHbefaumuf) xkdif;EkdifiHbefaumuf) xkdif;EkdifiHbefaumuf) xkdif;EkdifiH
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Ratification
Ratified by 80% of States worldwide, but only 50%of States in Asia Pacific
In AP, C.87 is the least widely ratified of the ILO fundamental Conventions
Countries with sizeable populations have not ratified C.87 nor C.98:China, India, United States + Viet Nam, IR Iran, RoKorea , Thailand
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
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twnfjyKjcif; vufrSwfa&xkd;jcif;twnfjyKjcif; vufrSwfa&xkd;jcif;twnfjyKjcif; vufrSwfa&xkd;jcif;twnfjyKjcif; vufrSwfa&xkd;jcif;
urBmw0Srf;wGif EkdifiH 80 % u todtrSwfjyKvufrSwfa&xdk;+yD; jzpfI tm&SypdzdwfwGifr_ EkdifiH
50 % om twnfjyKxm;onf?
tm&Sypdzdwfa'owGifC 87 onfILO tajccHjyXmef;csufrsm;teuf twnfjyKvufrwfa ;xd;r t f;qH; daom y m f;cufzpfo f?
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
vlOD;a&rsm;jym;aom EkdifiHrsm;onfC87 (odk@r[kwf) C98 ukd twnfjyKvufrSwfa&xdk;jcif;r&Sdao;yg? w&kwf/ tdENd,/ tar&duefESifh AD,uferf/ tD&ef/ awmifudk&D;,m;/ xdkif;
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Why C.87/ C.98?
Development (including the functioning of labour market ) is aprocess that needs to be governed by democratic participation ,particularly from the productive forces
Effective particularly requires strong, independent andrepresentative (SIR) organization of employers and workers ( E&W)
To be SIR, E&W or anizations need ri hts that uarantee their
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
independence from the public authorities, as well as from each other
C.87: independence from public authorities
C.98 :independence from each other, including
Independent negotiation with each other on conditions of work
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bma=umifhvJ (bma=umifhvJ (bma=umifhvJ (bma=umifhvJ (C -87, C 98 ))))
zGH@+zdK;a&qdkonfrSm (tvkyform;aps;uGufrsm;. vkyfief;rsm; tygt0if) txl;ojzifhukefxkwfvkyfr_ pGr;ftm;pkrsm;. 'Drdkua&pDenf;usaqmif&Gufr_jzifh uGyfuJ}uD;=uyf&ef vdktyfaomjzpfpOfwpf&yfjzpfonf?
xda&mufaom yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_onf tvkyf&SifESifh tvkyform;twGuf cdkifrmaom (SIR)vGwfvyfaom/ udk,fpm;jyKr_&Sdaom tzGJ@tpnf; rsm;vkdtyfonf? (E & W)
xdkodk@aom ckdifrm/ vGwfvyf/ udk,fpm;jyK&ef tvkyf&Sif tvkyform; tzGJrsm;onf wOD; ESifh
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
wOD; (odk@r[kwf) tm%mydkifrsm;rS oD;jcm;uif;vGwfr_udk tmrcHonfh tcGifhta&rsm;&Sd&efvdkonf?
- C 87 -tm%mydkifrsm;rS oD;jcm;uif;vGwfr_
- C 98 - wOD;ESifh wOD; ( tvkyfESifh tvkyform;) oD;jcm;uif;vGwfr_
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Fundamental Right ?
Three right are considered fundamental
-The right to organize to defend & further interests- The right to bargain collectively
- The right to strike
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
Fundamental does not mean absolute,
i.e they can be subject to restrictions or conditions
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tajccH tcGifhta&rsm;tajccH tcGifhta&rsm;tajccH tcGifhta&rsm;tajccH tcGifhta&rsm;
tcGifhta& (3)rsKd;tm; tajccHtjzpf,lqonf?- ckcHumuG,f&efESifh aemufxyftusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;twGuf pnf;&kH;ydkifcGifh
- paygif; dEdif;ta ;qdydifcif
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
h
- oydwfarSmufydkifcGifh
tajccHqdkonfrSm tuGif;rJh[k t"dyg,fr&yg?
Oyrm xdktcGifhta&rsm;onf uef@owfcsufrsm;ESifh pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufrsm;tay:rlwnfI tajymif;tvJ&SdEkdifonf?
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Right to Organize
=all workers, including e.g
Public servants
teachers
state enterprise employees
judiciary
rison uards
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
security saff
Civilian e,ployees in defense industry
workers in essential wervices
self- employed workers
Except armed forces and police
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pnf;&kH;ydkifcGifhpnf;&kH;ydkifcGifhpnf;&kH;ydkifcGifhpnf;&kH;ydkifcGifh
atmufygtvkyform;rsm; tygt0iftvkyform;rsm;tm;vHk;
- tpdk;&tr_xrf;
- ausmif;q&m/r
- tpdk;& pD;yGm;a& vkyfief;0efxrf;rsm;
- w&m;a&0efxrf;rsm;
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
- tusO;axmi0exr;- vHkjcHKa&0efxrf;
- umuG,fa&vufatmufcH pufr_vufr_vkyfief;rsm;&Sd t&yfom;0efxrf;rsm;
-tajccH0efaqmiefr_rsm;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;
-rdrdbmom rdrd cef@tyfxm;aom0efxrf;rsm;
(vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@ESifh &Jom;rsm;rS ty)
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Right to Organize
=all workers, including e.g
managerial staff & executive staff in the public & private sector
but they can be required to organize separately from non-executive staff, as long as the no notions of executive and non
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
base of the non- executive unions
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pnf;&kH;ydkifcGifhpnf;&kH;ydkifcGifhpnf;&kH;ydkifcGifhpnf;&kH;ydkifcGifh
tpdk;&ESifh yk*~vduXmersm;. pDrHcef@cGJa&ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&0efxrf;rsm; tygt0if tvkyf&Sifrsm;
tm;vHk;
d f f d d f f f f f f D J f H f d f
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
k@ k@ k k k l S h G k k
tkyfcsKyfa&ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&0efxr;fr[kwfolrsm;. or*~rsm;wGif&SdaomtzGJ@0ifjzpfjcif;qkdif&m tajccHrsm;udk z,f&Sm;zsufqD;ypfjcif; r[kwf&ef vdktyfonf?
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Right to bargain collectively (C.98)
=all workers, including e.g
Teachers
state enterprise employees
civilian em lo ees in defense industr
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
essential services in the public and private sector
Except armed forces and police
administration of the state
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pkaygif;nSdE_dif; ta&qkdydkifcGifh (pkaygif;nSdE_dif; ta&qkdydkifcGifh (pkaygif;nSdE_dif; ta&qkdydkifcGifh (pkaygif;nSdE_dif; ta&qkdydkifcGifh (C.98))))
atmufyg tvkyform;rsm; tygt0if tvkyform;rsm;tm;vHk;
ausmif;q&mr tpdk;&pD;yGm;a&vkyfief;0efxrf;rsm;
y*vdu ur%Drm; d vHc Ha ;0 fxrf;rm;
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
~ `
umuG,fa&Xme pufr_vkyfief;vufatmuf&Sd t&yfom;0efxrf;rsm;
tpdk;&ESifh yk*~vduydkif vkyfief;rsm;&Sdt"du 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;
(vkyfeufudkif wyfzGJ@rsm;/ &JwyfzGJ@ESifh EkdifiHawmf tkyfcsKyfa&Xmersm; ryg0if&)
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Right to Strike
=all workers, including
state enterprise employees
security staff for private companies
civilian employees in defense industry
(unless an essential service)
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
Except
armed forces and police
Exercising authority for the State
essential services in public or private sector
acute emergency
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oydwfarSmufcGifhoydwfarSmufcGifhoydwfarSmufcGifhoydwfarSmufcGifh
atmufyg 0efxrf;rsm; tygt0if tvkyform;tm;vHk;
EdkifiHawmfydkifvkyfief;rsm;&Sd 0efxrf;rsm;
yk*~vdu ukr%Drsm;&Sd vHkjcHKa&0efxrf;rsm;
umuG,fa&Xme pufr_vkyfief;vufatmuf&Sd t&yfom;0efxrf;rsm;
(tajccH0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm; r[kwfv#if )
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
atmufygwdk@rS vGJv#if
vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh &JwyfzGJ@
EkdifiHawmf tm%mudk toHk;jyKae&olrsm;
tpdk;&ESifh yk*~vdu u&Sd tajccH0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;
ta&ay: tajctae
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Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right toOrganize Convention, 1948 ( No. 87)
Principle
Freedom of workers and employers to establish or join organizations of theirown choosing to defend and further their interests, independently from the
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
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vGwfvyfpGm toif;tyif;rsm; zGJ@pnf;cGifhESifh pnf;&kH;cGifhtm;vGwfvyfpGm toif;tyif;rsm; zGJ@pnf;cGifhESifh pnf;&kH;cGifhtm;vGwfvyfpGm toif;tyif;rsm; zGJ@pnf;cGifhESifh pnf;&kH;cGifhtm;vGwfvyfpGm toif;tyif;rsm; zGJ@pnf;cGifhESifh pnf;&kH;cGifhtm;tumtuG,fay;jcif;qkdif&m jyXmef;csuf 1948tumtuG,fay;jcif;qkdif&m jyXmef;csuf 1948tumtuG,fay;jcif;qkdif&m jyXmef;csuf 1948tumtuG,fay;jcif;qkdif&m jyXmef;csuf 1948
( trSwf 87)( trSwf 87)( trSwf 87)( trSwf 87)
rl0g
tpdk;& tm%mydkifrsm;rS oD;jcm;uif;vGwfI tvkyform;rsm;ESifh tvkyf&Sifrsm;u 4if;wdk@.
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
tusK;p;yGm;rsm;uk umuG,&eESih xyr wk;cs@Eki&e 4i;wk@uk,wkia&G;cs,r_zih vGwvypGmtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; xlaxmifEkdifcGifh odk@r[kwf toif;0ifEkdifcGifh
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Who has the right to organize?
WORKERS without distinction whatsoever
wage- earners & independent ( self- employed) workers, i.e. anyone
who pursues or is willing to pursue ( e.g. unemployed) a living throughwork
Both citizens and (regular & irregular) migrant workers
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
u c servan s, wor ers o s a e en erpr ses pu c corpora ons
agricultural workers
workers in export processing zones/ industrial estates
atypical workers (temporary, fixed-term, casual, part time, seasonal)
workers
Workers in the informal economy
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b,folawGrS pn;f&kH;cGifh &SdovJb,folawGrS pn;f&kH;cGifh &SdovJb,folawGrS pn;f&kH;cGifh &SdovJb,folawGrS pn;f&kH;cGifh &SdovJ
xl;jcm;csuf r&Sdaom tvkyform;rsm;xl;jcm;csuf r&Sdaom tvkyform;rsm;xl;jcm;csuf r&Sdaom tvkyform;rsm;xl;jcm;csuf r&Sdaom tvkyform;rsm;
vkyfcpm;rsm;/ woD;yk*~v (rdrdudk,fukd owfrSwfaom) tvkyform;rsm;- Oyrm tvkyfvkyfItoufarG;aom odk@r[kwf toufarG;&ef qEN&Sdaom
( Oyrm- tvkyfvufrJh ) rnfolrqdk
EkdifiHom; tvkyform; (yHkrSefESifh yHkrSef r[kwfaom) ESifha&$@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
tpk;&0exr;rsm;/ tpk;&yki p;yGm;a&vkyie;rsm;&S tvkyorm;rsm;ESih tpk;& aumyka&&Si;rsm; pdkufysKd;a&tvkyform;rsm;
ydk@ukef xkwfvkyfa&Zkefrsm;ESifh pufr_a'orS tvkyform;rsm;
or&kd;usr[kwfaom tvkyform;rsm; (,m,D/ owfwrf;owfrSwfxm;aom/ a&Smifwcif/tcsdefydkif;/ &moDtvkduf) tvkyform;rsm;
or&dk;usr[kwfaom pD;yGm;a&vkyfief;&Sdtvkyform;rsm;
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Who has the right to organize?
Employers, also managerial staff and executive staff in the public and privatesector
Not necessarily
armed forces and police
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
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b,folawGrS pn;f&kH;cGifh &SdovJb,folawGrS pn;f&kH;cGifh &SdovJb,folawGrS pn;f&kH;cGifh &SdovJb,folawGrS pn;f&kH;cGifh &SdovJ
tpdk;&ESifh yk*~vduu&SdpDrHcef@cGJa&ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&0efxrf;rsm;tpdk;&ESifh yk*~vduu&SdpDrHcef@cGJa&ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&0efxrf;rsm;tpdk;&ESifh yk*~vduu&SdpDrHcef@cGJa&ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&0efxrf;rsm;tpdk;&ESifh yk*~vduu&SdpDrHcef@cGJa&ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&0efxrf;rsm;
tygt0if tvkyf&Sifrsm;tygt0if tvkyf&Sifrsm;tygt0if tvkyf&Sifrsm;tygt0if tvkyf&Sifrsm;
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
( vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh &JwyfzGJ@wdk@ ryg0ifyg)( vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh &JwyfzGJ@wdk@ ryg0ifyg)( vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh &JwyfzGJ@wdk@ ryg0ifyg)( vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh &JwyfzGJ@wdk@ ryg0ifyg)
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Rights guarantee by C.87
Establishment of organizations without prior authorization
Without the Govt deciding whether the organization can be
established or not
Registration
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
Is OK to ensure democratic functioning of trade unions or toprevent financial fraud
is not OK if the registration procedure is too long andcomplicated, or gives the registrar the power to e.g. impose
organization by enterprise only
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C.87 jzifh tmrcHxm;aom tcGifhta&rsm;jzifh tmrcHxm;aom tcGifhta&rsm;jzifh tmrcHxm;aom tcGifhta&rsm;jzifh tmrcHxm;aom tcGifhta&rsm;
}udKwifcGifhjyKcsufr&SdyJ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; xlaxmifzGJ@pnf;jcif;
tzGJ@tpnf;udk xlaxmifEkdifcGifh &Sdonf r&Sdonfukd tpdk;&xHrS qHk;jzwfcsuf &,ljcif;rvdk
rSwfyHkwifjcif;rSwfyHkwifjcif;rSwfyHkwifjcif;rSwfyHkwifjcif;
o f 'Drdua pD f;u or*~rm;. vyfi f;ud aqmif ufEdif f od@r[wf aiau;
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm;r_rsm;udk wm;qD;&ef twGufomjzpfygu jy\em r&Sdyg? onf tvGef=umjrifhaom odk@r[kwf tvGef&_yfaxG;aom vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;jzpfv#if odk@r[kwfrSwfyHkwift&m&Sdudk tzGJ@tpnf;. vkyfief;ESifh ywfowfI pnf;=uyfEdkifaom vkyfydkifcGifh ay;xm;v#if
jy\em&Sdonf
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Rights guarantee by C.87
Right to establish and join organizations of theirs own choosing
By occupation (trade) , by region, by company, byindustry
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
because of special position of public servants, prohibitingincividual to join mixed unions is OK, provided public servantunions can join mixed federations
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C.87 jzifh tmrcHxm;aom tcGifhta&rsm;jzifh tmrcHxm;aom tcGifhta&rsm;jzifh tmrcHxm;aom tcGifhta&rsm;jzifh tmrcHxm;aom tcGifhta&rsm;
rdrdwdk@udk,fydkifa&G;cs,fr_jzifh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; xlaxmifydkifcGifh odk@r[kwf toif;0ifydkifcGifh
tvkyftudkift&/ a'ot&/ ukr%Dt& pufr_vkyfief; trsKd;tpm;t&
tpdk;&0efxrf; or*~rsm;onf trsKd;tpm;aygif;pHk or*~tzGJ@csKyfrsm;odk@ 0ifa&mufEdkifonf qdkygud f f d f H d f f f
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
pk;&0exr;rm; xl; a c ae & r K; pm;ayi;pkor*~rm;ok@ 0ia&muci;rS
wm;jrpfjcif;onf jy\emr&Sdyg?
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Rights covered
Free to draw up constitutions and rules
e.g. no prescription in minute detail of election procedures
To elect representatives in full freedom
e.g. no requirement to be employed in the occupation since a certain time
Free to organize their administration
e.g. financial administration (e.g. strike funds) may only be subject to judicial
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
control
Free to organize their activities
e.g. unhindered disposal of all fixed and movable assets
Free to formulate their programmers
i.e. to determine the relationship with political parties in function of the need todafend occupational interests
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oufqdkifaom tcGifhta&rsm;oufqdkifaom tcGifhta&rsm;oufqdkifaom tcGifhta&rsm;oufqdkifaom tcGifhta&rsm;
zGJ@pnf;yHkESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;vGwfvyfpGma&qGJcGifh
Oyrm- a&G;aumufwifajrSmufr_vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;wGif tao;pdwfjyXmef;r_rsm; r&Sdjcif;
vGwfvyfr_tjynfht0jzifh udk,fpm;vS,frsm; a&G;cs,fcGifh
Oyrm- tvkyftudkifESifh ywfowfIrnfonfhvkdtyfcsufudkr# rxm;&Sdjcif;
tkyfcsKyfa&tzGJ@udk vGwfvyfpGm zGJ@pnf;cGifh
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
aiGau;qki&m prHce@cGJr_ Oyrm- qENy&eyHkaiG omv#i w&m;a& tzGJ@ csKyukir_ &SEkion
vkyfief;rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm aqmif&GufcGifh
Oyrm- a&$@ajymif;Ekdifaom (odk@r[kwf) ra&$@ajymif;Edkifaom ydkifqkdifr_rsm;udk tuef@towfr&Sd yJ toHk;jyKEdkifcGifh
pDrH csufrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm a&qGJEdkifcGifhOyrm- tvkyftudkifqkdif&m tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;udk umuG,fEkdif&ef vdktyfygu EkdifiHa&ygwDrsm;ESifhqufoG,faqmif&Guf&ef qHk;jzwfjcif;
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Rights guaranteed by C.87
Right of an organization not be dissolved or suspended byadministrative authority
i.e. a trade union may be dissolved e.g. if it has completely
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
,
fraudulous operations, but dissolution must result from thedecision of an independent judicial authority after a due processof law; if it results from the decision of e.g. the Registrar, thenthe decision should not take effect before appeal procedureshave been exhausted
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C.87 jzifh tmrcHxm;aom tcGifhta&rsm;
tkyfcsKyfa&trm%mydkifrsm;. zsufodrf;jcif;odk@r[kwf qkdif;iHhxm;jcif; rcH&cGifh
Oyrm- tvkyform;or*~wpfckonf 4if;. OD;wnfcsufvkyfief;udk vHk;vHk;taumiftxnf azmfjcif;r&Sdawmhv#if odk@r[kwf tjcm;vdrfvnfvSnhfzsm;aom vkyfief;wpfckudk aemufuG,f wGif
f d f f f d f f H d f f d f d f d f f f
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
k k k k@ k@ _
oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom w&m;pD&ifa& tm%mydkiftzGJ@wpfckrS qHk;jzwfcsuf t&omv#if jzpf&rnf/tu,fI qHk;jzwfcsufonf Oyrm- rSwfyHkwift&m&SdxH rSjzpfv#if t,lcHjzpfpOf r+yD;qHk;oa&$@oufa&mufr_ r&Sdoifhao;yg?
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Rights covered
Solidarity : Right to establish or join federations & confederations of
organizations under the same guarantees as for establishing first-levelorganizations, including
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
g o rece ve ass s ance
Right to maintain contact and exchange trade union publications
Sending and receiving representatives
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oufqdkfifaom tcGifhta&rsm;oufqdkfifaom tcGifhta&rsm;oufqdkfifaom tcGifhta&rsm;oufqdkfifaom tcGifhta&rsm; aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&
tultnDrsm;&,lydkifcGifh
tquftoG,f,lcGifhESifh or*~pmapmifrsm; vJvS,fcGifh
udk,fpm;vS,frsm; ay;ydk@cGifhESifh vufcHcGifh
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
ponfh tcGifhta&rsm; tygt0if yxrtqifh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; xlaxmifjcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;aomtvm;wl tmrcHcsufrsm;t& tzGJ@csKyfrsm;xlaxmifydkifcGifh odk@r[kwf 0ifa&mufydkifcGifh
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Rights guarnateed by C.87
respect for the law of the land
i,e. trade union rights and civil liberties are no license to commitviolence or destruction
Law of the land must not impair the Convention's guarantees
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
e.g. in case of violence, arrest the perpetrator for specific acts, notthe union leader
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C.87 jzifh tmrcHxm;aom tcGifhta&rsm;jzifh tmrcHxm;aom tcGifhta&rsm;jzifh tmrcHxm;aom tcGifhta&rsm;jzifh tmrcHxm;aom tcGifhta&rsm;
EkdifiHawmf. Oya'udk av;pm;jcif;
Oyrm- tvkyform;or*~ tcGifhta&rsm;ESifh vlr_vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;onf t=urf;zufr_rsm;ESifhzsufqD;r_rsm; usL;vGef&ef vdkifpifrsm; r[kwfyg?
d f H f f D f H f d f D
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
Ekiiawm Oya'on oabmwlncsu tmrccsuuk rysuq;ap&y
Oyrm- t=ur;fzufr_jzpfyGm;v#if oufqdkif&m usL;vGefoludk ol. usL;vGefonhf udpPtwGuf zrf;qD;ygor*~acgif;aqmifukd rzrf;qD;ygESifh
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Civil liberties
1970 Resolution: absence of civil liberties removes meaning from tradeunion right
Right to security of person and freedom from arbitrary arrest
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
Freedom of opinion and expression
Freedom of assembly
Right to a fair trial by impartial judiciary
Right to protection of property of trade union organizations
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jynfolwkd@. vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;jynfolwkd@. vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;jynfolwkd@. vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;jynfolwkd@. vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;
1970ck qHk;jzwfcsufjynfol@tcGifhta&rsm; r&Sdjcif;onf tvkyform;or*~rsm;. tcGifhta&rsm;ukd
t"dy,fuif;rJhaponf/
vlyk*~dKvfwOD;csif;. vHkjcHKa&qdkif&m tcGifhta&rsm;ESifh Oya'rJh zrf;qD;jcif;rS uif;vGwfcGifh
f f f f f f f
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
vGwvypGmawG;ac ci;ESih oabmxm;azmxkwcGih
vGwfvyfpGm pka0;cGifh
bufrvkdufaom w&m;pD&ifa&. r#waomw&m;pD&ifcH&cGifh
tvkyform;or*~rsm;. ydkifqdkifr_rsm;tm; tumtuG,f&,lcGifh
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Right to security of person
The killing, disappearance or serious injury of trade union leaders andtrade unionists requires
the institution of independent judicial inquiries
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
in order to shed full light, at the earliest date, on the facts andthe circumstances in which such actions occurred and to the extent
possible, determine
where responsibilities lie
punish the guilty parties and
prevent the repetition of similar events
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vlyk*~dKvf wOD;csif;. vHkjcHKa&qdkif&m tcGifhta&rsm;vlyk*~dKvf wOD;csif;. vHkjcHKa&qdkif&m tcGifhta&rsm;vlyk*~dKvf wOD;csif;. vHkjcHKa&qdkif&m tcGifhta&rsm;vlyk*~dKvf wOD;csif;. vHkjcHKa&qdkif&m tcGifhta&rsm;
or*~acgif;aqmifESifh or*~ta&v_yf&Sm;olrsm; towfcH&jcif;/ aysmufqHk;jcif; odk@r[kwftjyif;txef xdcdkufemusif;jcif;wdk@twGuf ---
vGwfvyfaom w&m;Oya'a&&m pHkprf;ppfaq;r_
Ttjzpftysufrsm; jzpfysufonfh tajctaeESifh tcsuftvufrsm;udk apmEkdifor# apmapmod&SdazmfxkwfEkdif&ef
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
rnfolu wm0ef&Sdonfudk azmfxkwfjcif;
tjypf&Sdolukd tjypfay;jcif;
tvm;wljzpf&yfrsm; jzpfyGm;jcif;rS umuG,fjcif; ponfwkd@vdktyfonf
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Right to security of person
Impunity reinforces the climate of violence and insecurity andthus has an extremely damaging effect on the exercise of trade
union rights
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
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vlyk*~dKvf wOD;csif;. vHkjcHKa&qdkif&m tcGifhta&rsm; t=urf;bufr_ESifh vHkjcHKr_r&Sdjcif;qdkif&m wkd@onfor*~tcGifhta&rsm;tm; usifhoHk;a&udktvGeftrif; ysufqD;xdcdkufaponfhtwGuf
tjypfay;jcif;rS uif;vGwfcGifhonf txufygtcsufwdk@. oufa&mufjcif;rSumuG,f&efydkrdktm;aumif;aponf?
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
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Right to Strike in international law
Guaranteed in Art. 8 of the UN International Covenant on Economic,Social & Cultural Rights
Referred to the ILO Abolition of forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No.
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
; o un ary onc a on an r ra on ecommen a on .
Not explicitly mentioned in the Freedom of association and Protectionof the Right to Organize Convention, 1948 (No.87) , but considered
implicit in the tight to organize activities, and in the right to further anddefend interests
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EdkifiHwum Oya't&oydwfarSmufcGifhEdkifiHwum Oya't&oydwfarSmufcGifhEdkifiHwum Oya't&oydwfarSmufcGifhEdkifiHwum Oya't&oydwfarSmufcGifh
ukvor*~. pD;yGm;a& vlr_a&ESifh ,Ofaus;r_qkdfi&m tcGifhta&rsm;qdkif&m jyXmef;csuf tydk'f(8)t& tmrcHxm;+yD;jzpf
t"rRvkyftm;ay;ckdif;apjcif;qkdif&m jyXmef;csuf 1957/ trSwf-1051 &Sd rdrdoabmqEN t&nSdE_dif;oabmwla=uat;jcif; qdkif&m t=uHjyKcsuf (trSwf-92)
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
vGwfvyfpGm toif;tyif;zGJ@pnf;cGifhESifh pnf;&kH;cGifhtm; tumtuG,fay;jcif;jyXmef;csuf 1948/trSwf-87 Yxif&Sm;pGm azmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; vkyfief;rsm;pnf;&kH;vkyfaqmifcGifh ESifh tusKd;pD;yGm;xyfrHcsJ@xGifcGifh wkd@wGif tusKH;0ifonf[k ,lqEkdifonf?
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Function of the Right to Strike
Fundamental workers right, meant to enable workers to bring pressure tobear on employers, not to destroy productive assets
Marker principle: temporarily withholding labour is the only negotiation toolwhich workers have
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
collective bargaining Right to strike = collective begging
structuring collective bargaining is in the M/L term a more effective wayto deal with strikes over interest disputes than the present regulation
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oydwfarSmufcGifh qdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;
ukefxkwfvkyfr_ pGr;ftm;udk zsufqD;&ef r[kwfyJ tvkyf&Sifrsm; tay: Yzdtm;ay;&ef
tvkyform;rsm;tm; ay;tyfxm;aom tajccHtcGifhta&
aps;uGuf oabmw&m;- vkyftm;udk ,m,Dxdef;odrf;xm;jcif;onf omv#if tvkyform;rsm;ydifqdifo hf wcw f;aom dEdif;a ;vuf ufwpfczpfo f
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
pkaygif;nSdE_dif;ta&qdkjcif;- oydwfarSmufcGifh = pkaygif;awmif;qdkjcif;
pkaygif;nSdE_dif;ta&qdkjcif;udk yHkazmfjcif;onf ,ckvuf&Sd pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;xuftusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;tay: tjiif;yGm;I oydwfarSmufjcif;jzifh a&wkd/ a&&Snf twGuf ydkI xda&mufaom
enf;vr;fjzpfonf?
Function of the Right to Strike
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Function of the Right to Strike
Pressure valve in situations where market dynamics betweenemployers and workers are emerging and law enforcement and disputesettlement machinery do not yet function perfectly
role of courts which is to enforce the law is also to be limited
role for a mechanism to legitimize strikes and resolve disputes(e.g.OSH), rather than pushing disputes into illegality
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
> - regulation of strike actionshould be limited to the fringes, situations where the public interest is at stakebeyond reasonable doubt
No absolute right, i.e. subject to conditions
oydwfarmufcif qdif&mvyfief;rsm;
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oywarSmucGih qki&mvkyie;rsm;
tvkyf&Sifrsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;=um;&Sd nSdE_dif;r_tajctaet&vnf;aumif;/ tiftm;pkrsm;ESifhtjiif;yGm;r_ ajz&Sif;a&,E W&m;u xdxda&mufa&muf ta&,laqmif&Gufjcif; r&Sdv#if vnf;aumif;/zdtm;ay;r_udk twkd;tav#mhvkyfEdkifonf?
Oya'udk ouf0ifaprnhf w&m;&kH;rsm;. tcef;u uef@owfcsuf&Sdjcif;
tjiif;yGm;r_udk w&m;r0ifr_rsm;jzifh tjypfay;jcif;xuf oydwfarSmufjcif;udk w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyK+yD; tjiif;yGm;r_udk ajz&Sif;ay;aom ,E W&m;w&yftwGufvdktyfaom tcef;u
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
>
trsm;jynfoltusKd;pD;yGm;onf owdxm;rdEkdifavmufatmif tE W&m,f&SdvmEkdifonhf
taetxm;odk@ a&muf&Sdvmv#if oydwfarSmufjcif;tm;xdef;odrf;xm;Ekdifaom pnf;rsOf;
tvHk;pHk tjynhft0&Sdaom tcGifhta&[lonf r&Sd/ tajctaeay: r_wnfonf?
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Substantive Restrictions
a general prohibition is only acceptable
When normal functioning of society has ceased
for a limit period
to the extend necessary to meet the requirement of the situation
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
A sectoral prohibition is acceptable
for public servants exercizing authority in the name of the State
essential services, provided there are compensatory guarantees
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t"duusaom twm;tqD;rsm;t"duusaom twm;tqD;rsm;t"duusaom twm;tqD;rsm;t"duusaom twm;tqD;rsm;
atmufygwkd@twGufom a,bl,suef@owfcsufonf vufcHEkdifzG,f&Sdonf?
omreftajctaetwkdif; vnfywfaqmif&Gufr_rsm;&yfqdkif;aev#if
owfrSwfxm;aom umv tydkif;tjcm;wcktwGuf
tajctaet& vdktyfI twkdif;twm wcktxd aqmif&Gufjcif;
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
utvdkuf uef@owfcsufonf vufcHEkdifzG,f&Sdonf?
EdkifiHawmf. wm0efay;csuft& tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;u vkyfydkifcGifhudk toHk;jyK&jcif;
jyefvnftpm;xdk;ay;avsmfEkdifaom tmrcHcsuf&Sdonhf r&Sdrjzpfta&ygaom
0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;
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Procedural Restrictions
Legal procedural restrictions are acceptable, if they do not place asubstantial limitation on the right to strike
obligation of prior notice to employers =OK
prior exhaustion of voluntary mediation and arbitration= OK, if not toolong
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
obligation of secret ballot to validate strike decision =OK
obligation of quorum=OK, if
The quorum is not too high
taking into account the size of the undertakings
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vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;qdkif&m wm;jrpfcsufrsm;vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;qdkif&m wm;jrpfcsufrsm;vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;qdkif&m wm;jrpfcsufrsm;vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;qdkif&m wm;jrpfcsufrsm;
oydwfarSmufcGifhtay: tvGeftrif; uef@owfr_r&Sdv#if Oya'a=umif;t& vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;qkdif&mwm;jrpfcsufonf vufcHEdkifzG,f&Sdonf?
tvkyf&Siftay: }udKwifowday;&ef wm0ef&Sdjcif; =OK
rdrdoabmjzifh =um;0ifaphpyfI a=uat;ap&ef }udK;pm;jcif; =OK
tc d fumum r,vif
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
oydwfarSmuf&ef qHk;jzwfcsuftm; twnfjyK&ef v#dK@0SufrJjzifh qENjyKjcif; =OK
oabmwlnDr_twkdif;twm owfrSwfxm;jcif; =OK
(tu,fI twkdif;twmonf odyfrjrihfrm;vGef;v#if wm0ef,laqmif&Guf&rnfhyrm%udkxnfhoGif;pOf;pm;xm;v#if)
Essential services
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Essential services
= service which, if interrupted, endanger the life, personal safety/health of whole or part of the population
Essential Service Not Essential Service
Telephone service Petroleum refinery
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
Air traffic controllers
Hospital workers
Public utilities
( water, gas, electricity)
Banking
Transport
Radio and television
broadcasting
r&Sdrjzpfaom 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;r&Sdrjzpfaom 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;r&Sdrjzpfaom 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;r&Sdrjzpfaom 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;
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&S j e _ k e s&S j e _ k e s&S j e _ k e s&S j e _ k e s
tu,fI taESmuft,Sufay;cH&ygu vl@touf/ yk*~dKvfa&vHkjcHKr_/ vltrsm;pk (odk@) wpdwfwydkif;. usef;rma&udk xdcdkuftE W&m,fjyKEkdifaom 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;
r&Sdrjzpfaom0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm; r&Sdrjzpfr[kwfaom 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;
w,fvDz f; 0 faqmifr a H o fpifa ;
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
ava=umif; xdef;odrf;a& aq;&kH0efxrf;rsm;
jynfol@0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;
(a&/ "mwfaiG@/ v#yfppf)
@
b%fvkyfief; o,f,lydk@aqmifa&
a&'D,dk w,fvDaA;&Sif;
Essential services
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Essential services
Compensatory guarantees required in the event of restriction of the right tostrike
conciliation and mediation procedures
impartial
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
arbitration awards
binding on both parties
implemented rapidly and complete
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r&Sdrjzpfaom 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;r&Sdrjzpfaom 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;r&Sdrjzpfaom 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;r&Sdrjzpfaom 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;
oydwfarSmufcGifhtm; csKyfcGifh xdef;odrf;&mwGif vdktyfaom jyefvnftpm;xdk;ay;avsmfr_
tmrcHcsufrsm;
jyefvnfaphpyfnSdE_dif;jcif; vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm; bufrvdkufjcif
f
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
auat;r_qkvm'rsm;
ESpfbufpvHk;odk@ oufa&mufr_&Sdjcif;
tvsiftjrefESifh jynhfpHkpGm taumiftxnfazmfjcif;
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Body of principles on the right to strike
conciliation of the right to strike as a fundamental right to be enjoyed byworkers and their organizations (trade unions, federations &confederations), which is protected at international level, provided that theright is exercised in a peaceful manner.
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
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oydwfarSmufcGifh qdkif&m oabmw&m;rsm;oydwfarSmufcGifh qdkif&m oabmw&m;rsm;oydwfarSmufcGifh qdkif&m oabmw&m;rsm;oydwfarSmufcGifh qdkif&m oabmw&m;rsm;
+idrf;csrf;aom enf;vrf;jzifh usifhoHk;v#if oydwfarSmufcGifhtm; tvkyform;rsm;ESifh 4if;wdk@.
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; ( tvkyform;or*~rsm;/ tzGJ@csKyfrsm;) cHpm;&&SdEkdifonhftajccH tcGifhta&w&yftaejzifh oabmxm;I EkdifiHwum tqifhwGif umuG,fr_ay;xm;onf
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
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General recognition of the right to strike for workers in the public andthe private sectors, with the sole possible exceptions being membersof the armed and police forces, public servants who exercise authorityin the name of the State and workers employed in essential services inthe strict sense of the term ( the interruption of which could endangerthe life, safety or health of the whole or part of the population), or onsituations of acute national crisis.
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
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vufeufudkif tiftm;pk/ &JwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;/ EkdifiHawmf. tm%mudk toHk;jyKae&aom
tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;/ owfrSwfxm;aom r&Sdrjzpf0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;( vl@touf/ vHkjcHKr_ESifh vlwpfpkodk@r[kwf vltrsm;. usef;rma&udk xdcdkuftE W&m,fjzpfapEkdifaom tvkyform;rsm;)Ywm0ef,lae&aom tvkyform;rsm; odk@r[kwf ta&}uD;aom trsKd;om;a&t=uyftwnf;
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
umvrsm;/ ponhf jzpfEdkifacs&Sdaom jcGif;csufrsm;rS tytpdk;&ESihf yk*~vdu u&Sdtvkyform;rsm;twGuf oydwfarSmufcGifhudk a,bl,s todtrSwfjyKjcif;
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The principles of freedom of association do not cover strikes of apurely political nature, although they do cover those which seek asolution to major issues in economic and social policy
A blanket ban on sympathy strikes could lead to abuse. Workersshould be able to enjoy the right to take such action when the initial strikethey are supporting is itself lawful.
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
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oydwfarSmufr_rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&ESifh vlr_a&rl0g'rsm;qkdif&m t"duusaom jy\emrsm;udkajz&Sif;&ef }udK;pm;aomfvnf; EkdifiHa&obm0oufoufjzifh oydwfarSmuf jcif;onf vGwfvyfpGmtoif;tyif;zGJ@pnf;cGifh qdkif&m oabmw&m;ESifh roufqkdifyg?
tm;ay;axmufcH&ef twGuf oydwfarSmufjcif;onf tvGJoHk;pm;jyKjcif;jzpfoGm; Ekdifonf/d f d f f f d f d f H D d f f f
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
k@ h S k k@ S _
w&m;0if&ef vdktyfygonf
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A minimum safety service may be imposed in all cases ofstrike action when such minimum services are intended toensure the safety of persons, the prevention of accidents
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
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vlyk*~dKvfrsm;. vHkjcHKr_/ rawmfwqr_rsm;rS umuG,fay;jcif;ESifh pufypPnf;
ud&d,mrsm;.vHkjcHKr_udk tmrcH&ef&nf&G,faom tedrfhqHk;tqifh 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;onf oydwfarSmufjcif; tm;vHk;Y r&Sdrjzpf&Sdoifhonf
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
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A minimum operational service may be established (in theundertaking or institution in question) in the case of strikes in
public utility services and in public services of fundamentalimportance; employers and workers organizations and thepublish authorities should be able to participate in determining
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
this minimum service
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trsm;jynfol toHk;taqmifqdkif&m 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh tajccHusI
ta&}uD;aom trsm;jynfol0efaqmifr_rsm;ESifh ywfowfaom oydwfarSmufr_ rsm;wGif(oydwfarSmufumvtwGif; odk@r[kwf jy\emjzpfaomXmetwGif;)tedrfhqHk;tvkyfjzpfEkdif&kH 0efaqmifr_aqmuf&Gufay;&ef vdkaumif; vkdygvdrfhrnf?
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
tvky&Sirsm;/ tvkyorm;tzGJ@tpn;rsm;ESih tpk;&tm%mykirsm;u terhqHk;0efaqmifr_udkowfrSwf&mwGif yg0ifoifhonf?
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}udKwifowday;jcif;ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;jcif;Y rdrdqENjzifh ausat;Ekdifonhfenf;vrf;&Sdaeonf? oydwfarSmufjcif;udk tcuftcJ rawG@apvdkv#if okd@r[kwfvufawG@aqmif&Guf&ef rjzpfEkdifv#if tedrfhqHk;oabmwl&rnfhvlOD;a& yrm%owfrSwfI xkdowfrSwfcsufjzifh vdkufavsmoabmwlEkdifonf ?v#Kd@0Suf rJpepfjzifh
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
oywarSmuci;vkyie;rsm; qHk; zwci;onvn; oywarSmucGih usihoHk;&mYvufcHEkdifonf?
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Restrictions on picketing should be confined to case in whichsuch action ceases to be peaceful, and picketing should not
interfere with the freedom to work of non- strikers.
Requisitioning of the workers of an undertaking or institution
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
an essential service or under circumstances of utmost gravityand in situations of acute national crisis.
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qENjyjcif;tm; uef@owfr_rsm;onf xdkvkyfief;rsm;tm; +idr;fcsrf;pGm raqmif&GufEdkifonhf tajctaewGif usifhoHk;oihfonf? qENjyr_rms;onf oydwfarSmuf &mYryg0ifolrsm;. vkyfief;tm;taESmufr,Suf rjzpfap&/
oydwfarSmufaecsdefY tvkyform;rsm;tm; wpHkw&mjyKvkyf&ef awmif;qdkjcif;onfr&Sdrjzpf 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;Y oydwfarSmuf&mY vnf;aumif;tjrifhqHk;
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
tifjznfh tm;jznfh aqmif&Guf&rnfh tajctaersKd;Y vnf;aumif;/ wrsKd;om;vHk;qdkif&m t=uyftwnf;jzpfay:aeonfh tajctaersKd;Y vnf;aumif;cGifhjyKEdkifygonf?
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The hiring of workers to replace strikers seriously impairsthe right to strike and is acceptable only in strikes in an
essential service or in situations of acute national crisis
Legal provisions regarding wage deductions for days of
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
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oydwfarSmufolrsm;tm; tpm;xdk;&ef tvkyform;rsm;tm; iSm;&rf;jcif;onfoydwfarSmufcGifhudk tjyif;txefxdcdkufapEkdifygonf? r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfaom 0efaqmifr_rsm;odk@r[kwf trsKd;om;a& t=uyftwnf;umvrsm;Yom vufcHEdkifonf?
oydwfarmufumvtwuf vyftm;cavmc cif; if ywfowf ya't y m f;
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
S G k h S h
xm;jcif;udk uef@uGuf&ef r&Sdyg?
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Appropriate protection should be afforded to trade unionofficials and workers against dismissal and other detrimental acts
at work for organization or participating in a legitimate strike, inparticular through prompt, efficient and impartial procedures,accompanied by sufficiently dissuasive remedies and sanctions.
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
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w&m;enf;vrf;uspGm oydwfarSmuf&mY pnf;vHk;aqmf=ojcif;/ (odk@)yg0ifaqmif&Gufjcif;twGuf or*~acgif;aqmifrsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;tm; tvkyfjzKwf jcif;ESifhtvkyfcGifYtE W&m,fjzpfap&ef taESmuft,Sufay;jcif;rsm;twGuftxl; ojzifhtvsiftjrefxdxda&mufa&muf bufrvdkufaom vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;jzifh vnf;aumif;
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
tm&kHa ymi; ukpm;r_rsm;ESih ywqk@ta&,lr_rsm; zih vn; aumi;oihawmaom
tumtuG,fay;r_rsm; &Sdoifhonf?
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The Protection of freedom of association does not cover abuses in theexercise of the right to strike involving failure to comply with reasonablerequirement regarding lawfulness, or consisting of acts of a criminal nature;
any sanctions imposed in the event of abuse should not be disproportionate tothe seriousness of the violation
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
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vGwfvyfpGm toif;tyif;zGJ@pnf;cGifhonf Oya't& t"dyg,f&Sdonfh vkdtyfcsufrsm;ESifh rudkufnDaom odk@r[kwf &mZ0wfr_ ajrmufonhf vkyf&yfrsm; yg0ifaomoydwfarSmufcGifhtm; tvGJoHk;pm;jyK&ma&mufonhfusifhoHk;r_rsK;drsm; tusKH;r0ifyg? Todk@tvGJoHk;pm;jyKjcif;tay: [ef@wm;ta&,l&mwGifvnf; usL;vGefonhf tr_.
Federation of Trade Unions- Burma
av;eur_ESih tcsK;tpm; rukunci;rsK;rzpoihy ?