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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 1Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Giai on 2
Phn tch h thng
Chng 4M hnh ha
qu trnh v d liu
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 2Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
M t cc khi nim v cc cng c mhnh ha qu trnh v d liu.
Gii thch phn tch c cu trc m t mtHTTT nh th no.
M t cc k hiu dng trong s dng
d liu v gii thch cc qui tc dng trongs ny.
Gii thch chui cc s dng d liu(DFD), t tng qut n c th.
Gii thch phn mc v cn bng ca cc
DFD.
Ni dung
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 3Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Vy cc DFD cho mt HTTT. M t cha ci g v c s dng nh
th no. S dng cc cng c m t qu trnh:
ting Anh c cu trc, bng quyt nh v
cy quyt nh. Gii thch s lin quan gia cc DFD, t
in d liu v m t qu trnh.
M t mi quan h gia cc m hnh lunl v m hnh vt l.
Ni dung
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 4Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Giai on phn tch h thng c 3 bcM hnh ha cc yu cu (Chng 3)
Phn tch cc yu cu (Chng 4 & 5)
nh gi cc gii php (Chng 6)
Cc giai on ca SDLC
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 6Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Cc k hiu trong s dng d liu Cc k hiu c bn
Qu trnh (process)
Dng d liu (data flow)
Kho d liu (data store)
Thc th ngoi (external entity)
Phi tun theo cc qui tc kt ni cc k hiuca DFD.
Hai tp k hiu thng dng Gane v Sarson Yourdon
S dng d liu
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 7Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
S dng d liu
Hnh 4.1. Cc k hiu ca DFD, cch t tn cho cc k hiu, hai tpk hiu Gane-Sarson v Yourdan
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 8Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
K hiu qu trnh K hiu l mt hnh ch nht trn gc.
Tn ca qu trnh l mt ng t.
Km theo phn m t qu trnh.
Nhn d liu vo v to kt qu ra.
Kt qu c th c ni dung khc v/hocdng thc khc.
Chi tit c trnh by trong phn m t qu
trnh. Trong cc DFD, k hiu qu trnh l mt hp
en, khng cho bit chi tit bn trong.
S dng d liu
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 9Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
K hiu dng d liu K hiu l mt ng thng c mi tn
cho bit chiu.
Tn ca dng d liu l mt danh t. L ng i ca d liu t thnh phn ny
n thnh phn khc ca h thng.
Biu din mt hoc nhiu phn t d liu.Mi qu trnh phi c t nht mt dng d
liu i vo v mt dng d liu i ra.
Cc kt hp gia qu trnh v dng d liukhng ng s gy ra cc vn : T pht sinh (spontaneous generation)
Len (black hole) L xm (gray hole)
S dng d liu
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 10Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
S dng d liu
Hnh 4.2. Cc v dng v cc dng d liu v qu trnh
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 11Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
S dng d liu
T pht sinh
Len
L xm
Hnh 4.3. Cc v d sai v cc dng d liu v qu trnh. ApplyInsurance Premium khng c dng d liu vo. Calculate Gross Paykhng c dng d liu ra. Calculate Grade c dng d liu vokhng th dng to dng d liu ra.
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 12Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
K hiu kho d liu K hiu l mt hnh ch nht khng c cnh
bn phi.
Tn ca kho d liu l mt danh t.
Biu din d liu c x l sau ny.
Phi ni vi mt qu trnh bng mt dng dliu.
Phi c t nht mt dng d liu i vo v
mt dng d liu i ra.
S dng d liu
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 13Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
S dng d liu
Hnh 4.4. Cc v dng v cc kho d liu.
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 14Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
S dng d liu
Hnh 4.5. Cc v d sai v cc kho d liu. Hai kho d liu khng thni vi nhau bng mt dng d liu m khng thng qua mt qu
trnh. Mi kho d liu phi c dng d liu vo v dng d liu ra.
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 15Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
K hiu thc th ngoi K hiu l hnh ch nht, thng c bng
m.
Tn ca thc th ngoi l mt danh t.
Biu din mt ngi, t chc hoc h thngkhc c cung cp d liu v/hoc nhn ktqu t h thng.
Cc thc th ngoi c gi l i tng ktthc (terminator).
ch (nhn d liu t h thng)
Ngun (cung cp d liu cho h thng)
S dng d liu
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 16Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
S dng d liu
Hnh 4.6. Cc v dng v cc thc th ngoi
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 17Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
S dng d liu
Hnh 4.7. Cc v d sai v cc thc th ngoi. Mt thc th ngoi
phi kt ni vi mt qu trnh thng qua mt dng d liu v khngkt ni trc tip vi mt kho d liu hoc mt thc th ngoi khc.
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 18Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
S dng d liu
Dng d liu kt ni ng Sai
Mt qu trnh vi mt qu trnh khc Mt qu trnh vi mt thc th ngoi Mt qu trnh vi mt kho d liu Mt thc th vi mt thc th khc Mt thc th vi mt kho d liu Mt kho d liu vi mt kho d liu khc
Hnh 4.8. Cc qui tc kt ni gia cc qu trnh, cc kho d liu v
cc thc th ngoi.
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 19Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
S ng cnh context diagram
Ci nhn mc cao nht cho thy cc phm vica h thng.
Trnh by cc kt qu ca vic tm hiu thct.
Mt k hiu qu trnh biu din ton b hthng, nh s 0, c v chnh gia.
Cc dng d liu ni qu trnh vi cc thcth.
Cc k hiu vn tt c thc dng ch
nh cc thc th.
S dng d liu
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 20Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
S dng d liu
Hnh 4.9. S ng cnh DFD ca H thng im
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 21Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
S dng d liu
Hnh 4.10. S ng cnh DFD ca H thng t hng
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 22Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 4.11. S ng cnh DFD ca H thng sn xut
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 23Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Cc qui c dng cho DFD S ng cnh phi trn trn 1 trang.
Tn ca qu trnh trong s ng cnh nnl tn ca HTTT (danh t).
S dng cc tn khc nhau trong cc tp khiu.
Cc ng v khng c ct nhau.
S dng cc danh hiu ngn gn.
S dng ch s duy nht cho mi k hiu qutrnh.
S dng d liu
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 24Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Trnh by chi tit hn s ng cnh. Cho thy cc thc th, cc qu trnh chnh,
cc dng d liu v cc kho d liu.
Cc c im khc C th cha cc dng d liu phn k
(deverging data flow). Phn r ca qu trnh 0.
c gi l s tng qut (overview
diagram) hoc s mc 0. S mc 0 l con ca s ng cnh cha.
C th cha cc qu trnh nguyn t(functional primitive).
S dng d liu - Mc 0
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 25Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 4.12. S ng cnh v s mc 0 ca H thng im
S d d li M 0
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 26Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
S dng d liu - Mc 0
Hnh 4.13. S mc 0 ca H thng t hng
S d d li M th
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 27Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Cc s mc thp Cho thy chi tit hn.
Khi thit k phi quan tm n:
Phn mc
Cn bng
Cc kho d liu Phn mc
leveling
Qu trnh v cc s cng chi tit hn.
Cn c gi l phn tch hoc phn r(exploiding, partitioning, decomposing).
S dng d liu - Mc thp
S d d li M th
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 28Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Cn bng balancing
Duy tr tnh nht qun gia ton b cc DFD.
Cc dng d liu vo v dng d liu ra cas cha c bo ton trong s con.
Kho d liu C th khng xut hin trong cc DFD mc
cao hn.
c ch ra trong s DFD mc 0 nu ct hai qu trnh s dng kho d liu ny.
S dng d liu - Mc thp
S d d li M th
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 29Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
S dng d liu - Mc thp
Hnh 4.14. S DFD mc 1, chi tit ca Fill Orderca H thng t hng
S d d li M th
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 30Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
S dng d liu - Mc thp
Hnh 4.15. S DFD mc 1, chi tit caApply Payment, ca H thng t hng
S dng d liu Mc thp
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 31Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Cc chin lc pht trin DFDMc tiu chnh l bo m m hnh chnh xc
v d hiu.
Mt s khng nn c nhiu hn 9 k hiuqu trnh.
S dng d liu - Mc thp
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 32Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 4.16. S mc 0 ca Hthng sn xut.
S dng d liu Mc thp
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 33Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
S dng d liu - Mc thp
Hnh 4.17. Cc li sai no trong s DFD mc 0 ny?
S dng d liu lun l
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 34Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
S dng d liu lun l
S dng d liu lun l cho thy: Hot ng nghip v nh th no.
Cc qu trnh no tn ti m khng quan tm
n h thng c thc hin nh th no. Cc s kin nghip v xy ra, cc d liu cn
thit v c to ra bi mi s kin, khngcho thy lun l ca chng trnh v ccbc x l.
S dng d liu lun l
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 35Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
S dng d liu lun l
u im Ngi s dng d hiu cc s dng d
liu lun l.
H thng c n nh hn v thit kcda vo mt khung thc nghip v (businessframework).
Hiu nghip v mt cch d dng. H thng c tnh linh ng cao v d bo tr.
Loi b d tha.
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S dng d liu vt l
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 37Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
S dng d liu vt l
Hnh 2.18. Ni dung ca s dng d liu vt l.
Contents of Physical Data Flow Diagrams
Manual processes Processes for adding, deleting, changing, and updating records
Data entry and verifying processes
Validation processes for ensuring accurate data input
Sequencing processes to rearrange the order of records
Processes to produce every unique system output
Intermediate data stores
Actual file names used to store data Controls to signify completion of tasks or error conditions
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 38Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 4.19. Cc s dng d liu lun l v vt l.
S dng d liu lun l v vt l
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 39Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Design Feature Logical Physical
What the model
depicts
How the business
operates.
How the system will be implemented (or
how the current system operates).
What the processes
represent
Business activities. Programs, program modules, and manual
procedures.
What the data stores
represent
Collections of data
regardless of how
the data are stored.
Physical files and databases, manual files.
Type of data stores Show data storesrepresenting
permanent data
collection.
Master files, transaction files. Anyprocesses that operate at two different
times must be connected by a data store.
System controls Show business
controls.
Show controls for validating input data, for
obtaining a record (record found status),for ensuring successful completion of a
process, and for system security
(example: journal records).
Hnh 4.20. Xy dng s dng d liu lun l v vt l.
S dng d liu lun l v vt l
T in d liu
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 40Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
T in d liu (DD Data Dictionary)dng phn tch cc dng d liu v cckho d liu ca h thng hng d liu.
Tin d liu cha cc siu d liu (dliu v d liu).
T in d liu nh ngha cc thut ngd liu, s lin h gia chng v nghaca chng i vi nhng ngi s dng
khc nhau.
Tin d liu
T in d liu
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 41Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Tin d liu dng : Cung cp ti liu.
Loi b d tha.
Kim tra hp l s dng d liu.
Xy dng cc mn hnh v cc bo co.
Pht trin chi tit ca cc qu trnh (m tqu trnh) trong DFD.
Tin d liu
T in d liu
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 42Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Tin d liu cha cc thng tin v: Cc dng d liu
Cc kho d liu
Cc thc th ngoi
Cc qu trnh
Cc phn t d liu (mc d liu, vng tin) Cc mu tin (cu trc d liu)
Tin d liu
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 43Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 4.21. Ni dung ca tin d liu, gm dng d liu, kho d liu,cu trc d liu, mu tin, phn t d liu, thc th ngoi v qu trnh.
Tin d liu
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 44Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Lp ti liu cho cc phn t d liu data element
Mi phn t d liu phi c nh ngha
bao gm thng tin m t, kiu d liu vchiu di, cc iu kin hp l v gi tr mcnhin.
Mi phn t d liu chc nh ngha mtln trong tin d liu.
C th s dng biu mu chun hoc cngcCASE.
C sn nhiu cng c khc nhau. V d: Visible Analyst
Tin d liu
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 45Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Lp ti liu cho cc phn t d liu Cc thuc tnh ca phn t d liu:
M ID. Mc t ty chn cho php ngi phn
tch xy dng cc mc t tng trong tind liu.
Tn ca phn t d liu, c tnh m t v duynht. L phn t c s dng trong nhiu chng
trnh.
Cc b danh, l cc tn ng ngha hoc cc tn
khc nhau ca phn t d liu c s dngtrong cc h thng khc nhau.
M t vn tt ca phn t d liu.
Tin d liu
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 46Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Lp ti liu cho cc phn t d liu Cc thuc tnh ca phn t d liu:
Phn t c bn hoc phn t dn xut
Phn t c bn (base element) l phn t ca vo h thng.
Phn t dn xut (derived element) l phn tc to bi mt qu trnh, thng l kt qu tnh
ton. Chiu di ca phn t d liu. Dng d liu nhp hoc xut, dng cc k hiu:
Z - S 0 v ngha b loi b 9 S X K t X(8) - 8 k t . , - Du chm thp phn, du phy, du gch ni
Tin d liu
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 47Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Lp ti liu cho cc phn t d liu Cc thuc tnh ca phn t d liu:
Cc iu kin kim tra tnh hp l.
Loi phn t: Ri rc, bao gm cc gi tr cnh.
- Cc phn t ri rc c kim tra bi cc gi tr
trong chng trnh hoc trong mt bng. Lin tc, bin thin trong mt min tr.
- Cc phn t lin tc c kim tra trong mtmin tr thng qua gi tr nh nht v ln nht.
Gi tr mc nhin. Gi tr mc nhin c hin th trn cc mn hnh
nhp, mn hnh GUI.
Gim s lng phm nhn
Tin d liu
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 48Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Lp ti liu cho cc phn t d liu Cc thuc tnh ca phn t d liu:
Min tr.
c lit k trong danh sch x xung (drop-downlist).
c chn t nhm nt ty chn (option group).
Ghi ch. c dng cho bit dng thc ngy, cc kim
tra c bit, phng php k s kim tra (check-digit method),
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 49Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 4.22a. Visible Analystm t phn t d liu Social Security Number.
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 50Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 4.22b. Visible Analystm t phn t d liu Social Security Number.
Element Description Form
ID:
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 51Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 4.23. Mu ghi m t phn t d liu.
ID: _______________________________________________________________
Name: Customer Number
Alias: Client NumberAlias: Receivable Account Number
Description: Uniquely identifies a customer who has made any business
transaction within the last five years.
Length: 6 Dec. Pt:
Inout format: 9(6)
Output format: 9(6)
Default value:
Continuos or
Discrete
Comment: The customer number must pass a modulus-11 check digit test. It is
derived because it is computer generated and a check digit is added.
Element Characteristics
Alphabetic Alphanumeric Date Numeric Base or Derived
Validation Criteria
Continuous
Upper Limit: < 999999
Lower Limit: > 0
Discrete Value Meaning
--------------------- ----------------------------------------
--------------------- ----------------------------------------
Tin d liu
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 52Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Lp ti liu cho cc cu trc d liu data structure, record
Cu trc d liu (mu tin) l mt tp hp bao
gm nhiu cu trc hoc phn t nh hn. K hiu i s c dng biu din cu
trc, gm c: Du =, ngha l gm c. Du +, ngha l v.
Du { }, ngha l mt hoc nhiu phn tc
lp li. Du [ | ], ngha l chn mt phn t trong mt
danh sch (loi tr ln nhau).
Du ( ), ngha l phn t ty chn.
Tin d liu
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 53Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Lp ti liu cho cc cu trc d liu Nhm lp li c th c:
Cc iu kin.
Mt s ln lp li c xc nh. S ln lp li t nht v nhiu nht.
C th s dng biu mu chun hoc cng
cCASE.
Tin d liu
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 54Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 4.24. V d v cu trc d liu.
Customer Order = Customer Number +
Customer Name +
Address +
Telephone +
Catalog Number +Order Date +
{Order Items} +
Merchandise Total +
(Tax) +Shipping and Handling +
Order Total +
Method of Payment +
(Credit Card Type) +
(Credit Card Number) +
(Expiration Date)
Hnh 4 25 Visible Analyst m
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 55Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 4.25. Visible Analystmt mu tin Credit Status.1. Visible Analyst nh nghacu trc d liu l mt nhmcc phn t d liu lin quanvi nhau c tham chiu
nh l mt mu tin.2. K hiu PK (Primary Key)chnh Customer Numberlkha chnh.
Tin d liu
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 56Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Lp ti liu cho cc dng d liu data flow
Mi dng d liu phi c nh ngha vi
thng tin m t v cc phn t hoc cu trcd liu. C th s dng biu mu chun hoc cng
cCASE. Cc thuc tnh ca dng d liu:
M ID
Nhn, l tn ca dng d liu xut hin trong
DFD. M t ca dng d liu. Ngun ca dng d liu
C th l mt thc th ngoi, mt qu trnh hocmt dng d liu t mt kho d liu.
Tin d liu
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 57Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Lp ti liu cho cc dng d liu Cc thuc tnh ca dng d liu:
ch ca dng d liu
Loi dng d liu: Mt mu tin vo hoc ra t mt tp tin.
Cha bn bo co, mu nhp hoc mn hnh.
Bn trong - c dng gia cc qu trnh. Tn ca cu trc d liu hoc cc phn t
d liu.
Khi lng trong mt n v thi gian. C th l s lng mu tin trong mt ngy hoc
trong mt khong thi gian.
Cc ghi ch v k hiu v dng d liu.
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 58Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 4.26. M t dngd liu Commission.
Tin d liu
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 59Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 4.27. Mu ghi m t dng d liu.
Data Flow Description Form
ID: _______________________________________________________________
Name: Customer Order
Description: Contains customer order information and is used to update the
customer master and item files and to produce an order record.
Source: Customer
Data Structure Traveling with the Flow
Order Information
Type of Process
File Screen Report Form Internal
Comment: An order record information for one customer order. The order maybe received by mail, by FAX, or by the customer telephoning the order
processing department directly.
Destination: Process 1
Volume / Time
10 / hour
Tin d liu
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 60Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Lp ti liu cho cc kho d liu data store
Kho d liu cha tt c cc phn t c bn
v cc phn t dn xut. Kho d liu cha thng tin ca mi thc th
d liu khc nhau: ngi, v tr, s vt,
C th s dng biu mu chun hoc cngcCASE.
Cc phn t c bn ca dng d liu cgom nhm li v kho d liu c to chomi nhm ring bit.
Tin d liu
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 61Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Lp ti liu cho cc kho d liu Dng d liu ch l mt phn ca d liu
c thu thp, do cn phi xc nh hp
l vic gom nhm cc phn t c bn. Cc thuc tnh ca kho d liu:
M ID
Tn kho d liu, c tnh m t v duy nht. B danh ca tp tin
M t vn tt ca kho d liu
Loi tp tin, lu tr bng giy t hoc trong mytnh.
Nu lu tr trong my tnh, chnh dng thc catp tin.
Tin d liu
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 62Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Lp ti liu cho cc kho d liu Cc thuc tnh ca kho d liu: S lng mu tin ti a ca tp tin hoc s
lng mu tin trong mt n v thi gian (nm). Gip cho ngi phn tch c lng kch thc
ca vng lu tr trn a t. Tn bng hoc tn tp tin ca kho d liu. Tn cu trc d liu ca kho d liu trong t
in d liu. Kha chnh v cc kha th cp (l cc phn t
trong cu trc d liu).
Xc nh cc kho d liu bng cch phn tchcc dng d liu. Mi kho d liu bao gm cc phn t ca cc
dng d liu c lin quan lun l vi nhau(chng m t cng mt thc th).
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 63Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 4.28. VisibleAnalystm t kho dliu Products.1. Cc phn t dliu trong kho d liu.
Kho d liu ny c 2tn (b danh) khc.2. nht qun, tnca cc phn t dliu phi c chunha trong ton b tin d liu.3. iu quan trng lghi nhn cc clng ny v chngs nh hng ncc quyt nh thitk trong cc giaion SDLC tip theo.
Data Store Description Form
ID: D1
Name: Customer Master File
Alias: Client Master File
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 64Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 4.29. Mu ghi m t kho d liu.
Alias: Client Master File
Description: Contains a record for each customer.
Data Store Characteristics
File Type: Computer ManualFile Format: Database Indexed Sequential DirectRecord size (Characters): 200 Block size: 4000
Percent Growth per Year: 6% Average: 42,000
Data Set Name: Order Information
Copy Member: Custmast
Data Structure: Customer Record
Primary Key: Customer Number
Secondary Keys: Customer Name
Zip
Year-to-Date Amount Purchased
Comment: The Customer Master file records are copied to a history file and
purged if the customer has not purchased an item within the past five years. A
customer may be retained even if he or she has not made a purchase by
requesting a catalog.
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 65Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Lp ti liu cho cc thc th ngoi external entity
Phi lp ti liu cho mi thc th ngoi.
C th s dng biu mu chun hoc cngcCASE.
Tt cc im chnh phi c ghi nhn vm t.
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 66Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 4.30. VisibleAnalyst m t thcth ngoi
Warehouse.1. Thc th ngoic th c mt tnkhc (b danh).
2. nht qun, tnca cc thc thngoi phi cchun ha trongton b t in dliu.
Tin d liu
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 67Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
To tin d liu1. Thng tin t cc bui phng vn v cc
bui hp JAD c tng hp vo trong
cc mu phn tch nhp v xut. iu ny to cch thc tng hp d liu ca
h thng v cc d liu ny c s dngnh th no.
2. Mi cu trc d liu hoc nhm cc phnt d liu c phn tch.
Tin d liu
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 68Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
To tin d liu3. Mi phn t d liu s c phn tch
bng cch hi cc cu hi sau y: C nhiu vng tin khng?
Nu c, chnh vng tin no c lp li bngk hiu { }.
C cc phn t d liu loi tr ln nhau? Nu c, bao cc vng tin ny bng k hiu [ | ].
Vng tin no l ty chn? Nu c, bao vng tin ny bng k hiu ( ).
Tin d liu
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 69Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
To tin d liu4. Tt c d liu c a vo h thng uphi c lu tr. To mt bng c s d liu hoc mt tp tin
cho mi loi d liu khc nhau c lu tr.
Thm vng kha duy nht vo mi bng.
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 70Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
S dng tin d liu To cc mn hnh, cc mu nhp, cc bn
bo co.
S dng cc nh ngha ca cc phn t d liu to cc vng tin.
Sp xp cc vng tin trong cc mn hnh, munhp v bn bo co sao cho d xem v p.
Mt nhm phn t tr thnh cc ct.
Mi nhm lp li tr thnh mt hng.
To m lnh ca chng trnh my tnh. Phn tch bn thit k h thng v pht hin
cc li sai trong thit k.
Tin d liu
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 71Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Phn tch tin d liu T in d liu c dng kt hp vi ccs dng d liu phn tch bn thit k,pht hin cc li sai trong thit k v cc vn
cn c lm r. Lu cc phn tch:
Tt c cc phn t c bn ca dng d liu ra
phi c trong dng d liu i vo qu trnh tora dng d liu xut ny. Cc phn t c bn c nhp vo v khng
c to bi mt qu trnh.
Phn t dn xut nn l dng d liu ra t tnht mt qu trnh v n khng c nhp vo. Cc phn t c trong dng d liu vo hoc
dng d liu ra ca mt kho d liu phi c
cha trong kho d liu ny.
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Tin d liu v DFD cc mc
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 73Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Cc cu trc d liu c dng cc s dng d liu mc trung gian.
Cc phn t d liu c dng cc s
mc thp nht.
Tin d liu v DFD cc mc
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 74Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 4.31. Cc s dng d liu v cc mc t tng ng.
Cc cng c m t qu trnh
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 75Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
M t qu trnhprocess specification
M t qu trnh c dng cho cc qu trnh
nguyn t v mt s qu trnh mc caohn trong s dng d liu.
M t qu trnh dng m t mt chc nng
c bn. M t qu trnh lin kt mt qu trnh trong s
dng d liu vi tin d liu.
C th s dng biu mu chun hoc cngcCASE.
Cc cng c m t qu trnh
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 76Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
M t qu trnhM t qu trnh s dng 3 cu trc lun l
Cu trc tun t (sequence)
Cu trc chn (selection) Cu trc lp (iteration)
Cc cng c m t qu trnh
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 77Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 4.32. Cu trc tun t
Hnh 4.33. Cu trc chn
Hnh 4.34. Cu trc lp
Cc cng c m t qu trnh
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 78Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
M t qu trnh bao gm cc thng tin:M qu trnh, l ID ca qu trnh trong s
dng d liu.
Tn qu trnh, ging vi tn ca k hiu qutrnh trong s dng d liu.
M t vn tt cho bit qu trnh thc hin
iu g. Danh sch cc dng d liu nhp v dng d
liu xut, ging vi cc dng d liu trong
s dng d liu. Cc tn d liu c s dng trong cng
thc phi c trong tin d liu.
Cc cng c m t qu trnh
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 79Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
M t qu trnh bao gm cc thng tin: Loi qu trnh: b, trc tuyn hoc lm bng
tay.
Tt c cc qu trnh trc tuyn cn phi c thitk mn hnh. Tt c cc qu trnh lm bng tay phi c xc
nh r rng cho nhn vin thc hin cc cngvic ca cc qu trnh ny.
Nu qu trnh c m lnh th ch ra tn cachng trnh thc hin qu trnh ny.
Cc cng c m t qu trnh
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 80Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
M t qu trnh bao gm cc thng tin:M t lun l ca qu trnh.
Pht biu chnh sch v cc qui tc nghip v.
Cc nh ngha ca cc thut ng nghip v. Cc hnh ng v cc iu kin ca nghip v.
Cc rng buc ton vn.
Cc lut suy din lun l.
Chui cc x l
Cc mi quan h gia cc s kin ca nghip v.
Khng phi l m gi hoc ngn ng lp trnh.
M t lun l ca qu trnh mc chi titbng ting Anh c cu trc, bng quyt nhhoc cy quyt nh.
Cc cng c m t qu trnh
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 81Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
M t qu trnh bao gm cc thng tin: Lit k cc vn cha gii quyt.
Cc vn ny l c st cc cu hi dng
trong cuc phng vn sau ny. Cn bng ngang
horizontal balancing
Cn bng ngang c ngha l tt c cc dngd liu ra phi da vo dng d liu vohoc c m t trong lun l qu trnh.
Cn bng ngang dng kim tra mi qutrnh c cc mc t trong tin d liu, cccng thc hoc cch tnh to dng d liu
ra.
Cc cng c m t qu trnh
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 82Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Cn bng ngang Cc qui tc ca cn bng ngang: Tt c cc phn t c bn ca dng d liu ra
phi c trong dng d liu vo. Tt c cc phn t dn xut ca dng d liu ra
phi: C trong dng d liu vo, hoc
c to bi mt qu trnh.
Process Specification FormNumber: 1.3
Name: Determine Quantity Available
Description: Determine if an item is available for sale. If it is not available, create a
backordered item record. Determine the quantity available.
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 83Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Input Data FlowValid item from Process1.2
Quantity on Hand from Item Record
Output Data Flow
Available item (Item Number + Quantity Sold) to Processes 1.4 & 1.5
Backordered Item to Inventory Control
Type of Process
Online Batch ManualSubprogram / Function Name
Process Logic
IF the Order Item Quantity is greater than Quantity on Hand then
Move Order Item Quantity to Available Item Quantity
Move Order Item Number to Available Item NumberELSE
Subtract Quantity On Hand from Order Item Quantity giving Quantity Backordered
ENDIF
Refer to: Name ____________________________________________________________
Structured English Decision Table Decision TreeUnresolved Issues: Should the amount that is on order for this item be taken into account?
Would this, combined with the expected arrival date of goods on order, change how the
quantity available is calculated?
Hnh 4.35. Mu ghi m t qu trnh.
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 84Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 4.36. VisibleAnalyst m t qu trnhVerify Order.
1. S hiu ca qu trnhdng nhn bit qutrnh ny. Cc qu trnhcon c nh s 1.1,1.2, 1.3
2. Cc dng d liu nys c m t ring ni khc trong t ind liu.
Cc cng c m t qu trnh
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 85Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Ting Anh c cu trc SE - Structured English Tp con ca ting Anh chun.
M t qu trnh bng ting Anh c cu trc lmt k thut thch hp cho vic phn tch hthng khi cc quyt nh khng phc tp.
M t lun l ca qu trnh Ch s dng cc cu trc tun t, cu trc chn
v cu trc lp chun.
S dng dng tht u hng dc. S dng mt s t vng.
Ting Anh c cu trc
Cc cng c m t qu trnh
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 86Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
g
Tin d liu dng to m t bng tingAnh c cu trc:
Cc chui mc t trong tin d liu tr thnhcc pht biu ting Anh c cu trc.
Cc ty chn [ | ] tr thnh cc pht biuIF...THEN...ELSEENDIF.
Cc mc t lp li { } tr thnh cc pht biu DOWHILEENDDO, FORDO, REPEATUNTIL.
Cc cng c m t qu trnh
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 87Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTTHnh 4.37. V d v ting Anh c cu trc.
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 88Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 4.38. M t
qu trnh VerifyOrder ghi nhncc quy tc lunl v cc bc xl.
Cc cng c m t qu trnh
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 89Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 4.39. V d v m t qu trnh dng ting Anh c cu trc.Ting Anh c cu trc l mt cch hu hiu dng m t cc tcv trn d liu. V d ny m t cch tnh tin hoa hng.
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Bng quyt nh
Cc cng c m t qu trnh
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 91Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Bng quyt nh gip cho ngi phn tchbo m tnh y v tnh chnh xc.
Ngi lp trnh c th s dng bng quytnh vit m lnh.
Bng quyt nh c chia thnh 4 vng:
Gc trn bn tri m t cc iu kin (condition) Gc trn bn phi l cc gi tr chn la cho cc
iu kin.
Gc di bn tri l cc tc v (action). Gc di bn phi l cc chn la tc v.
Cc cng c m t qu trnh
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 92Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 4.40. Cu trc ca bng quyt nh
Cc cng c m t qu trnh
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 93Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 4.41. Bng quyt nh da vo cch tnh tin hoa hng cm t bng ting Anh c cu trc. V d nu tng tin tr ln hn50.000 nhng khng c thng thm th cng 1% vo phn trmhoa hng v xut k tc bit cho i din bn hng.
Bng quyt nh
Cc cng c m t qu trnh
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 94Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Cc vn chnh c th xy ra khi xy dngbng quyt nh:
Tnh khng y . Cc tnh hung khng th c.
Cc mu thun.
Tnh d tha.
Cc cng c m t qu trnh
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 95Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 4.42. Kim tra d tha v mu thun trong bng quyt nh.
Cy quyt nhd i i t
Cc cng c m t qu trnh
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 96Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
decision tree
Cy quyt nh l mt k thut biu din
ha cho thy cc iu kin, tc v v qui tcca bng quyt nh.
Cu trc lun l c trnh by ngang.
D hiu v d xy dng. Bng quyt nh s tt hn trong cc trng
hp phc tp.
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 97Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 4.43. M t cy quyt nh. Tng t bng quyt nh, cyquyt nh cho thy thc hin tc v da vo cc iu kin no .Cy quyt nh ny da vo cch tnh tin hoa hng c m tbng ting Anh c cu trc. V d nu tng tin tr ln hn 50.000nhng khng c thng thm th cng 1% vo phn trm hoa
hng v xut k tc bit cho i din bn hng.
Chui cc m hnhM h h t l h th h th
M hnh lun l v m hnh vt l
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 98Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
M hnh vt l cho thy cc yu cu h thngc thc hin nh th no.
To m hnh vt l ca h thng hin ti. Pht trin m hnh lun l ca h thng hin
ti.
Sau khi hiu h thng hin ti, to m hnhlun l ca h thng mi.
Cch tip cn bn m hnhM hnh t l ca h thng hin ti
M hnh lun l v m hnh vt l
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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 99Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
M hnh vt l ca h thng hin ti
M hnh lun l ca h thng hin ti
M hnh lun l ca h thng miM hnh vt l ca h thng mi
u im chnh l nm c cc chc nng
ca h thng hin ti trc khi thay i. Nhc im chnh l tn thi gian v chi ph
pht trin m hnh lun l v m hnh vtl ca h thng hin ti.
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