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The Modern
Periodic Table
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In the 1860s, Russian Dmitri Mendeleev developed an approach for organizing the elements while playing the card game solitaire.
Mendeleev's Periodic Table
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Mendeleev made a “deck of cards” of the elements, listing an element’s name, mass, and properties on each card. When Mendeleev lined up the cards in order of increasing mass, a pattern emerged. The key was to break the elements into rows.
Mendeleev's Periodic Table
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Arrangement of the Periodic Table
• Today, elements are arranged by increasing atomic number (number of protons & electrons).
• Each row in the table of elements is a period. (Period # = # of energy levels)
• Each column in the periodic table is called a group. (Group # = # of valence electrons)
– similar electron configurations
– similar chemical properties
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Classes of Elements• Three different ways to classify elements:
• State of Matter (Look @ the color the element’s symbol is written in)
• solid—black symbol
• liquid—purple symbol
• gas—red symbol
• Occurrence in nature• elements that do not occur naturally—white symbol.
• General properties• metal—blue background
• nonmetal—yellow background
• metalloid—green background
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Metals• majority of the elements on the
periodic table
• good conductors of electric current and heat• Except for mercury, metals are solids at room
temperature.
• Most metals are malleable.
• Many metals are ductile; that is, they can be drawn into thin wires.
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Transition Metals•metals in groups 3 through
12
• form a bridge between the elements on the left and right sides of the table
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Nonmetals• generally have properties
opposite to those of metals• are poor conductors of heat and electric
current.
• Nonmetals have low boiling points–many nonmetals are gases at room temperature.
• Nonmetals that are solids at room temperature tend to be brittle.
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Metalloids• Located between metals and nonmetals
• properties that fall between those of metals and nonmetals– a metalloid’s ability to conduct electric current
varies with temperature
• Ex: Silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge) are good insulators at low temperatures and good conductors at high temperatures.
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Questions…(Answer on your notes)
1. What are the three categories we use to classify elements on the periodic table?
2. What is a row of the periodic table called?
3. What is a column called?
4. What is the group name for elements in groups 3 through 12?
5. What are the differences between metals and nonmetals?