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UMTS Link Budget Methodology
Sylvestre Demonget
Wireless BG / W-CDMA BD /
Post-Sales Support & Technology Introduction / W-CDMA Network Engineering
April 2nd
, 2007
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Agenda
1. Uplink Link Budget Methodology
2. Downlink Link Budget Methodology
3. Capacity and Throughput Calculation Basics
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Introduction
UMTS Link Budget methodology:
Uplink: Cell Range derivation based on a specific UL dimensioning service
Downlink:
Calculation for each DL service of transmit power necessary to reach cell edge
Comparison with maximum allowed power for this DL service
Aspects covered in this presentation:
Link budget methodology (UL and DL) applicable to both Release 99 and HSPA
Cell Range comparisons for multiple:
R’99 UL services
HSUPA user throughput targets
UL and DL Capacity calculation using analytic formulas
HSPA Throughput computation using static simulation:
Throughput map
Throughput Vs. Distance from Site
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Agenda
1. Uplink Link Budget Methodology
2. Downlink Link Budget Methodology
3. Capacity and Throughput Calculation Basics
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1UMTS Uplink Link Budget
Methodology, Cell Range Comparisons
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Uplink Link Budget Methodology (1/8)
MAPL Calculation (1/3: R’99)
MAPL MAPL Calculation (Release 99)Calculation (Release 99)
Aim: used to derive Cell Range
Depends on:• UL dimensioning service i (usually CS64)
• Propagation environment
• UE and Node-B performances
• Shadowing Margin, Fast Fading Margin, UL Interference Margin
Margince InterferenUL MarginFadingFast MarginShadowing
LossCablesGain Ant BTS LossnPenetratio Loss Bodyi ySensitivit NodeBPower Tx MaxUE i MAPL
−−−
−+−−
−=
.)(.)(
U E M a x .
T x P o w e r
BodyLoss BTS
Antenna
Gain
PenetrationLoss
N
o d e - B S e n s i t i v i t y
(
d e p e n
d s o n
U L s
e r v
i c e
i
)
Max. Allowable air
interface Path Loss(MAPL)
Max. Allowable airinterface Path Loss(MAPL)
ShadowingMargin
Uplink InterferenceMargin
CablesLoss
Fast FadingMargin
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Uplink Link Budget Methodology (2/8)
MAPL Calculation (2/3: Impact of HSDPA)
MAPL MAPL Calculation (Impact of HSDPA)Calculation (Impact of HSDPA)
Mandatory channels for data transfer on HSDPA:
Presence of HS-DPCCH impacts MAPL:
UE transferring on HSDPA must feed back CQIand ACK/NACK to Node-B on HS-DPCCH
UE available Tx power fordimensioning UL service i diminishes
MAPL diminishes
++
+=
∆
222
22
0
log10hsd c
d c
Target
b
N E
UL
β β β
β β
Handled in the UL linkbudget as an increase in
UL Eb/N0 Target (Vs. w/o
HS-DPCCH case):
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Uplink Link Budget Methodology (2/8)
MAPL Calculation (3/3: HSUPA)
MAPL MAPL Calculation (HSUPA)Calculation (HSUPA)
Cell Range definition:
R’99: Cell Range derived assuming a specific UL R’99 dimensioning service i
HSUPA: Cell Range may be derived assuming either:
– a specific UL R’99 dimensioning service i
– a specific E-DCH user throughput at cell edge r
HSUPA Ec/N0 according to E-DCH user throughput at cell edge r :
)()( 0 i N E
NoiseThermal NodeBi ySensitivit NodeB Target c
+=
1. For several E-TFCs, E-DPDCHs Ec/N0 is
given by L1 curves:
E-DPDCHs Ec/N0
E - D C H
U s e r T h r o u g h
p u t
2. For each E-TFC, HSUPA Ec/N0 is derived
from E-DPDCHs Ec/N0 :
3. Criterion for choice of E-TFC:
E-TFC giving best Ec/N0E-TFC giving best BLER 1Tx
0
2
22222
0
N E
DPDCHs E
n
n
N E
HSUPA
c
ed ed
hscd eced ed
Target
c
×
⋅
++++⋅=
β
β β β β β
r
or
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Uplink Link Budget Methodology (3/8)
Shadowing Margin
Shadowing MarginShadowing Margin
Aim: Compensation of Shadowing, i.e. variation in signal strength due to obstaclesmodeled by a Log-Normal law, for mobiles close to cell edge.
Value computed so that UL service i can be statistically offered within AR% of cell
area ( AR: Area Reliability).
Calculation Method:
1. Assumption on Log-Normal law Stand. Dev. :
2. Jakes Formula for Soft Handover with 2 servers (R’99)Inputs: σ Shad , AR, Attenuation Exponent, Correlation coeff. between Shadowing of the 2 legs
HSUPA-specific: Jakes Formula for 2 servers without SHO
(SHO not supported in Alcatel-Lucent UA5.0 Release)
22nPenetratio Indoor Outdoor Shad Shad σ σ σ +=
U E M a x .
T x P o w e r
BodyLoss BTS
Antenna
Gain
PenetrationLoss
N
o d e - B S e n s i t i v i t y
(
d e p e n
d s o n
U L s
e r v
i c e
i
)
Max. Allowable airinterface Path Loss(MAPL)
ShadowingMargin
ShadowingMargin
Uplink InterferenceMargin
CablesLoss
Fast FadingMargin
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Uplink Link Budget Methodology (4/8)
Fast Fading Margin
Fast Fading MarginFast Fading Margin
Aim: Compensation of Fast Fading, i.e. variation in signal strength due tomulti-path Rayleigh channel profile, for a mobile close to cell edge.
Value computed so that a mobile at cell edge can do efficient Power Control,
i.e. combat the Fast Fading.
Calculation Method:
Currently, same calculation method for R’99 and HSUPA
U E M a x .
T x P o w e r
BodyLoss BTS
Antenna
Gain
PenetrationLoss
N
o d e - B S e n s i t i v i t y
(
d e p e n
d s o n
U L s
e r v
i c e
i
)
Max. Allowable airinterface Path Loss(MAPL)
ShadowingMargin
Uplink InterferenceMargin
CablesLoss
Fast FadingMargin
Fast FadingMargin
( ) ( )OnTPC N
E ULOff TPC
N E
UL MarginFadingFast Target
b
Target
b =−==00
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Uplink Link Budget Methodology (5/8)
Uplink Interference Margin (1/2)
Uplink Interference MarginUplink Interference Margin
Aim: Compensation of interference generated by other mobiles on the uplink.Value computed for each UL service i so that i transmitted by a mobile can be
received at Node-B with sufficient SINR even at maximum UL Cell Load .
Calculation Method: )()(. i Rise NoiseULUser Rise NoiseULTotali Margin Interf UL −=
−=
∆
Load CellUL NoiseThermal BTS
ce InterferenULTotal
1
1
NoiseThermal BTS
Power RxUser
( )[ ]).(.)(1log10)(. iP RxUser Interf ULTotaliPower RxUser NRULTotali Margin Interf UL dBdB −+−=
+−= )(1log10)(
0
i N
E Rise NoiseULTotali Margince InterferenUL
Target
cdBdB
U E M a x .
T x P o w e r
BodyLoss BTS
Antenna
Gain
PenetrationLoss
N
o d e - B S e n s i t i v i t y
(
d e p e n
d s o n
U L s e r v
i c e
i
)
Max. Allowable airinterface Path Loss(MAPL)
ShadowingMargin
Uplink Interference
Margin
Uplink InterferenceMargin
CablesLoss
Fast FadingMargin
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Uplink Link Budget Methodology (6/8)
Uplink Interference Margin (2/2)
Reminder:
Total UL Noise Rise value setting in the link budget:
Set to the maximum allowed value: Max. UL Noise Rise
Set according to an iterative process:
Functional point between {Cell Range = UL Link Budget( Total UL NR )} and
{Total UL NR = Traffic ModelTraffic Model( Cell Range )}
Total UL Noise Rise
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Uplink Link Budget Methodology (7/8)
Cell Range Calculation
Cell RangeCell Range Calculation basing onCalculation basing on MAPL MAPL
Relationship Cell Range ↔ MAPL:
2100 MHz: COST-Hata propagation model
900 MHz:Okumura-Hata
propagation model
Site Coverage for 3-sector case (surface covered by 1 Node-B):
]dB[.])m[log(])m[.log(55.69.44(
][..])m[.log(82.13])MHz[log(9.333.46]dB[
Factor Corr t Environmenk d Height Ant BTS
dBFactor Corr Height Ant UE Height Ant BTS f LossPath
+⋅−+
−−+=
]dB[.])m[log(])m[.log(55.69.44(
][..])m[.log(82.13])MHz[log(16.2655.69]dB[
Factor Corr t Environmenk d Height Ant BTS
dBFactor Corr Height Ant UE Height Ant BTS f LossPath
+⋅−+
−−+=
U E M a x .
T x P o w e r
BodyLoss BTS
Antenna
Gain
PenetrationLoss
N
o d e - B S e n s i t i v i t y
(
d e p e n
d s o n
U L s e r v
i c e
i
)
Max. Allowable airinterface Path Loss(MAPL)
Max. Allowable airinterface Path Loss(MAPL)
ShadowingMargin
Uplink InterferenceMargin
CablesLoss
Fast FadingMargin
22
3 ]km[
8
39]km[ RangeCellCoverageSite Sectors ×=
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Uplink Link Budget Methodology (8/8)
Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA) Benefits and Drawbacks
TMA Aim: Reduce the impact of Cables Loss in the UL ⇒ increase Cell Range
TMA handling in Alcatel-Lucent link budget:
UL:
Cables Loss = 0.4dB (jumper before TMA),
Friis Formula for the Noise Figure of {TMA, cables after TMA, BTS}
DL: +0.8dB on Cables Loss compared to without TMA case
(1 additional jumper + TMA insertion loss)
BTSAntenna
Gain
Cables Loss
Without TMA
N o
d e - B
S e n s
i t i v
i t y
BTSAntenna
Gain
Cables Losswith TMA
With TMA
N o
d e - B
S e n s
i t i v
i t yTMA impact
on the UL:
Simplifiedvision
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Cell Range Comparisons (1/2)
Dense Urban Environment
Main Assumptions:
Channel Profile = “Pedestrian A 3km/h”
HS-DPCCH impact included in UL R’99 services Eb/N0
E-TFC chosen according to best Ec
/N0
criterion
Penetration Loss = 18dB, Hata Env. Corr. Factor = 0dB, TMA = On
UE Max. Tx Power = 21dBm for all services (conservative)
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Max. UL Noise Rise [dB]
C
e l l R a n g e [ k m ]
DCH 128
E-DCH 128DCH 384E-DCH 384E-DCH 1024
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Cell Range Comparisons (2/2)
Suburban Environment
Main Assumptions:
Channel Profile = “Pedestrian A 50km/h”
HS-DPCCH impact included in UL R’99 services Eb/N0
E-TFC chosen according to best Ec
/N0
criterion
Penetration Loss=10dB, Hata Env. Corr. Factor = -12dB, TMA = On
UE Max. Tx Power = 21dBm for all services (conservative)
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Max. UL Noise Rise [dB]
C
e l l R a n g e [ k m ]
DCH 128
E-DCH 128DCH 384E-DCH 384E-DCH 1024
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Agenda
1. Uplink Link Budget Methodology
2. Downlink Link Budget Methodology
3. Capacity and Throughput Calculation Basics
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2UMTS Downlink Link Budget
Methodology, Impact of HSUPA DL channels
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Downlink Link Budget Methodology (1/3)
Downlink Maximum Air Path Loss Calculation
Downlink Maximum Air Path LossDownlink Maximum Air Path Loss
DL air interface path loss at the cell edge,i.e. for Cell Range derived from UL link budget
Aim: used to derive Downlink Maximum Total Path Loss
Calculation Method: COST-Hata-1( Cell Range, DL f )
≡ MAPL + Frequency Shift( DL f – UL f )
Depends on:
R’99: UL R’99 dimensioning service i
HSUPA: i or specific E-DCH user throughput at cell edge r
BTS Ant. Gain DL Max. TotalPath LossCables Loss
DL Max. Air
Path Loss
DL Max. AirPath Loss
PenetrationLoss
ShadowingMargin Fast FadingMargin R
e q u
i r e d D L
U s e r
T x P o w e r
( d e p e
n d s o n
D L s e r v
i c e
j
)Body Loss
U E S e n s i t i v i t y
( d e p e
n d s o n
D L s e r v
i c
e j
)
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Downlink Link Budget Methodology (2/3)
Downlink Maximum Total Path Loss Calculation
Downlink Maximum Total Path LossDownlink Maximum Total Path Loss
DL total path loss at the cell edge, from BTS PA to UE
Aim: used to derive Required DL User Tx Power , HSDPA throughput…
Calculation Method:
Remark: DL Max. Total PL does not take into account any DL interference margin.
Indeed, DL interferences are directly taken into account in
the following formula giving Required DL User Tx Power .
BTS Ant. GainDL Max. Total
Path Loss
DL Max. TotalPath LossCables Loss
DL Max. AirPath Loss
PenetrationLoss
ShadowingMargin Fast FadingMargin R
e q u
i r e d D L
U s e r
T x P o w e r
( d e p e
n d s o n
D L s e
r v i c e
j
)Body Loss
U E S e n s i t i v i t y
( d e p e
n d s o n
D L s e r v
i c
e j
)
MarginFadingFast MarginShadowing
Loss Body LossPeneGain Ant BTS LossCable
PL Air Max DLPLTotal Max DL
++
++−+
=
..
..
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Downlink Link Budget Methodology (3/3)
Required Downlink User Tx Power
Required Downlink UserRequired Downlink User Tx Tx Power Power
Required transmit power at BTS PA so that DL R’99 service j can be received withsufficient SINR by a mobile at cell edge.
Allows to know if DL coverage can be assured at cell edge for service j,
by comparing with maxDlTxPower ( j), i.e. max. power allowable for j per user.
Calculation Method:
BTS Ant. Gain DL Max. TotalPath LossCables Loss
DL Max. AirPath Loss
PenetrationLoss
ShadowingMargin Fast FadingMargin R
e q u i r e d D L
U s e r T x P o w e r
R e q u
i r e d D L
U s e r
T x P o w e r
( d e p e
n d s o n
D L s e
r v i c e
j
)Body Loss
U E S
e n s i t i v i t y
( d e p e
n d s o n
D L s e r v
i c
e j
)
1
0
)(
..)(
)(.−
+
×+×+
=
j N
E DLOF
PLTotal Max DL NoiseThUE PAOF Ii
Ie DL
jPower TxUser DL Req
Target
c
edgecell
Ii : Intra-cell interference(before despreading, includes own signal)
OVSF CodesOrthogonality Factor(depends on channelprofile)
Ie : Extra-cell interference
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Power Available for HSDPA (1/2)
Computation Method in UA5.0 Release, for Shared Carrier scenario
Power Available for HSDPAPower Available for HSDPA (HS-DSCH+HS-SCCH, all HSDPA users in cell)
Computation Method in UA5.0 Release:
Tx Power for each common control channel: set relatively to CPICH Tx Power CPICH Tx Power : set according to CPICH E c/I0 Target , Cell Range,
Area Reliability, environment parameters
P. HSUPA : room power reserved for HSUPA DL channels. Constant, tunable.
P. Non HSDPA : transmit power for non-HSDPA traffic, i.e. R’99 traffic,common control channels and HSUPA downlink channels.
Updated within Node-B every 100ms.
DCH Margin: room power for DCH used to prevent fast increase of DCH power
due to Power Control. Proportional to (P. Non HSDPA – CPICH Tx Power )
{ } Margin DCH HSDPA NonPPA HSUPAPCCC P MarginSHOPA
HSDPA for AvailablePower DL
−−−−−= .,..Min
RNC view Node-B view
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Power Available for HSDPA (2/2)
Impact of HSUPA Downlink Channels
Power for HSUPA Downlink Channels – Link Budget model:
DL HSUPA Tx Power is assumed constant:
α αα α E-AGCH : coefficient (0~1) chosen according to supposed amount of HSUPA traffic.
Assumption: only 1 absolute grant sent at one time.
Default value in Link Budget: 1
E-AGCH Tx Power : Tx power for 1 E-AGCH channel.
UTRAN default value: CPICH Tx Power - 2.5dB
nE-HICH : Average number of signatures used on E-HICH
Default value in Link Budget: 2
E-HICH Tx Power : Tx power per signature of E-HICH.
E-HICH channel Tx power is proportional to #signatures used.
UTRAN default value: CPICH Tx Power – 18.6dB
Power Tx HICH E nPower Tx AGCH E Power Tx HSUPA DL HICH E AGCH E ×+×=α
E-RGCH notsupported inUA5.0
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Agenda
1. Uplink Link Budget Methodology
2. Downlink Link Budget Methodology
3. Capacity and Throughput Calculation Basics
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3Capacity and Throughput Calculation Basics
Method presented: calculation via formulas/static simulation
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Pole Capacity:
Maximum theoretical number of active users on the UL supported per cell,
when no limit on UE Max. Tx Power and Max. UL Noise Rise
UL Cell Capacity:
Max. # active users on the UL supported per cell
(all using same UL service i)
Uplink Capacity Calculation (1/2)
Mono Service
ULie
i
I I
I FR
+=
⋅
+=
SHOTarget
c
Pole
Gi N
E ULi AF
FRi N
)()(
1)(
0
Load CellULi N iCapacityCellUL Pole ⋅= )()(
Frequency Reuse Efficiency
Soft Handover Gain on capacity(not considered for HSUPA)channel Activity Factor(only for Speech service)
Assumed equal to themaximum allowed value, i.e.1-1 / Max UL Noise Rise
or
Set according to an iterativeprocess, thanks toTraffic ModelTraffic Model
May also be Ec/N0Target for E-DCHwith a specificthroughput r
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UL Cell Capacity in Traffic Mix:
Maximum number of users (including non-active users) on the UL
supported per cell, assuming a specific Call Profile
Uplink Capacity Calculation (2/2)
Traffic Mix
∑=
=servicesUL
i Pole
UL
i N
i
Load CellUL MixTrafficinCapacityCellUL
#
1 )(
)(α
Average user throughput inBusy Hour for UL service i as given in the Call Profile
∑=
=servicesUL
k
UL
i R
k throughput CP
i R
ithroughput CP
i#
1 )(
)(
)(
)(
)(α Rate for service i (e.g. 64kbps for CS64)
Formula mayaccount forsome ULservicesdefined as
E-DCH with aspecificthroughput r
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Asymptotic Capacity:
Maximum theoretical number of active users on the DL supported per cell,
when no limit on BTS Power Amplifier (all using same DL service j)
DL Cell Capacity in Traffic Mix:
(HSDPA traffic not present, analytic calculation)
Max. #active users on the DL supported per cell
Dowlink Capacity Calculation
OF Ii
Ie DL
Gi N
E DLOF
i AF j N
mean
SHOTarget
c
Asymp
+
+
+=
−1
0
)(
)(
1)(
OF Ii
Ie DL
PLTotal Mean DL NoiseThUE PA
Power TxCCC PA
mean
+
×+
−
.
∑=
=services DL
j Asymp
DL
j N
j
Load Cell DL MixTrafficinCapacityCell DL
#
1 )(
)(α
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Power Available
for HS-DSCH
HS-DSCHRx Ec/N0
DistanceServing Node-B↔↔↔↔UE
HSDPA UE
Category
HSDPA UserThroughput
CQIreported
HSDPA Throughput Computation via Static Simulation (1/2)
UE SpeedChannel
Profile
DL TotalPath Loss
Shadowing at UE
BTS Ant. Diagram
HSDPA User ThroughputHSDPA User Throughput Map Computation via Static SimulationMap Computation via Static Simulation
1. Generate DL Total Path Loss map for each cell.
For each location {x,y} , find the serving cell.
2. Calculate Power Available for HS-DSCH
For each location {x,y} :
3. Calculate HS-DSCH Rx Ec/N0
4. Calculate CQI reported by the mobile
5. Calculate HSDPA User Throughput
[ ]),,(Min)ˆ,,(
,ˆ),(
c y xPLc y xPL
c y xCellServing
=
=
a)
b) Estimate and subtract HS-SCCH Tx Power
−−
−−−=
Margin DCH HSDPA NonPPA
HSUPAPCCC P MarginSHOPA
HSDPA for AvailablePower DL
.
,..Min
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Power Available
for HS-DSCH
HS-DSCHRx Ec/N0
DistanceServing Node-B↔↔↔↔UE
HSDPA UE
Category
HSDPA UserThroughput
HSDPA UserThroughput
CQIreported
CQIreported
HSDPA Throughput Computation via Static Simulation (2/2)
UE SpeedChannel
Profile
DL TotalPath Loss
Shadowing at UE
BTS Ant. Diagram
HSDPA User ThroughputHSDPA User Throughput Map Computation via Static SimulationMap Computation via Static Simulation
4. Calculate CQI reported by the mobile:
5. Calculate HSDPA User Throughput:
[dB]0 N
E Rx DSCH HS reported CQI cspeed += β
13.3120 km/h14.350 km/h
15.53 km/h
β ββ β speed
UE Speed
3
2# HS-PDSCH(s)
QPSK
QPSK
Modulation
432 kbps31262 b10
288 kbps2931 b9
RLC Throughput# MAC-hs PDU(s)
per TB
Transport
Block SizeCQI
C Q I T a b l e f o r
U E C a t e g o r y 6
…
…
Derived from TBS, MAC-d PDU size (=336b),MAC-hs header size (21b)
Derived assumingBLER 1Tx=10%
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UL Noise Rise
Available foruser
E-DCHRx Ec/N0
DistanceServing Node-B↔↔↔↔UE
HSDPA UECategory
E-DCH UserThroughput
E-TFC
HSUPA Throughput Computation via Static Simulation
UE Speed
Max. ULNoise Rise(totalRotMax )
UL TotalPath Loss
Shadowing at UE
BTS Ant. Diagram
HSUPA User ThroughputHSUPA User Throughput Map Computation via Static SimulationMap Computation via Static Simulation
1. Generate UL Total Path Loss map for each cell.For each location {x,y} , find the serving cell.
2. Calculate UL Noise Rise Available for User
For each location {x,y} :
3. Calculate E-DCH Rx Ec/N0
4. Derive E-TFC
5. Calculate E-DCH User Throughput
ChannelProfile
usersother Rise NoiseUL
xtotalRotMa
−
E-DPDCHs Ec/N0
E - D C H
U s e r T h r o u g
h p u t
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HSUPA Throughput Computation via Static Simulation (1/2)
User Throughput Map
Main Assumptions:
HSUPA dedicated carrier (no R’99 UL traffic)
Channel Profile = “Pedestrian A 3km/h”
Penetration Loss = 18dB, Hata Env. Corr. Factor= 0dB, TMA = On
Shadowing standard deviation = 8dB
UE: Max. Tx Power = 21dBm, HSUPA Category 3
Cell
Range:+20%
Cell Rangedimensionedon E-DCH 128
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HSUPA Throughput Computation via Static Simulation (2/2)
User Throughput Vs. Distance from Site
Main Assumptions:
Shared carrier R’99/HSUPA
Channel Profile = “Pedestrian A 3km/h”
Penetration Loss = 18dB, Hata Env. Corr. Factor= 0dB, TMA = On
Shadowing standard deviation = 8dB
UE: Max. Tx Power = 21dBm, HSUPA Category 3
•0 •100 •200 •300 •400 •500 •600•700
•800
•900
•1000
•1100
•1200
•1300
•Distance from Serving NodeB [m]
• E - D
C H
M A C - e
U s e r
T h r o
u g
h p u
t [ k b p s
] •
R’99 UL Cell Load = 50% * Max. UL Cell Load
No R’99 UL traffic
Cell Range = 450m
Cell Range = 540m
Cell Range: +20%
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Presentation Summary
UMTS Link Budget methodology:
Uplink: Cell Range derivation based on specific UL dimensioning service
Downlink:
Calculation for each DL service of required power necessary to reach cell edge
Comparison with maximum allowed power for this DL service
UMTS Link Budget tool usage:
Main objective: derive Cell Range assuming a dimensioning UL service
Other features: UL and DL Capacity calculation via formulas
Gives an idea of capacity without running any simulation
Gives inputs for Radio Dimensioning and Cell Planning
Used to study impact of features on RF aspects
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