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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROJECT 1 Skeletal Construction (Temporary Bus Shelter)
KHOR HAO XIANG
LEE YIH
LOH WEI SHUEN
LOVIE TEY
SCHANI BHARAT
INTRODUCTION
DESIGN PROCESS IDEAS DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS ON SUCCESS/ FAILURE 1 MODIFICATIONS FINAL DESIGN
MATERIAL SELECTION
CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS
CONSTRUCTION DETAIL FRAME COMPONENTS JOINTS ASSEMBLING PROCESS
FORCES AND STRENGTH OF STRUCTURE FORCES DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM
REFERENCE
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
In a group of 5 members, we are supposed to propose a design of a temporary bus shelter by using skeleton structure system. Objective of this project is to let us students have an understanding of skeletal structure and its relevant structural component by knowing how the structure reacts under loading, demonstrating a convincing understanding on how the construction work as well as solving construction problems with an oblique design.
First of all, we have to choose a form for the bus shelter out of the basic forms that are given such as cube, cuboid, pentagonal prism, sphere and so on. During discussion among ourselves, we took the challenge on designing a bus shelter that is bizarre in form, yet being able to withstands all kind of loads and forces because we want to explore more construction methods that are special to our oblique form while not sacrificing the aesthetics values and strength of the structure. Therefore, we have developed our design from a typical rectangular form into an octagonal prism because according to our research, octagon is the most efficient shape for several good reasons such as comparing with a square; an octagon encloses approximately 20% additional space with the same perimeter while in the meantime the shape encloses space efficiently, minimizing external surface area and consequently heat loss / heat gain, as well as the surface of the prism is easily oriented to receive natural sunlight.
Other than in design wise, we also aimed to reduce the construction cost of the bus shelter. In order to do so, our approaches on choice of materials are cheap but not sacrificing the strength of structure. Therefore, we use materials such as canvas tarpaulins for the roof, plywood for most of the structure as well as using several ways of joints such as slotting, mortise and tendon etc that are from timber as they are low in cost on the market comparing to typical roof tiles, steel structures and steel plate connectors.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
VISIBILITY ALLOW USERS TO BE AWARED
OF THE OUTSIDE ENVIRONMENT WHILE
PROVIDING SECURITY.
WEATHER RESISTANT TO PROVIDE SUN SHADING AND TO WITHSTAND RAINY DAYS AND STRONG WINDS.
EASY/ QUICK ACCESS TO MAINTAIN AN ORDERED CIRCULATION, ESPECIALLY
DURING PEAK HOURS.
RAINPOUR PREVENTION PREVENT RAIN POURING ONTO
USER’S HEAD WHILE ACCESSING (PROBLEM
OCCURRED IN A CONVENTIONAL DESIGN).
BASIC GEOMETRY: OCTAGONAL SHAPE, WHY?
1. EQUAL FORCE DISTRIBUTION ON 8 SIDES
2. EASY ACCESS FROM 3 DIRECTIONS)
3. AERODYNAMIC (DIVERT STRONG WIND TO REDUCE LATERAL FORCE)
CONCEPTUAL IDEAS
IDEAS DEVELOPMENT
BASIC OCTAGONAL STRUCTURE FORMED BY TIMBER COLUMNS AND BEAMS, FACING ALL SIDES DUE TO
CONCENTRIC CONFIGURATION.
PROS: MAXIMUM VISIBILITY, QUICK ACCESS FROM ALL SIDES
CONS: COMPLICATED BRACING DESIGN, IMPRACTICAL ROOF DESIGN
DESIGN 1
DETAIL STRUCTURE: BRACING
3 MAIN ENTRANCE ARE DETERMINED. IMPROVED ROOF DESIGN THAT COLLECTS RAINWATER AND ALLOW THEM
TO FLOW OUT THROUGH HOLES DESIGNED AT THE BACK.
PROS: PREVENT RAINPOUR ON USER AS THEY ACCESS, MAXIMUM VISIBILITY, QUICK AND ORDERED ACCESS, SIMPLIFIED BRACING
CONS: UNITERESTING DESIGN, UNSTABLE ROOF STRUCTURE
DESIGN 2
DETAIL STRUCTURE: BRACING
ROOF DESIGN: FLOW OF RAINWATER
ROOF
BEAM
COLUMN
RAINWATER
MODIFIED THE ROOF DESIGN THAT HAS THE SAME FUNCTION AS PREVIOUS. CLADDINGS ARE ADDED TO PROVIDED BETTER SUN SHADING AND SENSE
OF SECURITY
PROS: VISUALLY AESTHETIC, MAXIMUM VISIBILIY, QUICK AND ORDERED ACCESS, EASY TO ASSEMBLE/DISMANTLE, BETTER SUNSHADING, SECURITY, PREVENT RAIN SPLASHING
DESIGN 3
IMPROVED ROOF DESIGN
FRONT VIEW
LOAD TESTING
MINIMUM AMOUNT OF WEIGHT SUPPORTED BY (1:5) STRUCTURE: 7.5 KG
FORCES ASSERTED IN REAL LIFE: F = M X A = (7.5 X 5) X 9.8 m/s^2 = 367.5 N
1
2
3
ROOF STRUCTURE WAS BENDING DOWN AND THE ROOF’S FORM STARTED TO GET DISTORTED ON STAGE 3.
THIS IS DUE TO THE BRACING’S POOR DESIGN, CAUSING LACK OF STRENGHNESS TO WITHSTAND MORE LOAD EXERTED FROM THE TOP, WHICH REPRESENT THE WIND AND RAIN IN REAL LIFE.
PROBLEM DETECTED:
ROOF STRUCTURE DESIGN AND ITS BRACING
PROBLEM DETECTED:
WEAK ‘K-BRACING’ STRUCTURE AND COLUMN
WITHOUT APPLYING FORCE FORCE APPLIED IN CLOCKWISE DIRECTION
FORCE APPLIED IN ANTICLOCKWISE DIRECTION
LATERAL FORCES
WHEN STRUCTURE IS TWISTED IN BOTH DIRECTIONS, THE COLUMNS APPEARED TO BE UNSTABLE, TILTED TO THE SIDE FOLLOWING THE FORCES’ DIRECTION.
THIS IS DUE TO THE WEAK STRUCTURE OF THE COLUMNS AND BRACING AS BOTH OF THEM WERE HAVING THE SAME THICKNESS. BESIDES, THE ‘K-BRACING’ WERE ALL ARRANGED IN THE SAME DIRECTION WHICH WEAKENS THE OVERALL STRUCTURE’S STRENGTH
ROOF - COLUMN
COLUMNS X BRACING
DIFFERENT WAYS TO CONNECT
BRACINGS IN RIGHT ANGLE
SPECIAL DESIGN TO CONNECT BRACING TO COLUMN DUE TO THE
ANGLE (135∘)
POOR COLUMN’S BRACING DESIGN CAUSING COLUMN TO BE TILTED UNDER LATERAL FORCE
TOO MANY HOLES TO BE MADE ON BEAM TO CONNECT THE BRACINGS, WEAKENING THE STRENGTH OF IT
CONNECTING BEAMS TO COLUMN
BEAM - COLUMN - FOUNDATION
POOR DESIGN OF ALLOCATION FOR FOOTINGS CAUSING WASTAGE ON COST AND RESOURCES
JOINT FOR RIGHT ANGLEJOINT FOR SPECIAL ANGLE
MATERIAL SELECTION
TIMBER PLYWOOD - ACTUAL MATERIAL: TO BE REPLACED WITH THIN TIMBER PLYWOOD WITH WATERPROOF COATING
VOID - ACTUAL MATERIAL: TO BE REPLACED WITH CLEAR GLASS
CONCRETE FOUNDATION: MIXTURE OF CEMENT AND WATER POURED INTO A BOX-LIKE STRUCTURE MADE OF PLYWOOD
TIMBER PLYWOOD - ACTUAL MATERIAL: TO BE REPLACED WITH MERANTI AS IT’S A DURABLE AND ECONOMICAL HARDWOOD
TIMBER PLYWOOD - ACTUAL MATERIAL: TO BE REPLACED WITH TIMBER PLANK WITH WATERPROOF COATING
500GSM VINYL PVC BANNER - ACTUAL MATERIAL: TO BE REPLACED WITH WATERPROOFING CANVAS TARPAULINS
CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS
RECYCABLE MATERIALS ARE COLLECTED AND ALL EQUIPMENTS ARE SET UP
MEASURING AND MARKING FOR CUTTING PURPOSE
G-CLAMP AND ELECTRIC SAW WERE USED FOR A
CLEAN FINISHING
THE UNEVEN SURFACE IS SMOOTHEN WITH MILLED
TOOTH FILES
NAILING PIECES TOGETHER STARTING FROM FLOOR BEAM
MINI DRILL MACHINE IS USED TO CREATE HOLES
CHISEL METHOD IS USED FOLLOW BY DRILLING TO CREATE THE MORTISE
COLUMN IS ATTACHED IS ATTACHED TO FLOOR BEAMS PROCEDURALLY
ROOF BEAM ARE CONNECTED TO COLUMNS
FLOOR BEAMS ARE REINFORCED WITH STEEL PLATE TO
SUPPORT HEAVIER LOAD (DEAD LOAD + LIVE LOAD)
TIMBER PLYWOOD FLOORING IS SLOTTED
INTO FLOOR BEAM
ATTACHING ‘K-BRACING’ TO THE CREATED MORTISE
ADDED PASSENGER SEATS MADE OF TIMBER
CEMENT ADDED WITH WATER IS POURED INTO THE BOX-
LIKE STRUCTURES
BANNER IS CONNECTED TO ROOF BEAM
THIN SHEETS ARE RIVETED ONTO
COLUMNS, ‘K-BRACING’ AND ROOF BEAMS
JOINTS AND DETAILS
OCTAGON 135∘ ON EACH SIDE
1. MORTISE AND TENON CONNECTING THE ‘K-BRACING’ TO COLUMN IN THE MIDDLE
3. PEGS AND PUZZLE CONCEPT CONNECTING THE ‘K-BRACING’ TO COLUMN AT THE BOTTOM AND TOP
2. REINFORCED WITH STEEL BRACKETS
ROOF - COLUMN - FLOOR
5. CROSS HALVING JOINTS INTERCONNECTION OF SECONDARY BEAMS
CROSS HALVING JOINTS BRACING STRUCTURE TO SECONDARY BEAM
6. MORTISE AND TENON SECONDARY BEAM TO PRIMARY BEAM
FLOOR - FOUNDATION
7. PIN SCREWED FOOTING
ALLOCATION OF FOOTINGS
4. ROPE TYING TO TIE THE WATERPROOFING BANNER ONTO ROOF BEAM
PHOTOS - JOINTS AND DETAILS1. MORTISE AND TENON CONNECTING THE ‘K-BRACING’ TO COLUMN IN THE MIDDLE
2. REINFORCED WITH STEEL BRACKETS
3. PEGS AND PUZZLE CONCEPT CONNECTING THE ‘K-BRACING’ TO COLUMN AT THE BOTTOM AND TOP
4. ROPE TYING TO TIE THE WATERPROOFING BANNER ONTO ROOF BEAM
5. CROSS HALVING JOINTS INTERCONNECTION OF SECONDARY BEAMS
6. MORTISE AND TENON SECONDARY BEAM TO PRIMARY BEAM
7. PIN SCREWED FOOTING
ASSEMBLING PROCESS
1. FLOOR: CONNECT THE SHORT BEAMS TO THE TWO LONG BEAMS
2. FLOOR: CONNECT THE REMAINING BEAMS TO FORM AN OCTAGONAL BASE AROUND THE (STRUCTURE 1.)
3. COLUMN - FLOOR: CONNECT TWO OF THE SHORTEST COLUMN TO THE FLOOR STRUCTURE, FOLLOW BY THE TALLER ONE IN AN ASCENDING WAY
4. COLUMN - FLOOR: CONNECT TWO OF THE SHORTEST COLUMN TO THE SIDE-BY-SIDE TWO END OF THE LONG BEAMS ON FLOOR STRUCTURE
6. COLUMN - COLUMN/ BEAM: CONNECT THE BRACINGS TO THE COLUMN AND FLOOR BEAM TO STABILIZE EVERYTHING
7. ROOF - COLUMN: CONNECT THE EXTERNAL ROOF BEAMS TO FORM AN OCTAGONAL SHAPE AROUND THE COLUMN
5. COLUMN - FLOOR: THIS FOLLOW BY THE TALLER ONE IN AN ASCENDING WAY
8. ROOF : SLOT TWO LONG BEAMS TO OF SAME LENGTH INTO ONE LONGEST BEAM
9. ROOF : CONNECT (STRUCTURE 8.) TO THE COLUMN AND ROOF BEAMS
FORCES AND STRENGTH
FORCE DISTRIBUTION ON FLOOR BEAMS
FORCE DISTRIBUTION ON ROOF BEAMS
MILD FORCE
SEVERE FORCE
RAINFLOW DIRECTION
FORCE DISTRIBUTION’S DIRECTION
FORCE DISTRIBUTION ON OVERALL STRUCTURE
REFERENCE
• Chudley, R. 2006, Construction Technology. 4thedition. Pearson and
Prentice Hall.
• Simmon, H. Leslie, 2001. Construction: Principles, Materials and
Method. 7th Edition. New York. John Wiley & Sons.
• Ching, Francis D.K. 1991. Building Construction Illustrated. New
York. Van Nostrand Reinhold
• "How to Build a Gazebo. DIY Timber Frame Wood Back Yard Gazebo.
Simple Woodwork Pergola & Round." Youtube. N.p., 24 July 2014. Web.
1 May 2016.
• Peters, Rick. "How to Build a Pergola Right in Your Backyard."
Popular Mechanics. N.p., 1 Oct. 2015. Web. 1 May 2016.
• "Shelter Design." Metro Transit. Metro Transit, n.d. Web. 1 May
2016.
• Begnal, Tom. "Low-Tech Mortising." Fine Wood Working. N.p., 20-25
Dec. 2013. Web. 25 Apr. 2016.