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International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio Sciences 4(4): July-August 2015
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL
PHARMACY AND BIO SCIENCES IMPACT FACTOR 2.093***
ICV 5.13***
Pharmaceutical Sciences REVIEW ARTICLE……!!!
THERAPEUTIC AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF BRASSICA
OLERACEA L. VAR. ITALICA (BROCCOLI): A REVIEW
Miss Indu Dhiman1, Mr. Yash Prashar
1, Miss Kamini Kalia
1, Dr. Narinder Singh Gill
2
Department of Pharmacology1, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
2, Rayat Institute of
Pharmacy, Railmajra, S.B.S Nagar, Punjab- 144533, India.
KEYWORDS:
Brassica oleracea, nutritional
value, pharmacological
activity, traditional uses and
broccoli.
For Correspondence:
Miss Indu Dhiman*
Address:
Department of Pharmacology,
Rayat Institute of Pharmacy,
Railmajra, S.B.S Nagar,
Punjab- 144533, India.
ABSTRACT
Brassica oleracea L. var. italica (Broccoli) belonging to family
Brassicaceae probably evolved in Roman times from wild or primitive
cultivated forms of Brassica oleracea from the eastern Mediterranean
region. Brassica oleracea has been reported to contain Alkaloids,
Saponins, Glycosides, Cardiac glycosides, Anthraquinones, Proteins,
Carbohydrates, Steroids, Terpenoids and Flavonoids. Brassica oleracea
also contain highest amount of glucosinolates known till date in plants
and its derivatives which could be used in various cancer therapy.
Scientifically various part of plant like leaves, flower, fruits, seeds and
fresh juice has been evaluated for its various activity like antibacterial
activity, antihelminitic activity, anti-microbial activity, anticancer
activity, anti-nociceptive effect, antioxidant activity, relaxation of rat
uterine, hepatoprotective activity, anti-inflammatory activity,
antitrypanosomal effect and weight loss. In the present review
nutritional value of plant and medicinal properties of plant has been
discussed to provide collective on this multipurpose herb and must be
consider to be consumed as daily nutrition.
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INTRODUCTION:
The family Brassicaceae includes about 400 genus and 4,000 species. Through the genetic
improvement several horticultural varieties that present economic interest, mainly B. oleracea
var. acephala (kale), Brassica oleracea var. capitata (cabbage), Brassica oleracea var.
gemmifera (Brussels sprouts), Brassica oleracea var. borytis (cauliflower) and Brassica oleracea
var. italica (broccoli). Other species economically important are Brassica nigra and Sinapis spp.
(mustards), Raphanus sativus (radish), Armoracia rusticana (horseradish), Rorippa nasturtium-
aquaticum (watercress) and Eruca sativa (rocket) 1. The family Brassicaceae has been studied
due to the pharmacologic properties of its main metabolite, the glucosinolates (GLS). These
metabolites, as well as, their hydrolysis products (isothiocyanate and nitriles) are powerful
antioxidants and anti-carcinogenic agents 2, 3
.
All the varieties of cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli and nolecole are produced from the wild
cabbage- the Colewort which grows wild on hills. Total world production of broccoli in 2012
was estimated at 21,266,789 tonnes. Major broccoli producing country is China 9,500,000
tonnes, India 7,000,000, Italy 414,142. In the production of broccoli India comes on number
second followed by the China which is the top most producer of broccoli 4.
Introduction to plant profile
Plant profile of Brassica oleracea L. var. italica (Broccoli) is shown in figure 1.
Figure 1. Brassica oleracea L. var. italica (Broccoli): Flower vegetable & Whole plant
Taxonomical Classification
Kingdom: Plantae – Plants, Subkingdom: Tracheobionta – Vascular plants, Superdivision:
Spermatophyta – Seed plants, Division: Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants, Class:
Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons, Subclass: Dilleniidae, Order: Brassicales, Family: Brassicaceae,
Genus: Brassica, Species: Brassica oleracea L. var. italica 4.
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Vernacular names
Afrikaans: Blomkool, Kool, Arabic: Karnabeet, Burmese: Paan Gor Bi, Chinese: Cai Hua, Gai
Lan Hua, Dutch: Bloekmool, French: Chou Brocoli, Chou Fluer, German: Blumenkohl, Hindi:
Broccoli, Indonesia: Kobis Bunga, Kol Bunga, Italy: Broccoli, Cavolo Broccolo, Cavolfiore,
Japanese: Hana Kysabestu, Hana Yana, Korean: Ja-Ju-Yang-Bae-Chu, Mo Ran Chae 5.
Distribution
Brassica oleracea is commonly found in Italy, Central and northern Europe, West Africa. Plant
mainly distributed in China, India, Mexico, France, Poland, United States, Pakistan, Germany
and Egypt 6, 7
.
In India Brassica oleracea grow in high places like Khandala, Mahabaleshwar and Bandel area
of district Ranchi 4.
Description
Erect, glabrous, annual or biennial herb up to 80 cm tall at the mature vegetative stage, up to 150
cm when flowering, with unbranched stem thickening upwards; root system strongly branched.
Leaves alternate but closely arranged and more or less erect, forming a rosette surrounding the
young inflorescence especially in cauliflower, usually simple; stipules absent; leaves almost
sessile, but often shortly petiolate in broccoli; blade ovate to oblong, up to 80 cm × 40 cm,
undulate or irregularly incised to almost entire, coated with a layer of wax, blue-green with
whitish veins. Inflorescence a terminal paniculate raceme up to 70 cm long, when young (curd or
head) composed of more or less densely arranged branching partial inflorescences and fleshy
peduncles, in cauliflower up to 30 cm in diameter, very solid and globular to rather loose and
flat, white to green, in broccoli less densely arranged with longer peduncles, green to purple.
Flowers bisexual, regular, 4-merous; pedicel up to 2 cm long, ascending; sepals oblong, c. 1 cm
long, erect; petals obovate, 1.5–2.5 cm long, clawed, pale to bright yellow or whitish; stamens 6;
ovary -superior, cylindrical, 2-celled, stigma globose. Fruit a linear silique 5–10 cm × c. 5 mm,
with a tapering beak 5–15 mm long, dehiscent, up to 30-seeded. Seeds globose, 2–4 mm in
diameter, finely reticulate, brown. Seedling with epigeal germination, with a taproot and lateral
roots; hypocotyl 3–5 cm long, epicotyl absent; cotyledons with petiole 1–2 cm long, blade
cordate, 1–1.5 cm long, cuneate at base, notched at apex 8,9
.
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Traditional Uses
Antiatherosclerotic, Antibacterial, Antimaculitic, Antinitrosaminic, Antinyctalopic,
Antiproliferant, Antioxidant, Antiradicular, Antiretinitic, Antitumor, breast, Antitumor, colon,
Antitumor, lung, Antitumor, skin, Antiviral, Detoxicant, Estrogenic, Glucuronidase Inhibitor,
Goitrogenic, Hypocholesterolemic, Prooxidant, Quinone-Reductase-Inducer 10
and
Anticonvulsant 11
.
PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
The phytochemical screening was carried on the leaves extracts of Brassica oleracea L. var.
italica revealed the presence of some active ingredients such as Alkaloids, Saponins, Glycosides,
Cardiac glycosides, Anthraquinones, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Steroids, Terpenoids and
Flavonoids. The principle component present is glucosinolate. Glucosinolates are known to
possess antibacterial, antifungal as well as anticancerous activity 12
.
Table 1. Phytochemical analysis of Brassica oleracea L. var. italica extracts
Phytochemicals Solvents
Pet Ether Chloroform Eta Acetone Methanol Aqueous
Alkaloids
Flavonoids
Glycosides
Phenols
Saponins
Steroids
Tannins
Terpenoids
-
+
-
-
+
-
-
+
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
-
+
-
-
+
+
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
+
+
-
+
+
-
+
+
-
-
-
+
-
-
+
(+) presence; (-) absence
Pet Ether: petroleum ether; Eta: ethyl acetate
Thin layer chromatography (TLC)
TLC was performed to separate the glucosinolates (glucoraphanin, glucobrassicin, glucoiberin,
progoitrin, sinigrin, gluconapin, glucoerucin and neo-glucobrassicin) and its hydrolysis products
(isothiocyanates, nitriles) from Brassica oleracea extract.
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O
OH
S
OHHO
OH
N
S
O
OH
S OO
Glucoraphanin
HN
OS
NO
SO3
O
HO
OH
OH
OHK
Glucobrassicin
O
OH
S
HO OH
OHN
OS
O
OHOHO
CH2
Progoitrin
O
OH
S
HO OH
C
HO
NO
S
O-
OO
Sinigrin
O S
OH
N
S
O
OH OS
O
OHO
HO
HO
Glucoiberin
O
S
NSH3C
OH
OH
OH
HO
O
OS
O
OH
Glucoerucin
O
OH
S
OHHO
HON
OS
O
O
OH
N
O CH3neo-glucobrassicin
O
S
HO
HO
OH
OH
NO
SO
OHO
H2C
Gluconapin
H3CS
NCS
O
Sulforaphane
Figure 2: Chemical structure of some phytochemical constituents present in Brassica
oleracea
Three extracts were used for TLC i.e. defatted soxhlet extract, defatted cold macerated extract
and defatted fresh Brassica oleracea extract. For defatted Soxhlet and cold macerated extract,
ground Brassica oleracea was defatted with diethylether (in soxhlet, and on rotary shaker), then
extracted with 80 % methanol and further utilized for TLC. For fresh Brassica oleracea extract,
30 gm of fresh Brassica oleracea with diethyl-ether was kept for 2 days followed by 80 %
ethanol for 3 days on rotary shaker (same as for cold macerated extract). The supernatant
obtained was utilized for TLC. After spraying and heating the TLC plates (as described above)
the plates were checked for the development of spots. The spots obtained were then calculated
for Rf values so that the compound can be identified 13
.
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The Rf values were calculated by:
Distance travelled by solute
Rf = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Distance travelled by solvent
Table 2. Detected glucosinolates in extracts and their Rf values
Extract Phytochemical Rf-values
Soxhlet Extract Glucobrassicin 0.6
Cold extract Glucobrassicin 0.6
Fresh Brassica oleracea extract Glucobrasicin-1-sulphonate 0.3
NUTRITIONAL VALUE
Broccoli can provide cholesterol-lowering benefits and positive impact on our body’s
detoxification system. Because broccoli is one of the very low calorie vegetables; provides just
34 calories per 100 g. Nevertheless, it is rich in dietary fibres, minerals, vitamins, and anti-
oxidants that have proven health benefits.
Fresh Broccoli contains many phyto-nutrients such as thiocyanates, indoles, sulforaphane,
isothiocyanates and flavonoids like beta-carotene cryptoxanthin, lutein, and zea-xanthin.
Broccoli contains Vitamin C and Vitamin A in high amount.
Flower vegetable is rich source of Vitamin K and B-complex group of vitamins like niacin (Vit.
B-3), pantothenic acid (Vit. B-5), pyridoxine (Vit.B-6), and riboflavin. The flower heads also
have some amount of omega-3 fatty acids.
It is also a good source of minerals like calcium, manganese, iron, magnesium, selenium, zinc
and phosphorus 14,15
.
PHARMCOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES
The plant Brassica oleracea has been proved for various medicinal activities like antibacterial
activity, antihelminitic activity, anti-microbial activity, anticancer activity, anti-nociceptive
effect, antioxidant activity, relaxation of rat uterine, hepatoprotective activity, anti-inflammatory
activity, antitrypanosomal effect and weight loss.
1. Antibacterial Activity
Various extract of Brassica oleracea L. showed the antibacterial activity against six food borne
bacteria viz., Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Staphylococcus aureus
ATCC 6538, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Salmonella typhimurium MTCC 3224 and Shigella
flexneri ATCC 12022. In acetone and methanolic extract Minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) values of 10 - 320 µg/ml were recorded against most of the pathogens. B. subtilis ATCC
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6633 (15.4 mm) and Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876 (16.3 mm) were found to be the most sensitive
organisms among the pathogens tested 12
.
In another study various extracts of Brassica oleraceae were investigated against a few drug
resistant uropathogens. This showed the antibacterial activity against both gram positive and
gram negative bacteria. The extracts showed significant zones of inhibition ranging from 4 to 14
mm respectively, whereas the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against them ranged
from 6.25 to 200 µg/ml concentrations. The lowest activity of MIC was shown against Proteus
mirabilis at 6.25 µg/ml by ethyl acetate extract 16
.
1. Antihelmintic Activity
Aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of seeds of Brassica juncea and flower of Brassica
oleracea showed the antihelminitic activity. The various concentrations of the extract (100, 150,
200,300,500 mg/ml) respectively were screened for their anthelmintic activity using Pheritima
posthuma and activities were comparable with the standard drug Albendazole. This showed dose
dependent activity. The determination of time of paralysis (P) and time of death (D) of the
worms was carried out. Hydroalcoholic extract of Brassica juncea and Brassica oleracea
showed more prominent anthelmintic activity 17
.
2. Anti-microbial Activity
Various extract of the Brassica oleracea (aqueous, acetone, petroleum ether and chloroform)
showed the anti-microbial activity against the bacterial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella
flexneri, E.coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and fungal (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus,
Aspergillus fumigatus and Cladosporium species) isolates. Among the four extracts tested,
acetone extract exhibited maximum activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri,
E.coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae and a narrow range of activity was exhibited against aqueous,
petroleum ether and chloroform extracts. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger was found to
be sensitive to acetone extracts when compared with Aspergillus fumigatus and Cladosporium
species 18
.
3. Anticancer Activity
Sulforaphane (SFN) an isothiocyanate formed by hydrolysis of glucosinolates found in Brassica
oleracea was reported to possess anticancer and antioxidant activities and was evaluated by
MTT assay in human epithelial carcinoma Hep-2 and Vero cells. Results showed that standard
SFN and purified SFN concentration found to have closer IC50 which is equal to 58.96
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microgram/ml (Hep-2 cells), 61.2 microgram/ml (Vero cells) and less than the extract which is
found to be 113 microgram/ml (Hep-2 cells) and 125 microgram/ml (Vero cells) 3.
4. Anti-nociceptive Effect
Hydroalcoholic extract of Brassica oleracea exhibited the anti-nociceptive activity against
Formalin test induced pain model. The Animals were pre-treated with the Brassica oleracea
extract (500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg/p.o.). Data shows there is decreased pain in formalin test in the
group that received 2000 mg/kg/p.o. dose of extract in comparison to other groups 19
.
5. Antioxidant Activity
Various extract of Brassica oleracea were evaluated for their total phenolic contents and
antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging assay and reducing power assay. The study
showed that the ethanolic leaves extract of Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata which contains
highest amount of phenolic compounds exhibited the greatest anti-oxidant activity than
Petroleum Ether, ethylacetate, chloroform and aqueous extracts 2
.
6. Relaxation of rat uterine
Fresh juice of Brassica oleracea var. capitata showed the H2 receptor antagonistic action. Two
sets of experiments consisted of recording the responses of the uterine horn preparations
(precontracted with potassium chloride, KCl) to histamine (4.5; 9; 17.99; 35.99; 71.98 × 10–4
and 14.40× 10–3 mol/L, 2 minute each concentration) in absence and presence of S-
Chlorpheniramine, ranitidine and BOCJ. Results indicated that histamine (EC50 = 19.05 ± 1.76
× 10-4 mol/L, p < 0.001) produces relaxation of potassium chloride precontracted isolated rat
uterus. This effect of histamine is abolished by ranitidine, a selective H2 histamine receptor
antagonist and BOCJ in a concentration dependent manner 20
.
7. Hepatoprotective activity
Ethanolic leaves extract of Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata possessed the significant
hepatoprotective activity against simvastatin (20 mg/kg p.o. for 30 days) induced hepatotoxicity.
Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata (300 mg/kg/p.o. and 500 mg/kg/p.o.) showed the protective
effect which was identified by increased in Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT),
Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT), Alanine Phosphatase (ALP), Serum
bilirubin and decreased in Total proteins content and in oxidative stress markers such as GPx,
GST, SOD and CAT in simvastatin treated rats 21
.
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8. Anti-inflammatory activity
Methanolic extracts of different cabbage heads showed different anti-inflammatory activity
values. All tested extracts showed high anti-inflammatory value in a range 0–100 μg
concentration where Chinese, Savoy and Green heads had the highest anti-inflammatory activity;
while Red heads had the lowest anti-inflammatory activity value. Anti-inflammatory activities
were analyzed by spectrophotometer 22
.
9. Antitrypanosomal Effects
Methanolic plant extracts (MPES) of Brassica Oleracea fruits and leaves at different
concentrations (250-1000 µg/ml) were tested against Trypanosoma evansi on Vero cell line. In-
vivo infectivity test of incubated MPES of Brassica Oleracea fruits, leaves and medium with
trypanosomes were done in mice. In-vitro cytotoxicity of the test extracts at concentrations
(1.56-100 µg/ml) was performed on Vero cells. Both MPES of Brassica Oleracea fruits and
leaves demonstrated trypanocidal activity, which ranged from immobilization, reduction and to
the killing of trypanosomes. MPES of Brassica oleracea fruits, leaves and diminazine aceturate
(Berenil) were cytotoxic to Vero cells at all concentrations except at 1.56, 1.56 and 6.25-1.56
µg/ml, respectively 23
.
10. Weight loss
Chloroform extract, combined ethyl acetate and ethanol and the crude extract of Brassica
oleracea showed significant loss in the body weight of female rats at 5% and 1%. Water extract
of Green tea showed the 117 g total loss in body weight while chloroform extract showed higher
total loss in the body weight i.e. 180 g 24
.
11. Hypocholesterolemic Activity
Methanolic and aqueous extracts of Brassica oleracea leaves reported to have the
hypocholesterolemic activity when tested against Cu2+
- induced oxidation model for its
susceptibility of isolated lipoproteins- very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and low density
lipoproteins (LDL). This study showed that both extracts inhibited lipid peroxidation in both
isolated VLDL and LDL. So Brassica oleracea consumption may play an important protective
role in the cardiovascular and other related diseases resulting from imbalance of oxidant and
antioxidant status 25
.
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ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY
The toxicity of Brassica oleracea extract study did not show any toxic effects in albino mice. No
death was observed up to the oral administration of extract dose concentration 200-2000 mg/kg
body weight during the 72 hours of study period 21
.
CONCLUSION
The extensive literature survey revealed that broccoli is an important medicinal plant due to its
high nutritional value and traditional uses to treat diseases and presence of many active chemical
constituents which are responsible for various medicinal and pharmacological properties.
Broccoli is also consumed worldwide as fresh vegetables (in salad), in cooked form and as boiled
form. Further evaluation needs to be carried out on broccoli in order to confirm its medicinal
uses and development of formulations containing this plant for their practical clinical
applications, which can be used for the welfare of mankind.
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