Download - 5-3 Properties of Solids
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Chapter 5 Liquids and solids
5-3 Properties of Solids
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固體的種類
� Crystalline Solid(結晶
固體)
� 分子或原子以固定的排
列方式形成的固體
� Amorphous Solid(非
結晶晶體)
� 分子或原子以隨意的排
列方式形成的固體
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SiO2不同型態的固體
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結晶固體的種類
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金屬固體(Metallic Solids)
Mg(鎂)Zn (鋅)Ti (鈦)
Al (鋁)Cu(銅)Au(金)Ag(銀)
Fe(鐵)W (鎢)Li (鋰)Na(鈉)
hcp ccp bcc
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六方最密堆積(hcp)的基本型態
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立方最密堆積(ccp, fcc)
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hcp與ccp的比較
20.688bcc
(體心立方堆積)
40.7412ccp
(立方最密堆積)
20.7412hcp
(六方最密堆積)
# of Atoms
in a Unit Cell
Packing
Density
Coordination
Number
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Coordination Number
ccp hcp
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Unit Cell
� Unit Cell : The smallest
building block of a crystal,
consisting of atoms, ions, or
molecules, whose geometric
arrangement defines a
crystal's characteristic
symmetry and whose
repetition in space produces
a crystal lattice
unitcell?
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Example
� For each of the 2D
arrays shown here draw
a unit cell that, when
repeated, generates the
entire two-dimensional
lattice.
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Unit Cell of bcc, ccp and hcp
From “Filling in the Hexagonal Close-Packed (hcp) Unit Cell”
In Journal of Chemical Education
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Number of Atoms in a Unit Cell
PrimitiveCubic
Unit CellPo 釙
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Packing Density
� Packing density : the
fraction of the total
volume occupied by
spheres
� Please calculate the
packing density of ccpa
4r
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Holes in ccp
Octahedral Hole Tetrahedral Hole
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Examples
� In a ccp crystal structure
� How many octahedral holes are there surrounding a
atom?
� How many tetrahedral holes are there surrounding a
atom?
� How many octahedral holes are there in a unit cell?
� How many tetrahedral holes are there in a unit cell?
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Types of Unit Cells
� Bravais Lattice為自然
界中Unit Cell 的可能型
態,有14種不同的型態
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How to Determine the Type of Unit Cell
� 測量晶體密度
� X-ray繞射
From : http://www.bruker-axs.de/fileadmin/user_
upload/xrfintro/sec1_8.html
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Example
� The density of Cu is 8.93 g/cm3 and its atomic
radius is 128 pm. Is the metal more likely to be
(a) ccp or (b) bcc
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X-ray Diffraction
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Bragg Equation
From http://www.bruker-axs.de/fileadmin/user_
upload/xrfintro/sec1_8.html
θλ sin2dn =
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Example
� In an x-ray diffraction experiment on a single
crystal of NaCl, with the use of radiation from a
copper source (λ=154nm), constructive
interference was observed at θ=11.2°. What is
the minimum spacing between the layer
responsible for the diffraction?
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Ionic Solids
NaCl ZnS
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Radius ratio
erl
smaller
r
r
arg
ionlarger of radius
ionsmaller of radius =
ratio Radius
=ρ
� ρ < 0.4 : cations fill the
tetrahedral hole
� 0.4< ρ < 0.7 : smaller ions
fill the octahedral hole
� ρ > 0.7 : anions form the
primitive cubic cell and
cations fill the large cubic
hole at the center
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ρ > 0.7
CsCl and CsI
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Exception Case of Ionic Structure
NiAs
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Molecular Solids
� 分子固體固化的主要動
力為分子間作用力,其
能量遠比金屬鍵或離子
鍵小很多。因此分子固
體的沸點低,如:
� H2O
� C12H22O11
� UDPE超高密度聚乙烯
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Network Solids – C
Diamond Graphite
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CVD Diamond
From http://www.stanford.edu/group/microheat/two.html
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Network Solids – SiO2
Quartz玻璃玻璃玻璃玻璃
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固體的特性
Insulator or SemiconductorHighestCovalent bondNetwork Solids
InsulatorLowIntermolecular
interactions
Molecular Solids
Brittle
Insulator
HighIonic bondsIonic Solids
Luster
Malleability
Ductility
Good electric conductor
HighMetalic bondMetal
(Highest Density)
Characteristic PropertiesMelting Point
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Luster(金屬光澤)
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Malleability(金屬延展性)
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Alloys(合金)
Substitutional Alloy Interstitial Alloy
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Thermotropic Liquid Crystal
From http://www.laynetworks.com/Molecular-Orientation-in-Liquid-Crystal-Phases.htm
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LCD 螢幕的原理
“Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change”
by Silberberg, Mc Graw Hill, 2000
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Lyotropic Liquid Crystal