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3|Power System Overview
• Generating Station
• Transmission System
• Transmission Substation
• Sub transmission System
• Distribution Substation
• Distribution System
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W E S T E R N E L E C T R I C I T Y C O O R D I N A T I N G C O U N C I L
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Course Outline
1. Introduction to WECC 2. Fundamentals of Electricity 3. Power System Overview 4. Principles of Generation 5. Substation Overview 6. Transformers 7. Power Transmission 8. System Protection 9. Principles of System Operation
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Generator
Step-up Transformer
Transmission Substation Transmission System
Sub Transmission System
Distribution
Substation Distribution System
Step-down Transformer
Customer
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The Power Grid
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Generating Station
W E S T E R N E L E C T R I C I T Y C O O R D I N A T I N G C O U N C I L
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Generating Station
21,000V
Residential Customer Three-Phase Industrial Customer
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Generating Station Step Up Transformer
W E S T E R N E L E C T R I C I T Y C O O R D I N A T I N G C O U N C I L
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RECAP: Putting It All Together
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Generating Station
21,000V
Generator
Step-Up Transformer
(GSU)
230,000V 115,000V
Transmission
Line
Residential Customer Three-Phase Industrial Customer
120/240V
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Transmission System
W E S T E R N E L E C T R I C I T Y C O O R D I N A T I N G C O U N C I L
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Generating Station
21,000V
Generator
Step-Up Transformer
(GSU)
230,000V 115,000V
Transmission
Line
Residential Customer Three-Phase Industrial Customer
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Transmission System
What is Transmission?
• “Highway” for bulk power
• High design voltages
• High design reliability
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Transmission System
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• Lines & towers
• Power Transformers
• Circuit breakers, switches, buswork
• Capacitors, reactors
• Control, metering, & protective equipment
Transmission System Components
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DC Line AC Line
Transmission Lines
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Oil-filled Circuit Breaker
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Insulating Oil
Transmission System How an Oil Breaker Works
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Transmission System Three Circuits and Three Breakers
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SF6 Gas-filled Circuit Breaker
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Circuit Switcher
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0 amps
1000 amps
0 amps
5 amps
Actual circuit CT circuit
0 kv
500 kv
Actual circuit VT circuit
0 volts
120 volts
time
time
time
time
Instrument Transformers Current and Voltage
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Current-Measuring Transformer (CT)
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Voltage Measuring Transformers (VT)
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Protective Relays
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Communications Equipment
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Transmission Substation Step Down Transformer
W E S T E R N E L E C T R I C I T Y C O O R D I N A T I N G C O U N C I L
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Generating Station
21,000V
Generator
Step-Up Transformer
(GSU)
230,000V 115,000V
Distribution
Transformer
Transmission
Line
Residential Customer Three-Phase Industrial Customer
120/240V
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Transmission Substation
• Definition: Extra High Voltage (EHV) – Extra High Voltage (EHV) is the term given to transmission voltages above
230 kV. – For example, lines operating at 345 kV, 500 kV and 765 kV are EHV lines.
• Definition: Ultra High Voltage (UHV)
– Ultra High Voltage (UHV) is the term given to transmission lines above 800 kV. The use of UHV lines is still somewhat experimental in North America.
• Definition: High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC)
– In addition to the AC lines described above, some utilities use High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission lines with voltages up to 1500 kV pole-to-pole.
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Transmission Substation
Definition: Switching Station
– Some transmission substations, called switching stations, do not contain transformers. Rather, they contain only the equipment necessary to sectionalize the transmission system.
– A switching station switches transmission circuits in and out of service when necessary for maintenance or to isolate a problem area.
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Switching Station
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Power Transformer
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Power Transformer
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Sub Transmission System and Distribution Substation
W E S T E R N E L E C T R I C I T Y C O O R D I N A T I N G C O U N C I L
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Generating Station
21,000V
Generator
Step-Up Transformer
(GSU)
230,000V 115,000V
Distribution
Transformer
25,000V 13,200V
Transmission
Line
Distribution Primary Feeder
Single-Phase Transformer
Residential Customer Three-Phase Industrial Customer
Three-Phase
Transformer Bank
120/208V, 120/240V, 277/480V
Three Phase
Secondary Line
120/240V
Single-Phase Secondary Line
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Sub Transmission System
• A subtransmission facility serves as an intermediate point between the transmission system and the distribution system that supplies the electricity to customers
• Lower voltage typically ranging between 46kV and 229kV
• Lower voltage subtransmission lines are often desirable because the wide "right-of-ways“ (land areas through which the transmission lines pass) needed by higher voltage transmission lines may be unavailable in more heavily-populated areas
• Subtransmission lines do not have the same right of way requirements as transmission lines
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Distribution Substation
• A distribution substation energizes the distribution system that supplies power to customers
• Distribution substations contain power transformers that step down the high transmission or subtransmission line voltage to the primary distribution voltage. Most utilities operate their distribution system between 4 kV and 34.5 kV
• Circuit breakers for switching individual distribution circuits are typically installed at these stations. Utilities use circuit breakers to de-energize and re-energize individual distribution circuits that are faulty or require maintenance
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Distribution System
W E S T E R N E L E C T R I C I T Y C O O R D I N A T I N G C O U N C I L
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Distribution System
A distribution system is the final step to deliver
power to customers.
W E S T E R N E L E C T R I C I T Y C O O R D I N A T I N G C O U N C I L
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Distribution System
Distribution Feeders • Distribution substations supply power to the
primary distribution circuits, called distribution feeders
• Typically energized between 4 kV and 34.5 kV • Carry power from the distribution substations to
reach the customers • Overhead wires supported by utility poles are the
most common means to support the distribution feeders. Underground cables may also be used
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Distribution System
• Most households receive power at 120 and 240 volts • Business customers may be supplied with single-phase or
three-phase power up to 480 volts AC • Some business customers provide their own distribution
transformers, which are supplied directly from the primary distribution feeders
• As close to the customers as possible, the primary distribution voltage is stepped down by distribution transformers to secondary voltages that can be used by the customers.
• Distribution transformers are usually mounted on pole-tops. Utilities also use pad-mounted transformers installed on the ground on concrete slabs or in underground vaults.
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Distribution Transformers
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Distribution System Energy Usage In Our Homes
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Denver
Phoenix
Las Vegas
San Francisco
Vancouver, BC
Salt Lake City
The Electrical Power Grid of North America
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How The Grid Works: Burn Radio
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Check Your Knowledge: Power System Overview
1. How is a switching station different from a typical transmission substation?
2. Extra High Voltage (EHV) is defined as
a. 230kV to 800kV
b. In excess of 800kV
c. High Voltage Direct Current
d. All Transmission Power Systems
3. Two ways transmission transformers are mounted is, pole mounted and pad mounted (on top of or vault below ground)
a. True
b. False
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