300 - 1500300 - 1500

Medieval EuropeMedieval Europe

•1. Kingdoms and Christianity – 300 – 1250 •2. The Early Middle Ages – 800 – 1215 •3. The High Middle Ages – 1000 – 1500

Mr. Schenk

The Early Middle Ages

The Early Middle Ages

•1. Charlemagne’s Empire•2. New Invaders•3. The Feudal and Manorial Systems•4. The Growth of Monarchies•5. Power of the Church

•800 - 1215

•At the outset of the early Middle Ages, western Europe was a land without an empire•New forms of community took hold•Christianity spread throughout western Europe•Strong, new political systems also arose, uniting much of Europe

300 - 1500

1. Charlemagne’s Empire

1. Charlemagne’s Empire

•With the , Europe had entered into a period of political, social, and economic decline.•Small kingdoms competed to control the lands once under Rome’s central authority•Among these kingdoms, were the Franks

300 - 1500

Building an EmpireBuilding an Empire•By the 800’s, the Franks ruled much of western and central Europe•Leaders most influential in the successes of the Franks belonged to one family – the Carolingians•The family of

•Grandfather – Charles Martel – served as a political advisor to the king•His son – Pippin III – the first king of the Carolingians•He passed to his son Charles

300 - 1500

Charlemagne’s Rise to Power

Charlemagne’s Rise to Power

•This medieval manuscript shows Pope Leo III crowning Charlemagne Emperor of the Romans

•Pope Leo III, in 774, called on him to defend his Papal States against a group known as the Lombards•Charlemagne and the Franks swept into Italy and defeated the raiders•Charles the Great became king of the Romans

300 - 1500

Charlemagne’s RuleCharlemagne’s Rule

•Charlemagne had tremendous power as emperor (however to large to rule)•Permanent capital at Aachen (now Germany) Charlemagne’s home palace• – officials who ruled under him in exchange for large tracts of land- oversaw his empire

300 - 1500

A New SocietyA New Society

•The Carolingian Renaissance

•Politics – unified Europe for the first time since the fall of Rome

•Education – built schools and preserved ancient writings

•Religion – spread Christianity among conquered people

•Law – developed a written legal code

300 - 1500

Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:

Treaty of Verdun, 843

Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:

Treaty of Verdun, 843•With Charlemagne’s death in 814, the empire lost its center

•Once again disunity spread throughout Europe

•His grandsons divide the empire into three parts, a western, a middle, and a eastern kingdom

•to make matters worse – invaders – Vikings!

300 - 1500

2. New Invaders2. New Invaders• The death of Charlemagne

marked the ending of peace in Western Europe

• The Vikings, Magyars, and the Muslims all focused on their conquests of Europe

• Perhaps the most fierce were the warriors from Denmark known as the Vikings

•The first attack of the Lindisfarne Monastery marked the beginning of a 200 year period of raids in northern Europe, a period known as the age of the Vikings

•“The number of ships grow: the endless stream of Vikings never cease to increase. Everywhere the Christians are victims of massacres, burnings, plunderings; the Vikings conquer all in their path, and no one resists them.”•A Monk of Noirmoutier•The Viking World

300 - 1500

Who are the Vikings?Who are the Vikings?• The people of Scandinavia,

also called Northman, Norsemen (Northern Europe)

• In Viking homelands, society was based on agriculture and the sea

• As Scandinavians population grew, resources became limited so the Vikings decided to take what they needed from other people

• Thus started the Viking raids

•Erik the Red – conquered Greenland and Iceland 982

•Leif Eriksson – explored North America, but did they reach Minnesota? (1100)

300 - 1500

Viking Conquests and Settlements

Viking Conquests and Settlements

• First raids were England and northern France

• As time passed they reached Kiev and Constantinople

• Not all were raiders, many were explorers (Iceland, Greenland, Canada) Vikings were Vikings were superb ship superb ship builders and sailorsbuilders and sailors (excellent navigators)(excellent navigators)

• Ships could withstand Ships could withstand heavy ocean winds and heavy ocean winds and carried as many as 100 carried as many as 100 warriorswarriors

Erik the RedErik the Red

Leif Leif ErikssoEriksso

nn

Viking long boatViking long boat

300 - 1500

The MagyarsThe Magyars

• As Vikings terrorized northern and western Europe, the Magyars invaded from the east

• Magyars- nomads (horsemen) who settled in what is now Hungary• Military tactic invaded small settlements• In mid 900’s, King Otto the Great crushed the Magyar raids

300 - 1500

Moors, African Muslims in Spain

Moors, African Muslims in Spain• In 711, a Muslim Army from

northern Africa crossed the straits of Gibraltar and made conquest of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain/Portugal)

• Ruled the peninsula for more than 700 years

• Cordoba – one of the wealthiest and most culturally advanced cities of the medieval world

• In 800’s and 900’s, Muslim raids in southern France, Rome Italy, and Constantinople, the Byzantine Empire, led to a shift in power from Christianity to Islam

• Feudalism in Europe develops in response of the invasions of the Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims

•Legend has it that King Rodrigo of Spain married the daughter of one of his noblemen, Count Julian against the wishes of her father. To avenge what Julian perceived as his violated honor, he opened secret parleys with the enemy and invited with the Emir (Governor) Musa ibn Nusayr, the Muslim ruler of North Africa, who was based in Tunisia to invade Spain. •The Caliph al-Walid authorized the invasion of Spain (710-711 AD), on condition that Count Julian recited the Shahada and embraced Islam.

300 - 1500

3. 3.

• In Europe, during the In Europe, during the Middle Ages, the feudal Middle Ages, the feudal and manorial systems and manorial systems governed life and governed life and required people to required people to perform certain duties perform certain duties and obligationsand obligations

• As the Middle Ages As the Middle Ages progressed, knights progressed, knights began to emerge as began to emerge as key figures in Europekey figures in Europe

• What was responsible What was responsible for this change?for this change?

The Greatest Knight?The Greatest Knight?

•William MarshallWilliam Marshall•Served the first four English kingsServed the first four English kings

300 - 1500

Origins of feudalismOrigins of feudalism•

•For protection nobles built castles to defend their lands

300 - 1500

Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle –

Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle –

•Castles were built on hills because hilltop locations were easier to defend•Most early castles were made of wood and stone•Castles were defended by nobles soldiers, known as knights

300 - 1500

Knights and LordsKnights and Lords

•Being a knight was expensive, therefore nobles gave knights land for payment of service•This land was called a

•Anyone who accepted the land from the lord was called a vassal•This is known as the

Parts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval Castle

•Main room of the castle called the hall – dining and entertaining•Bedrooms separated by sheets and near latrines (bathrooms) Hay for toilet paper!!!

300 - 1500

Feudal ObligationsFeudal Obligations• Feudalism build upon

relationship and service

• A knights duty to his lord

– Provide

– Remain

– Give

A Lord’s duty to his Knights

– Give

– Protect

– Resolve

• – oath or loyalty between knight and his king

300 - 1500

Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior

Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior

•Generic term •First appeared with military actions against non-Christian states•Protectors of their religious faith Christianity•Chivalry also directed that men should honor, serve, and do nothing to displease women and maidens

300 - 1500

▪▪

•Feudal system built around large estates called manors•Owned by wealthy lords or knights•Serfs – peasant workers who were legally tied to the manor on which they worked•Manors land occupied by fields for crops and pastures for animals•Three crop rotating system

300 - 1500

Life on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval Manor

Serfs at work

Legally tied to the manor

Serfdom was hereditary

Lived in small one to two room cottages –floor was packed dirt/roof was straw (cooking by fire!!!)

300 - 1500

4. The Growth of 4. The Growth of MonarchsMonarchs

4. The Growth of 4. The Growth of MonarchsMonarchs• The power of the kings

grew and the nature of monarchy changed across Europe in the early middle ages

• 1066 – King Harold saw what we think was Haley’s comet, appear in the sky

• He thought it was a sign that change was coming to England

• Within a year, and took the throne

•A Sign from Heaven•William the Conqueror: Battle of Hastings, 1066 (Bayeaux Tapestry)

300 - 1500

The English Monarchy The English Monarchy • England was one of the

first countries in Europe to develop a strong central monarchy

• Anglo Saxon Rule – drove out the Vikings

• In 1066, William, Duke of Normandy of France, in the battle of Hastings took the English throne

• Domesday Book – a book that William used to create a new central tax system for England

300 - 1500

The English in France

The English in France

• One of William’s descendants, King Henry, married a powerful French duchess, Together, they ruled all of England and most of France

• The kings of England become more powerful than French counterparts

300 - 1500

England’s Political System

England’s Political System Henry I, King William’s son, set up a

court system and a department of royal finances, under an Exchequer who collected taxes

Henry II, established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom

Under his court, he established a grand jury and trial by jury.

1200 – the power of the English kings started to worry a group of nobles

Noble Revolution under King John, who tried to raise money with a new tax to help him regain France – led to a

300 - 1500

Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215The Magna Carta was a King must obtain consent from the nobles if he wished to raise taxes

Also ended king’s ability to arrest and punish people without cause or to take property without legal procedures

King is not above the law

One of the more Important documents in the formation of modern democracies

300 - 1500

The Beginnings of the British Parliament

The Beginnings of the British Parliament

Great Council:

middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c.

eventually called – governing body of England today

by 1400, two chambers evolved: House of Lords nobles & clergy and the House of Commons knights and burgesses.

300 - 1500

The French MonarchyThe French Monarchy

•After the death of Charlemagne, England controlled France for quite sometime•Hugh Capet – Capetian family who managed to expel the English nobles out of France•1300 – controlled most of modern France

300 - 1500

Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman EmpireHoly Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire• The eastern part of

Charlemagne’s empire became known as Germany

• 936 – – duke of Saxony- gained the throne and conquered parts of northern Italy

• Just like Charlemagne, Otto was crowned Emperor of the Romans in 962.

• Became known as the Holy Roman Empire because king had God’s support

300 - 1500

Spain and Portugal’s Spain and Portugal’s MonarchyMonarchy

Spain and Portugal’s Spain and Portugal’s MonarchyMonarchy

• Spain and Portugal the growth of monarchies was coupled with religious struggle between Christians and Muslims

• Moors of Cordoba controlled Spain for 700 years

• The Reconquista – Christian effort to retake the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims

• Leader of the Reconquistas was the king of Castile of Spain who eventually united with the queen of Aragon of Portugal

• In 1492, once they rid the Moors from Spain, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella ruled one of the strongest countries in all of Europe

300 - 1500

5. The Power of the 5. The Power of the ChurchChurch

5. The Power of the 5. The Power of the ChurchChurch• Who would have the power

to make an emperor wait in the snow, begging for an audience?

• Emperor Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire waited three days to meet with Pope Gregory VII and the Countess Matilda

• Emperor Henry IV wanted to ask the countess to intervene in his conflict with the pope

300 - 1500

Religion in the Middle Religion in the Middle AgesAges

Religion in the Middle Religion in the Middle AgesAges• are head of the

Roman Catholic Church and throughout the Middle Ages, they became powerful political figures

• Great level of Piety – person’s level of devotion to his or her religion

• Europeans placed a great importance on faith and their devotions to Christianity

300 - 1500

Growth of the Papal Growth of the Papal PowerPower

Growth of the Papal Growth of the Papal PowerPower• In 1049, the first series of

clever and capable popes dedicated to reforming the papacy came to power

• Leo IX – reformer who became more active in governing the church than any other pope had been for centuries

• Pontification – papal term in office – under Pope Gregory VII

• Emperor Henry wrote a letter to Pope Gregory claiming that he had no authority over him or any other ruler

• Gregory excommunicated Henry IV

• Henry begged for forgiveness

Pope Gregory VII

•Henry IV

300 - 1500

Changes in Changes in MonasticismMonasticismChanges in Changes in

MonasticismMonasticism• Early 900’s, a small group of monks, sought to return monasticism to its original Benedictine Rule

• was dedicated to leading simple lives. Monks spent part of each day in prayer and part at work

• Lived like hermits and had no contract with other people

300 - 1500