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39-1 The Endocrine System
Control of the Body by Feedback Control of Hormones
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Control of the Body
The body is controlled by two systems:
* These two systems work together
• Nervous system • Endocrine System
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Analogy from the textbook: If your nervous system is like a
telephone then your endocrine system sends out messages like
_________ waves.
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Endocrine System• Series of endocrine glands that release
chemicals, called hormones, directly into the blood stream.
• Because the hormone needs to travel through the blood stream, the response by the body is usually not immediate.
• Only target cells, cells that have protein receptors specific to the hormone, respond.
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Hypothalamus-controls the pituitary
Pituitary gland-master gland… has an effect on many other glands
Parathyroid glands-regulates calcium levels in the blood
Thymus-stimulates “T” cell development
Adrenal glands-produce epinepharine and norepinepharine which accelerate the metabolism by promoting the breakdown of glucose to make ATP
Thyroid-Produces thyroxine which increases metabolism
Pancreas-Produces insulin and glucagon which control blood glucose levelsOvary-produces estrogen and progesterone… which prepares the uterus for the egg
Testis-produces
testosterone
Endocrine Gland Locations (Fig. 39-2)Pineal Gland-releases melatonin which regulates sleep cycles
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Hormone ActionThere are two basic types of hormones.
A. Steroid Hormones- Made out of Lipids
B. Amino Acid Hormones- Made out of Protein
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What is feedback control?
How does it control the action of hormones?
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Here is a non-biological example of feedback control.
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This is a picture of my wife and I.
I love vacation!
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She likes to shop!
This is our bank.
Shopping makes me happy!
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Shopping vs. Money in the Bank
Relative Quantity
Time
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No more Money! No more shopping!
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Negative Feedback Control
No money No Shopping
Not Happy!
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How about a biological example?
Regulation of Blood Glucose levels
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Blood Sugar Levels are Regulated by the Pancreas
• When you have high blood sugar, the pancreas produces insulin which allows the cells to absorb the sugar and your liver to remove sugar from the circulatory system.
• When you have low blood sugar, the pancreas produces glucagon, which causes the liver to increase the blood sugar by breaking glycogen down into glucose and releasing it into the circulatory system.
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Blood Glucose levels
Hours
8:00 9:00
insulin glucagon
Regulation of blood glucose levels
10:00
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Levels of insulin and glucogon during exercise
Time Exercising
Hormone levels in the blood
insulin
glucogon
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Which disease effects this regulatory system and how common is it in the U.S.?
Diabetes
This disease effects over 15 million Americans, which is about 6% of the population. Experts say that 1/3 of those people with diabetes do not even know that they have it.
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Blood-Glucose Regulation Activity
LiverPancreas
Path of glucose through the tissue
Glucose Insulin Glucogon
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Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Parathyroid glands
Thymus
Adrenal glands
Thyroid
Pancreas
Ovary
Testis
Endocrine Gland Locations (Fig. 39-2)Pineal Gland