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Build Your Foundation IIBuild Your Foundation II
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The Solar SystemThe Solar System
• How many stars are there in the solar system?• Was the solar system created as a direct result
of the birth of the universe?• How long has the Earth existed?• Is Pluto the farthest planet from the sun?• What typical shapes do moons have?
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The Solar SystemThe Solar System
• The solar system formed from an interstellar cloud of gas and dust--the solar nebula – Mostly hydrogen and
helium (created in the big bang)
– Also contain heavier elements--silicates, iron, etc (created in larger stars)
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The Solar SystemThe Solar System
• Solar nebula contracts– flattens and spins– Sun begins to
shine– gas expelled from
inner disk by solar radiation
– ice and dust accrete to form planetesimals (~10 km in size) and then planets
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The Solar SystemThe Solar System
• Computer simulations show formation of inner solar system takes as little as 150 million years--only about 1/30 the age of the solar system
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The Solar SystemThe Solar System
• Stellar nebula seen in other star formation regions
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The Solar SystemThe Solar System
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The Solar SystemThe Solar System
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The Solar SystemThe Solar System
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The Solar SystemThe Solar System
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The Solar SystemThe Solar System
• Thought experiment:– If I’m looking at a star with one large planet in orbit
around the star, what kind of motions do I see?• Remember Newton’s 3rd law of motion--for every action
there is an equal and opposite reaction– If planet is very tiny?– If planet is very large?
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The Solar SystemThe Solar System
• Thought experiment:– OK, so I see both the star and the planet circling each
other (or more accurately, there common center of gravity)
– If I’m looking at the light from the Star, using a spectroscope, what do I notice about the absorption and emission lines?
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The Solar SystemThe Solar System
• Thought experiment:– Right, I’ll see the absorption/emission lines Doppler
shifted. From this I can measure relative velocities.– From the velocities and periods of orbits, I can calculate
the masses of the star AND the planet!
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The Solar SystemThe Solar System
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The Solar SystemThe Solar System• How many stars are there in the solar system?
– One, our Sun.
• Was the solar system created as a direct result of the birth of the universe?– No, the universe was created 13-18 Billions years ago; the
solar system is about 4.6 Billion years old
• How long has the Earth existed?– About 4.6 Billion years old
• Is Pluto the farthest planet from the sun?– Sometimes Neptune is
• What typical shapes do moons have?– Irregular spheroids, e.g.--potatos