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2.1.3 Classification of minerals2.1.3 Classification of minerals
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http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch462/element%20abundance.gif
http://www.indiana.edu/~geol105/images/gaia_chapter_5/crust_composition.jpg
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Mineral classificationsMineral classifications11 groups of classification based on anion 11 groups of classification based on anion ––anionic group anionic group
1.1. Native elementsNative elements2.2. SulphideSulphide & & sulphosaltsulphosalt3.3. OxidesOxides4.4. HalidesHalides5.5. CarbonatesCarbonates6.6. NitrateNitrate7.7. BorateBorate8.8. SulphatesSulphates & chromates& chromates9.9. PhospatesPhospates10.10. TungstateTungstate & & MolybdatesMolybdates11.11. SilicatesSilicates
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Native elementsNative elements
~ 20 elements are found in the native state~ 20 elements are found in the native stateMetals Metals –– Semimetals Semimetals –– NonmetalsNonmetals–– Metals Metals gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), iron gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), iron
(Fe), platinum (Pt)(Fe), platinum (Pt)–– Semimetals Semimetals arsenic (As), bismuth (Bi)arsenic (As), bismuth (Bi)–– Nonmetals Nonmetals sulfur (S), diamond (C), graphite (C)sulfur (S), diamond (C), graphite (C)
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http://z.about.com/d/geology/1/0/Z/Q/1/stategold.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Native_Copper_(mineral).jpg
http://www.pegmatite.ru/My_Collection/exchange/sl212.jpg
http://www.museum-mineral.com/specimens/det1_74.jpg
gold
iron
copper silver
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http://www.minerslunchbox.com/images/ml2621.jpg http://www.choudhery.com/graphite/graphite.jpg
http://keetsa.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/rough_diamonds_picture.jpghttp://www.kristalle.com/minerals/s_5041.jpg
arsenicgraphite
sulphur diamond
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Sulfides & Sulfides & sulfosaltsulfosaltSulfides form majority of Sulfides form majority of ore mineralsore mineralsGeneral formula X (SGeneral formula X (S--nn), where X = metal), where X = metal–– Galena (Galena (PbSPbS))–– SphaleriteSphalerite ((ZnSZnS))–– Pyrite (FeSPyrite (FeS22))–– PyrrhotitePyrrhotite (Fe(Fe(1(1--x)x)S)S)–– Chalcopyrite (CuFeSChalcopyrite (CuFeS22))–– Cinnabar (Cinnabar (HgSHgS))–– RealgarRealgar ((AsSAsS))–– Stibnite (SbStibnite (Sb22SS33))–– ArsenopyriteArsenopyrite ((FeAsSFeAsS))
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http://www.crystalradio.net/minerals/pyrite.jpghttp://fireflyforest.net/images/firefly/2006/April/galena.jpg
http://cmsc.minotstateu.edu/Labs/web%20minerals/Chalcopyrite.jpg http://www.gc.maricopa.edu/earthsci/imagearchive/sphalerite755.jpg
sphalerite
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http://www.palagems.com/Images/mineral_news/stibnite.jpg http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak12/ugc/antimon/Stibnite.jpg
http://www.mii.org/Minerals/Minpics1/Cinnabar.jpg http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/61/13361-004-7F27B853.jpg
cinnabar arsenic-orpiment-realgar
stibnitestibnite
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OxidesOxides
Relatively hard, dense & refractoryRelatively hard, dense & refractoryAnion = OAnion = O22-- and OHand OH--
–– CassiteriteCassiterite (SnO(SnO22))–– PyrolusitePyrolusite (MnO(MnO22) ) –– PsilomelanePsilomelane (BaMn(BaMn99OO1616(OH)(OH)44))–– ChromiteChromite (FeCr(FeCr22OO44))–– IlmeniteIlmenite (FeTiO(FeTiO33))–– Magnetite (FeMagnetite (Fe33OO44))–– Hematite (FeHematite (Fe22OO33))–– Limonite (Limonite (FeO(OHFeO(OH))))–– Corundum (AlCorundum (Al22OO33) )
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Pyrolusite_dendritic_on_felsite.jpg/350px-Pyrolusite_dendritic_on_felsite.jpg
http://www.thunderhealing.org/rock/cassiterite.jpghttp://geology.com/minerals/photos/cassiterite-stream-tin-601.jpg
http://z.about.com/d/geology/1/0/s/C/1/psilomelane500.jpg
cassiterite
pyrolusite
psilomelane
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http://www.earth.ox.ac.uk/~oesis/field/medium/chromite1.jpg
http://www.melworks.com.au/catalog/images/bhemv42212.jpghttp://www.mchenry.edu/depts/EAS/courses/eas170/Minerals/images/Magnetite.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Hematite.jpg
hematite banded chromite
magnetite hematite
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Several_corundum_crystals.jpg10 http://www.made-in-
china.com/image/2f0j00yvmaMiBqfTgkM/Brown-Corundum-for-Abrasives-and-Refractories.jpg
http://www.palagems.com/Images/ruby_thai_1pt21cts.jpg http://sapphirerings.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/sapphirering.jpghttp://www.gemeastcorporation.com/images/blue%20sapphire/star%20blue%20sapphire.jpg
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HalidesHalidesHalogen ions, Halogen ions, ClCl--, Br, Br--, F, F-- and Iand I--
Pure ionic bondingPure ionic bondingRelatively low hardness, high melting pointRelatively low hardness, high melting pointExcellent electrical conductivity in molten Excellent electrical conductivity in molten statestate–– Halite (Halite (NaClNaCl))–– SylviteSylvite ((KClKCl))–– Fluorite (CaFFluorite (CaF22))–– CryoliteCryolite (Na(Na22AlFAlF66))
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http://skywalker.cochise.edu/wellerr/mineral/halite/6halite1069.jpg
http://webmineral.com/specimens/photos/Fluorite.jpg
http://www.unseentourthailand.com/pgallery/datafiles/gallery/large/gallery_20090515_cab33ee.jpg
http://www.arrowwoodminerals.com/files/TurtleFluorite01b.JPG
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CarbonatesCarbonates
Anionic (COAnionic (CO33))22--
React with acid React with acid ““fizzfizz””2H2H++ + CO+ CO33 HH22O + COO + CO22
–– CalciteCalcite (CaCO(CaCO33))–– Dolomite (CaMg(CODolomite (CaMg(CO33))22
–– Malachite (CuMalachite (Cu22COCO33(OH)(OH)22
–– Azurite (CuAzurite (Cu33(CO(CO33))22(OH)(OH)22
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http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo/minerals/pix/calcite5.jpg
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~adg/images/minerals/carb/dolomite.jpg
http://skywalker.cochise.edu/wellerr/minbis/malachite/6bzb-malachite-bandedq6.jpg
http://www.bitsofearth.com/images/azurite-34640-1.jpg
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NitratesNitratesAnionic (NOAnionic (NO33))11--
–– Niter (KNONiter (KNO33))–– NitratiteNitratite (NaNO(NaNO33))
http://pics.manager.co.th/Images/551000008433508.JPEG http://mail.vcharkarn.com/uploads/70/70325.jpg
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BoratesBorates
Anionic (BAnionic (B44OO77))22--, (B, (B55OO99))33-- or (Bor (B66OO1111))44--
–– Borax (NaBorax (Na22BB44OO77.10H.10H22O)O)
http://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/0/D/R/borax.jpg http://food.truelife.com/content/Member/3806_3.jpg
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Sulfates & ChromatesSulfates & Chromates
Anionic (SOAnionic (SO44))22-- and (CrOand (CrO44))22--
–– Gypsum (CaSOGypsum (CaSO44.2H.2H22O)O)–– Anhydrite (CaSOAnhydrite (CaSO44) ) –– Barite (BaSOBarite (BaSO44))–– CrocoiteCrocoite (PbCrO4)(PbCrO4)
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http://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/1Minerals/2SedimentaryMineralz/Gypsum_Halite/GypsumSelenite.JPG http://www.hkbullex.com/english/bookpic/20082291062681483.jpg
http://csm.jmu.edu/MINERALS/minerals%5C+VaBarite.jpg http://www.exceptionalminerals.com/TUC2007-251crocoiteKW91.jpg
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PhosphatesPhosphates
Anionic (POAnionic (PO44))33--, (VO, (VO44))33-- and (AsOand (AsO44))33--–– Apatite (CaApatite (Ca55(PO(PO44))33(F, (F, ClCl, OH), OH)–– Monazite (Monazite (CeCe, La, Y, Th)PO, La, Y, Th)PO44
–– Turquoise (CuAlTurquoise (CuAl66(PO(PO44))44(OH)(OH)88.4H.4H22O)O)
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http://www.sbturquoise.com/images/kgmturquoise/Kingman-DkChks1-2in-800x.jpg
http://www.healingcrystals.com/images/cards/Apatite.jpg
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TungstatesTungstates and and MolybdatesMolybdates
Anionic (WOAnionic (WO44))22-- and (MoOand (MoO44))22--
–– ScheeliteScheelite (CaWO(CaWO44))–– WolframiteWolframite (Fe,Mn)WO(Fe,Mn)WO44
–– Wulfenite (PbMoOWulfenite (PbMoO44))
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http://www.thestarguide.com/images/scheelite_on_muscovite_from_pingwu_sichuan_province__china_c96u.jpg http://www.cfm-minerals.it/images/MineraliMiei/Wolframite334bis.jpg
Scheelite (glow blue under UV-light)
Wulframite
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http://www.buyrockbitsonline.com/bit_images/Tungsten%20carbide%20insert%20tricone%2030%20INCH%20NEW%20GTX-C3MPS03D.jpg
Tungsten carbide
http://csm.jmu.edu/MINERALS/minerals%5C+Wulfenite.jpg
Wulfrenite
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SilicatesSilicatesAnionic (Anionic (Si:OSi:O) in various ratio) in various ratioDominant minerals in the EarthDominant minerals in the Earth’’s crusts crust7 subclasses based on arrangement of SiO7 subclasses based on arrangement of SiO44 tetrahedratetrahedra–– NesosilicatesNesosilicates–– SorosilicatesSorosilicates–– CyclosilicatesCyclosilicates–– InosilicatesInosilicates (Chain silicates)(Chain silicates)–– PhyllosilicatesPhyllosilicates (Sheet silicates)(Sheet silicates)–– TectosilicatesTectosilicates
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Augite(pyroxene)
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Aktinolith_Finnland.JPG
Hornblende (amphibole)
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http://www.esrf.eu/UsersAndScience/Experiments/CRG/BM26/SaxsWaxs/Sxwxsample/AboutMica/Images/mica_2
Mica (Phyllosilicate)
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http://www.soskids.arkansas.gov/supportfiles/state_symbols/lg-photos/quartz.jpg
http://vibrate.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/amethyst-geode1.jpg
Quartz (Tectosilicate)