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Postgraduate Course
5. Evidence-based management:Step 2: Search for the best available evidence
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Postgraduate Course
5-step approach
EBMgt is a 5-step approach
1. Formulate an answerable question (PICOC)
2. Search for the best available evidence
3. Critical appraise the quality of the found evidence
4. Integrate the evidence with managerial expertise and organizational concerns and apply
5. Monitor and evaluate the results
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Postgraduate Course
Searching evidence
What do we search?
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Postgraduate Course
Type of Information Source
Current Information Wall street Journal, Financial Times, Business week, Financieel Dagblad
Overview of a subject
General background
Academic Information
Statistical Information
Textbooks and popular books
Encyclopedias, yearbooks & book reviews
ABI/INFORM, Business Source Premier, Emerald, PsychInfo, Science Direct
CBS Statline, Eurostat
Theories about a subject Textbooks and encyclopedias
Information sources
Company information Company Annual Reports, Datastream, Factiva.com, Amadeus
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Postgraduate Course
Searching evidence
Where do we search?
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Postgraduate Course
Articles in peer reviewed journals
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Postgraduate Course
Searching evidence
How do we search?
Search Strategy
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Postgraduate Course
Two types of search strategies
Search strategy
Building blocks methodSnowball method
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Postgraduate Course
Snowball method
Starting from one book or article, you search for other literature on the same topic.
Snowballing to older publications by finding out which publications were used by the author (see bibliography of book or article).
Snowballing to more recent publications by finding out how often that book or article has been cited by other authors (see Web of Knowledge or Google Scholar).
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Postgraduate Course
Snowball method
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Postgraduate Course
Synonyms or related terms
• ….
• ….
• ….
• ….
Synonyms or related terms
• ….
• ….
• ….
• ….
Synonyms or related terms
• ….
• ….
• ….
• ….
Building blocks method
Synonyms or related terms
• ….
• ….
• ….
• ….
Keyword 1 Keyword 2 Keyword 3 Keyword 4
AND AND AND
OR OR OR
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P = back office employees
I = merger, integration, back office
C = status quo
O = economy of scale
C = healthcare, different organizational culture, unequal
Answerable question: PICOC
1. Underline the keywords
2. Number the order of importance from 1-4
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Postgraduate Course
P = back office employees
I = 1. merger, 3. integration, back office
C = status quo
O = 4. economy of scale
C = 5. healthcare, different 2. organizational culture, unequal
Answerable question: PICOC
1. Underline the keywords
2. Number the order of importance
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Postgraduate Course
Search terms
Operationalise your Pico elements!
O = long term profitability?
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Postgraduate Course
corporate culture: organizational behavior/character, corporate identity
merger: acquisition, take-over, fusion, combination, unification
profitability: profit, advantage, return on investment, shareholder value
The keywords of your PICOC may be enough.If not, select more words by using:
Select keywords
synonyms
alternate spelling, translations
related terms / words / subjects
narrower or broader terms
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Postgraduate Course
Search in the following order
1. Thesaurus (SU)
2. Title (TI)
3. Abstract (AB)
4. Alternate spellings, synonyms
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Postgraduate Course
The advantages of ‘subjects’ or ‘thesaurus terms’
One single term for variations in spelling or synonyms (organization, organization, company, corporation)
The term is relevant (therefore, so is the article)
Automatic “Explode” function (narrower terms are automatically included)
Extra search options (subheadings, major topics, etc.)
Subject / Thesaurus terms
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Postgraduate Course
The disadvantages of ‘subjects’ or ‘thesaurus terms’
Recent articles not yet indexed
“Index errors”
Sometimes there are no suitable subjects or thesaurus terms (new concept, specific term)
Therefore use also words in the title or abstract!
Subject / Thesaurus terms
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Postgraduate Course
Search Query
1. Search with #1 PICOC term (incl. alternative terms,
synonyms, alternate spellings, truncations, etc.) in the
thesaurus, title or abstract
2. Combine the results with OR (use the history function!)
3. Search with #2 PICOC term (incl. synonyms, etc.)
4. Combine the results with OR
5. Combine the results of step 2 and 4 with AND
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Postgraduate Course
Boolean operators
AND = both terms (apples AND oranges)
OR = either one of these terms (apples OR oranges)
NOT = without this term (fruit NOT oranges)
NEAR = near this term (apples NEAR oranges)
* = replaces 0,1 or more characters (apple*= apple, apples, applejack, applejuice, applepie, etc.)
?= replaces 1 character (organi?ation= organisation, organization)
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Postgraduate Course
orangesapples
apples AND oranges apples OR oranges
orangesapples
Boolean operators
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Postgraduate Course
• Merger
• Fusion
• Combination
• Take over
• Acquisition
• Unification
• …
1. Merger 3. Integration
• Healthcare organization
• Non profit• Not for profit
4. Health care organization
AND
Search Query: an example
I I O
OR OR
• Integration • Corporate culture
• Organizational behavior
• Organizational character
• Corporate identity
• Core beliefs
• Shared values
2. Corporate culture
C
AND
OR
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Postgraduate Course
Databases
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Postgraduate Course
Comparing databases
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Postgraduate Course
Start up
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Postgraduate Course
Start up
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Postgraduate Course
Always search for indexed topics or thesaurus terms
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Postgraduate Course
thesaurus terms
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Postgraduate Course
Use the history function to combine results
Combining results
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Postgraduate Course
Use the history function to combine results
Combining results
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Postgraduate Course
Narrow your results
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Postgraduate Course
Narrow your results
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Postgraduate Course
Save your results
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Postgraduate Course
If an article is not available in ABI/ Inform or BSE: try Google (advanced search)
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Postgraduate Course
Summary
1. Formulate a focused question and break it down into keywords (PICOC),
2. Underline the 2 to 4 most relevant keywords,
3. Start with the most relevant keyword: is it listed in the thesaurus? If not: search in the title or abstract.
4. Repeat your search with alternative terms, synonyms or alternate spellings.
5. Combine the outcome of step 4 (thesaurus), 5 (title or abstract) and 6 (alternative terms) with OR (use the history function!)
6. Repeat above steps for keyword 2
7. Combine the outcome of your search with keyword 1 and 2 with AND (use the history function!)
8. Filter the articles with “studies” (subject > studies)
9. Read the titles and abstracts of your results, select the relevant articles and safe them.
10. No full text available in ABI/Inform or BS Elite? Try Google Advanced.
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Postgraduate Course
Learning through play !
Try all buttons
Make lots of mistakes
Have fun !