Download - 4 Entomology New
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http://www.earthlife.net/insects/six01.html
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What is an insect?
• air breathing animal• hard jointed exoskeleton• in the adult, a body divided into three parts
– the head with one pair of antennae– the thorax which carries three pairs of legs and
usually two pairs of wings– and the abdomen which contains the guts and
reproductive organs
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Head
• The head is the anterior of the three body regions of an adult insect
• It bears the eyes (usually a pair of compound eyes)
• Antennae• Mouthparts
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Mouthparts
• Chewing type – grasshoppers – Beetles
• Sucking mouthparts shaped like stylets– Bugs– aphids
• Sucking shaped like a coiled tongue– Butterflies– moths
Labrum MandiblesMaxilla
eLabium
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Antennae
• detect odors
• tactile (touch) organs
• variable in form and size
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Thorax
• middle of the three body regions of an adult insect
• composed of 3 segments• 3 pairs of legs (one on
each segment) • usually 2 pairs of wings• Some insects have only
1 pair of wings.
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Legs
• Adult insects have 6 legs• Each of the segments of
the thorax bears 1 pair of legs
• The legs are segmented• Often the last segment of
the leg bears a small claw• In some insects, the legs
are specially adapted for jumping.
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Wings
• Most adult insects have 2 pairs of wings
• some (for example flies) have only 1 pair of wings
• Usually the wings are membranous
• in some insects they can be leathery or hard
• Sometimes the wings bear hairs or small scales.
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Abdomen
• The abdomen is the posterior of the three body regions of an adult insect
• It is composed of 11 segments• The abdomen bears the external
genitalia • In female insects these consist of
an ovipositor.
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Metamorphosis of Insects
• Several stages in the change from egg to adult
• Instars are stages of larval development• Four kinds of metamorphosis
– Without– Gradual– Incomplete– Complete
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Gradual/Incomplete Metamorphosis
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Gradual Metamorphosis
• In gradual metamorphosis, the nymphal stages resemble the adult except that they do not have wings and the nymphs may be colored differently than the adults
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Complete Metamorphosis
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Complete Metamorphosis
• Wings develop internally during the larval stages.
• The larval stages look quite different from the adult
• Between the last larval stage and the adult stage there is a pupal stage which usually is inactive.
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Complete Metamorphosis
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Insect Orders
• 32 Orders
• We are studying 10 orders
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Endopterygotaendo = inside; pterygot = little wing
• Insects with complete, complex metamorphosis in which the wings develop internally– Coleoptera – beetle– Diptera – flies– Hymenoptera – Ants, Bees & Wasps– Lepidoptera – Butterflies and Moths– Neruoptera - Lacewings
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Exopterygota exo =outside; pterygion=little wing
• Winged insects with incomplete metamorphosis– Dermaptera – earwigs– Hemiptera – true bugs– Homoptera – cicadas, aphids, spittlebugs,
leafhoppers, whiteflies– Orthoptera – crickets and grasshoppers– Thysanoptera – thrips
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Endopterygota
Inside little wing
Complete metamorphosis
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Coleopterakole-ee-OP-tera
• the largest group of insects (25,000 species in No. America)
• beetles and weevils (snouted beetle)• 2 pairs of wings
– Outer hardened– Inner membranous
• chewing mouthparts (both adults and larvae)• Larvae: head capsule, 3 pairs of legs on thorax, no
legs on abdomen• complete metamorphosis
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Coleoptera
• Colorado Potato Beetle
• Ground Beetles
• Ips Beetle
• Japanese Beetle
• Ladybird Beetles
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DipteraDIP-tur-ah
• gnats, mosquitoes, and true flies
• a single pair of membranous wings
• sucking or piercing mouthparts
• Larvae are legless (maggots)
• complete metamorphosis
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Diptera
• Aphid Predator Midge
• Leafminer • Surphid Fly • Tachinid Fly
• Feeding habits vary– Scavengers (House
flies)
– Blood feeders (Mosquitos)
– Plant galls (gall midges)
– Predators (flower files)
– Aquatic
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Hymenopterahi-men-OP-tare-ah
• sawflies, ants, bees, and wasps
• 2 pairs membranous wings
• chewing or chewing-lapping mouthparts
• Larvae with no legs
• complete metamorphosis
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Hymenoptera
• Leaf-cutter bees
• Parasitic wasps
• Pearslugs
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Lepidopteralep-ih-DOP-ter-ah
• moths, skippers, and butterflies• scale-covered wings• coiled siphoning mouthparts to feed on nectar• Larvae with chewing mouthparts and are
voracious feeders• Larvae generally have legs on the abdomen as
well as thorax• complete metamorphosis
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Lepidoptera
• Army cutworms
• Borers
• Cabbage loopers
• Codling moths
• Pine Tip Moth
• Pinon Pitch Mass Borer
• Tomato Hornworms
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Neruopteranur-OP-ter-ah
• Lacewings, antlions, snakeflies
• Insect predators, many are aquatic
• 2 pairs of membranous wings
• chewing mouthparts
• complete metamorphosis
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Exopterygota
Outside little wing
Incomplete/gradual metamorphosis
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Dermapteradur-MAP-ter-ah
• Earwigs
• short, hardened wing covers
• chewing mouthparts
• pincer like abdominal cerci
• gradual metamorphosis
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Hemipterahe-MIP-tare-ah
• true bugs
• 2 pairs of wings;half leathery/half membranous forewings
• Piercing - sucking mouthparts
• gradual metamorphosis
• Both adults and nymphs are damaging
http://members.aol.com/YESedu/glossary.html#C
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Hemiptera
• Boxelder Bugs
• Minute Pirate Bug
• Spined Soldier Bug
• Squash Bugs
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Homopteraho-MOP-tare-ah
• Cicada, aphids, spittlebugs, leafhoppers and whiteflies– a jointed beak– but in which the fore-wings are either wholly
membranous or wholly leathery– Winged and unwinged forms
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Homoptera
• Aphids• Cooley Spruce Gall
Agelid • Leafhopper • Scale • Wooly Apple Aphids
• Phloem feeders• Vector many
pathogens
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Orthopteraoar-THOP-tera
• made up of the grasshoppers, grouse locusts, katydids, crickets, and mole crickets, praying mantid– leathery forewings– chewing mouthparts– Hind legs generally enlarged for jumping– gradual metamorphosis
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Thysanopterathigh-san-OP-ter-ah
• Thrips– 2 pairs of fringed wings– Small soft-bodies insects– Rasping-sucking mouthparts– Found on flowers or leaves of plants– Mix of gradual and complete metamorphosis
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Insect Key
• With Wings– One Wing– Two Wings
• Without Wings
• http://www.kendall-bioresearch.co.uk/key.htm