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Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of E. coli and Salmonella Isolates from
Zagazig abattoir
Ehab Nabawy 1, Ahmed E. Tharwat 2 and Waleed Rizk EL-Ghareeb 2,3
1 Department of Veterinary public health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig
University, 44511, Egypt
2 Department of Food control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511,
Egypt
3Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Husbandry, Collegeof Veterinary
Medicine,King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
Corresponding author: Dr. Waleed R. El-Ghareeb, [email protected]
Abstract
The effect of abattoir environment on the level of carcasses contamination was studied, this
task was achieved after collection of 130 samples from Zagazig abattoir represented by
hundred swabs of abattoir walls, abattoir floors, knives, worker’s hand, cattle and camel
carcass surfaces. In addition to thirty water samples collected from the input water, carcass
washing water, wastewater (10 of each). The prevalence of Escherichia coli (E.coli) was 60,
100, 30, 30, 00, 60, 100, 30, 70, 40, 60, 20, and 30%. Meanwhile the prevalence of
Salmonella was 40, 70, 10, 00,00, 30, 80, 10, 40, 00, 20, 00, 10% in examined walls, floors,
knives, worker’s hand, input water, washing water, waste water, cattle thigh, cattle shoulder,
buffalo thigh, buffalo shoulder, camel thigh and camel shoulder, respectively.
Enterohemorrhagic E.coli O26:H11 15/130 (11.53%) and Salmonella typhimurium 9/130
(6.92%) were predominant species among examined samples. Hundred percentage of isolated
E.coli was resistant to penicillin and sensitivity was (77.8%) and (92%) for ciprofloxacin and
gentamicin. Salmonella species showed 100% resistance to streptomycin and sensitivity was
(77.4%) and (93.5%) for ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. Both of E.coli and Salmonella
isolates showed multi antibiotic resistant (MAR). The public health importance of isolates
was discussed.
Key words: Abattoir, carcasses, E.coli, Salmonella, Prevalence, Antibiotic, resistance.
1- Introduction:
Abattoir is the only authorized place in which slaughtering and processing of food
animals take place. The abattoir environment contaminated with food poisoning
microorganisms such Escherichia coli and Salmonella from various sources. Fecal matter
was a great source of contamination and could reach food animal carcasses through direct
deposition, as well as indirect contact with contaminated utensils, workers, installations and
air (Borch and Arinder, 2002). The poor hygienic measures adopted have been linked to
sustained bacterial levels (Soliman et al., 2009). Escherichia coli is considered as one of the
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occurring facultative anaerobe of both man and warm-blooded mammals and considered an
indicator of faecal contamination in food and water; however, several E. coli clones have the
capability to cause diseases within the intestinal lumen and in other system of the host. The
pathogenic E.coli could be differentiated into six pathotypes, including Shiga toxin producing
E. coli, , enteroaggregative E. coli, enterotoxigenic E. coli, enteroinvasive E. coli,
enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and diffusively adherent E. coli (Nataro and Kaper, 1998).
E. coli has the ability to gain, conserve, transmit resistance genes, and transmit antibiotic
resistance from other bacteria in the environment (Zhao et al., 2012). Multiple steps along
the meat production chain responsible for contamination with Salmonella, which includes
production, distribution, processing, retail butchering, handling and preparation. Salmonella
causes an estimated 1.3 billion cases of acute gastroenteritis and 3 million deaths annually
worldwide. Moreover, ingestion of fifteen to twenty cells can be induce infection with
Salmonella depending on factors such strain as well as the health of the host (Vollenhofer et
al., 2007). A well-planned, controlled cleaning and sanitation program inside abattoir is very
important to obtain the required hygienic level. The main objective of the current study was
to estimate prevalence of antibiotic resustant E.coli and salmonella at Zagazig abattoir,
Sharkia Province, Egypt.
2- Materials and methods:
2.1. Sampling:
One hundred and thirty samples from Zagazig abattoir represented by seventy swabs
of [abattoir walls, abattoir floors, knives, worker’s hand, cattle carcass surfaces (thigh and
shoulder), buffalo carcass surfaces (thigh and shoulder) , camel carcass surfaces (thigh and
shoulder)] ten of each. In addition to thirty water samples collected from (input water, carcass
washing water, waste water). The samples were transported immediately to the laboratory of
meat hygiene, Faculty of veterinary medicine Zagazig University, Egypt.
The swab samples collected from moist area, but in dry cases, the swabs were
moistened in buffered peptone water (BPW) before sampling. Two swabs were used in the
same area in order to better recovery of the microorganisms. Water sampling was carried out
according to recommendation of APHA (1989).
2.2. Isolation and identification of Escherchia coli:
The isolation of E. coli from swabs of carcass surface, floors, walls, knives, and
worker’s hands by obtaining of one ml after a good shaking of the swab then, pre-enriched
in 9 ml of buffered peptone water 1%, then incubated at 37℃ for 6 hours according to Quinn
et al. (1994). Water samples were prepared and pre- enriched as recommended by
Karuniawati (2001). Twenty five ml of each sample was mixed with 225 ml of pre- enriched
broth and incubated at 37◦ C for 6 hours. One ml from pre-enrichment broth was transferred
to 10 ml MacConkey broth and incubated at 37 ºC for 24 hours.A loopful from each of
incubated MacConkey broth was streaked on Eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar and
incubated at 37oC for 18-24 hours. Suspected small green fluorescence colonies and all other
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colonies were picked up, streaked onto nutrient agar slopes and incubated at 37oC for 18-24
hours, then preserved in the refrigerator for further identification. The pure suspected cultures
on nutrient agar slopes were subjected for biochemical identification according to Koneman
et al. (1997). The isolates were serologically identified according to Kok et al. (1996) by
using rapid diagnostic E.coli antisera sets (DENKA SEIKEN Co., Japan) for diagnosis of the
Enteropathogenic types.
2.3. Isolation and identification Salmonella: (according to ISO 6579, 2002).
Five ml after a good shaking of the swab or was pre-enriched in 45 ml of buffered
peptone water 1% and twenty 25 ml of water sample was pre-enriched in 225 ml of buffered
peptone water 1%, then incubated at 37o C for 18 h ± 2h. 0.1 ml of pre enrichment broth was
transferred into a tube containing 10 ml of Rappaport Vassiliadis with soya (RVS broth ) and
incubated at 41.5oC± 1oc for 24h ±3h. A loopful from RVS broth were streaked on XLD
plates agar ,incubated at 37 ± 1oC and examined after 24h ± 3h , for presence of suspected
colonies of Salmonella which have a black center and lightly transparent zone of reddish
color. The suspected colonies were picked up and purified on trypticase soya agar for further
identification. The suspected isolates of Salmonella organisms were identified according to
MacFaddin (2000). Serological identification of Salmonellae was carried out according to
Kauffman – White scheme (Kauffman, 1974) for the determination of Somatic (O) and
flagellar (H) antigens using Salmonella antiserum (DENKA SEIKEN Co., Japan).
2.4. Antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli and Salmonella
Antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli and Salmonella were tested by the single
diffusion method according to Mary and Usha (2013). Sensitivity discs with variable
concentrations were used to determine the susceptibility of the isolated strains (Oxoid
Limited, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK). Agar plate method was used for growth of the tested
bacterium for its antibiotic sensitivity. The bacterial culture was uniformly spread on the
surface of nutrient agar. Then the antibiotic discs were sited over the surface of inoculated
plate. Then, plates incubated at suitable temperature (25 C) for 2-7 days and checked for the
growth of the bacterium around the antibiotic discs. The maximal inhibition zone for the
growth of microbe is said to that antibiotic had a maximum effect on the microbe growth.
Therefore, the antimicrobial susceptibility testing was applied according to the guidelines
stipulated by National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS, 2001). The
tested strains were evaluated as susceptible, intermediate and resistant. Multiple Antibiotic
Resistances (MAR) index for each strain was determined according to the formula stipulated
by Singh et al. (2012) as follow: MAR index= No. of resistance (Isolates classified as
intermediate were considered sensitive for MAR index) / Total No. of tested antibiotics.
3- Results and discussion:
Esherchia coli may contaminate abattoir environment and carcasses from different
sources, including animal skin, bowel rupture during evisceration, indirect contamination
with contaminated water and handling. The data in table (1) declared that the prevalence of
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E.coli was 60, 100, 30, 30,00, 60, 100, 30, 70, 40, 60, 20, 30% in examined walls, floors,
knives, worker’s hand,input water, washing water, waste water, cattle thigh, cattle shoulder,
buffalo thigh, buffalo shoulder, camel thigh and camel shoulder, respectively. Lower
isolation rate for E.coli from abattoir floors were 16.72% in Istunbul (Gun et al. 2003); 5.3 -
13.3% in USA (Rivera-Betancourt et al., 2004); 33.3% in Jigjiga twon abattoir, Ethiopia
(Ayalew et al., 2015). The isolation rate of E.coli from knives nearly similar to Gun et al.
(2003) and El-Atabany (2015) where they detected as 33.3% and 29.6% in Istunbul and
Egypt, respectively. Higher findings 83% and 50% were detected by Castaras et al. (1973)
and Wahba (2006). Esherchia coli was isolated from workers hand swabs (4-100%) at
different abattoirs (Wit and Kampelmacher 1981); (33.3%) detected in Istunbul (Gun et al.
2003); 60% from Giza abattoir (Wahba, 2006); and 33.3% from Sharkia abattoirs, Egypt (El-
Atabany, 2015). Regarding to input water, the obtained results coincide to the finding of
Gun et al. (2003) who could not detect E.coli in water samples in Istunbul abattoir. On
contrary Mersha et al (2010) and Çekani et al. (2011) reported that the occurrence of E.coli
in water samples from Ethiopian abattoir was (4.2%) and in Albania abattoir was (29%).
Table (1) Prevalence and serotyping of E.coli isolated from abattoir environment and
carcasses surfaces (n= 10 for each)
Investigated
samples
Prevalence Serotypes
EHEC EPEC ETEC IEC
O26:H11 O103 O111:H2 O119:H6 O55:H7 O113:H4 O91:H21 O127:H6 O124
Walls 6 (60%) 2 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
Floors 10 (100%) 3 1 0 2 1 0 1 1 1
Knives 3 (30%) 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Worker’s
hand
3 (30%) 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Input water 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Washing
water
6(60%) 2 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 0
Waste water 10(100%) 3 1 2 2 0 0 1 0 1
Cattle thigh 3(30%) 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
Cattle breast 7(70%) 2 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
Buffalo thigh 4(40%) 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 0
Buffalo
shoulder
6(60%) 1 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 1
Camel thigh 2(20%) 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Camel
shoulder
3(30%) 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0
Total 63(48.46%) 15 10 6 8 7 5 5 2 5
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Table (2) Antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli strains isolated from abattoir
environment and carcasses surfaces (n= 63)
Antimicrobial agent Sensitive Intermediate Resistant
Penicillin (P) - - 63 (100%)
Erythromycin (E) 2(3.2%) 5 (7.9%) 56 (88.9%)
Oxytetracycline (T) 7 (11.1%) 2 (3.2%) 54 (85.7%)
Nalidixic acid (NA) 4 (6.3%) 7 (11.1%) 52 (82.6%)
Ampicillin (AM) - 14 (22.2%) 49 (77.8%)
Sulphamethoxazol (SXT) 6 (9.5%) 10 (15.9%) 47 (74.6%)
Cephalotin (CN) 7 (11.1%) 14 (22.2%) 42 (66.7%)
Enrofloxacin (EN) 13 (20.6%) 10 (15.9%) 40(63.5%)
Oxacillin (OX) 22 (34.9%) 6 (9.5%) 35 (55.6%)
Neomycin (N) 31 (49.2%) 7 (11.1%) 25 (39.9%)
Chloramphenicol (C) 38 (60.3%) 8 (12.7%) 17 (27%)
Kanamycin (K) 39(61.9%) 9 (14.3%) 15 (23.8%)
Ciprofloxacin (CP) 49 (77.8%) 3 (4.8%) 11 (17.4%)
Gentamicin (G) 58 (92.0 %) 3 (4.8%) 2 (3.2%)
Esherchia coli was previously detected from carcass surfaces (20-70%) from Giza
abattoir; (80%) from EL- Gharbia and Alexandria abattoirs (El-Bassiouny and Samaha
1991); (5%) from Belgian abattoirs( Korsak et al., 1998); (44%) from USA (Stragusa et al.,
1998); (0.45%) from Australia; (0.4%) from Japan (Sakuraba et al., 1999); (17.2%) from
El-Moneeb abattoir, Egypt (Hassouba 2000); (10.3%) from Australia (Phillips et al., 2001);
(8%) from Egypt (Ahmed, 2003); (1.86%) from UK; (33.3 - 60%) from Giza abattoir
(Wahba, 2006); (8%) from cairo abattoir (Sabik, 2011) and 29.6 % from Zagazig abattoirs
(El-Atabany, 2015). Prevalence varuation of E.coli may be due to different hygienic
measures adopted at abattoirs, in addition to differences in times of sample collection.
Ismail (2015) identified E.coli O26, O111 and O119 with a percent of 10%, each from
examined knives samples from Menofia abattoir. Similarly, Ahmed (2003) identified E.coli
O111, O26, O119, O44 from surface of bufflo carcasses. Moreover, E.coli O86, O124, O55, O128
and O26 serovores were recorded by Saad et al. (2011) from random swab samples collected
from cattle, camel and sheep carcasse surfaces at Cairo and Qalyubia abattoirs. Also, our
results are coincided with Salama (2013) and Mohammed (2015).
From Table (3), the results were in same line with Wu et al. (2014) who found
tetracycline and nalidixic acid resistance were (84.4%) and (74.1%) in china. This result
came different to other previous studies performed by Rahman et al. (2017) who found that
the highest resistance was against Oxytetracycline (92%) followed by Sulphonamide-
trimethoprim (84%), Amoxycillin (76%), Erythromycin (60%) for E.coli. On the other hand ,
the isolates obtained by Rao et al. (2011) & Hemeg et al. (2018) were 100% Penicillin
resistant while Gentamycin were the lowest resistance percentage (6.7%).
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Table (3) Antibiotic resistance pattern and MAR index of E.coli isolated from abattoir
environment and carcasses surfaces (n= 63)
Resistance
pattern
Resistance profile Number
of isolates
Number of
antibiotics
MAR
I. P, E, T, NA, AM, SXT, CN, EN, OX, N, C,
K, CP, G
2 14 1
II. P, E, T, NA, AM, SXT, CN, EN, OX, N, C,
K, CP
9 13 0.92
III. P, E, T, NA, AM, SXT, CN, EN, OX, N, C, K 4 12 0.85
IV. P, E, T, NA, AM, SXT, CN, EN, OX, N, C 2 11 0.78
V. P, E, T, NA, AM, SXT, CN, EN, OX, N 8 10 0.714
VI. P, E, T, NA, AM, SXT, CN, EN, OX 10 9 0.642
VII. P, E, T, NA, AM, SXT, CN, EN 5 8 0.571
VIII. P, E, T, NA, AM, SXT, CN 2 7 0.5
IX. P, E, T, NA, AM, SXT 5 6 0.428
X. P, E, T, NA, AM 2 5 0.357
XI. P, E, T, NA 3 4 0.285
XII. P, E, T 2 3 0.21
XIII. P, E 2 2 0.142
XIV. P 7 1 0.071
The multi antimicrobial resistance (MAR) index ranged from 0.071 to 1. Moreover,
2/63 (3.2%) of examined E. coli resist all tested antibiotics 49/63 (77.8%) resist five
antibiotics or more as shown in table (3). Multiple antibiotic resistant patterns showed 56/63
(88.88%) of the isolates were resistant to the three or more antimicrobials. The proportion of
the isolates with MAR index higher than 0.2 is 88.88%, and lower than 0.2 is 11.12%. The
MAR index value higher than 0.2 indicates high-risk sources of contamination, where several
antibiotics may often use for the control of diseases (Chitanand et al., 2010). The higher
resistance of E. coli isolates, attributed to the misuse of antibiotics for therapeutic or wide use
as growth promotors in farm animals.
Salmonella is one of the major foodborne pathogens causing gastroenteritis in humans and
infection has been associated with many different food types including beef and beef
products (Smerdon et al., 2001). In the present study, the percentage of samples in which
Salmonella was detected was high in the abattoir environment, abattoir personnel and carcass
surfaces. Table (4) showed that the prevalence of Salmonella was 40, 70, 10, 0, 0, 30, 80, 10,
40, 0, 20, 0 and 10% in examined walls, floors, knives, worker’s hand, washing water, waste
water, cattle thigh, cattle shoulder, buffalo thigh, buffalo shoulder, camel thigh and camel
shoulder, respectively. The input water and workers hand swabs were free from Salmonella
and this were parallel with Akafete and Negussie (2011).
The proportion of Salmonella isolates from carcass surfaces in this study indicated
higher carcasses contamination rates, while lower isolation rates as 9.8% (Nyeleti et al.,
2000), 1.3% (Bacon et al., 2002), 2.8% (Alemayehu et al., 2003), 7.6% (McEvoy et al.,
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2003), 2% (Fegan et al., 2005), and 2 % (Sibhat et al., 2011). These differences could be
partly attributed to differences in sampling, abattoir facilities, culturing techniques and
hygienic standards maintained by the particular abattoirs. The presence of even slight
numbers of Salmonella in carcass surfaces could lead to contamination of meat and other
meat products. Nearly similar finding obtained by Wahba (2006) who detected Salmonella in
examined carcass surfaces fore quarter, hind quarter and brisket were 20%, 20% and 15%,
respectively and Woldemariam et al. (2005) who they detected Salmonella (7.5%) on the
carcass surface at Dedrazeit abattoir, Ethiopia. In general, shoulder swabs harbour a higher
proportion of salmonella than thigh. This finding coincide with McEvoy et al. (2000) proved
that the shoulder site was the most contaminated area regardless of the hygienic condition.
Table (4) Prevalence and serotyping of Salmonella isolated from abattoir environment
and carcasses surfaces (n= 10 for each).
The identified Salmonella species were S. tyhimurium (6.9%), S. entertidis ( 3.8%), S.
infantis (3.8%) S. virchow (1.5%), S. heideberg (3%), S. paratyphi A (2.3%) and S.haifa
(2.3%). Nearly similar findings were obtained by (Al-Dughaym and Yassien, 2001).
The variations in the incidence rates of Salmonella throughout the previous studies
can partly be explained by differences in the environmental temperatures, animal rearing
densities, husbandry technologies and slaughtering processes across different countries.
In this study, as shown in table (5) the rate of resistance against streptomycin was
100%, 93.55% for erythromycin, cefotaxim (80.6%), nalidixic acid (64.5%),
sulphamethoxazol (61.3%), chloramphenicol (58.1%) and amikacin (54.8%). On contrary the
Investigated
samples
Prevalence
Serotypes
S.tyhimurium S.entertidis S.infantis S.virchow S.heideberg S.paratyphi A S.haifa
Walls 4(40%) 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
Floors 7(70%) 1 2 0 1 0 2 1
Knives 1(10%) 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
worker’s hand 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Input water 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Washing
water
3(30%) 2 0 1 0 0 0 0
Waste water 8(80%) 3 1 2 0 1 1 0
Cattle thigh 1(10%) 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Cattle breast 4(40%) 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
Buffalo thigh 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Buffalo
shoulder
2(20%) 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
Camel thigh 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Camel
shoulder
1(10%) 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Total 31(23.8%) 9 5 5 2 4 3 3
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sensitivity was 93.5% for gentamicin, (77.4%) ciprofloxacin, (58.1%) ampicillin and 76.7%
for kanamycin.
Table (5) Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella strains isolated from abattoir
environment and carcasses surfaces (n= 31)
Antimicrobial agent Sensitive Intermediate Resistant
Streptomycin (S) - - 31 (100%)
Erythromycin (E) - 2 (6.45%) 29 (93.55%)
Cefotaxim (CF) 1 (3.2%) 5 (16.1%) 25 (80.6%)
Nalidixic acid (NA) 3 (9.7%) 8 (25.8%) 20 (64.5%)
Sulphamethoxazol (SXT) 7(22.6%) 5 (16.1%) 19 (61.3%)
Chloramphenicol (C) 9 (29%) 4 (12.9%) 18 (85.1%)
Amikacin (AK) 11 (35.5%) 3 (9.7%) 17 (54.8%)
Cephalothin (CN) 12 (38.7%) 6 (19.4%) 13(41.9%)
Tetracycline (T) 16 (51.6%) 3 (9.7%) 12 (38.7%)
Neomycin (N) 15 (48.4%) 5 (16.1%) 11 (35.5%)
Kanamycin (K) 21 (67.7%) - 10 (32.3%)
Ampicillin (AM) 18(58.1%) 4(12.9%) 9(29%)
Ciprofloxacin (CP) 24 (77.4%) 4 (12.9%) 3 (9.7%)
Gentamicin (G) 29 (93.5 %) - 2 (6.5%)
The findings to some extent could be comparable with Esaki et al. (2004) who
isolated Salmonella from food-producing animals samples and tested for antimicrobial
susceptibility. Molla and Zewdu, (2004 ) reported that isolates of Salmonella from food
items and personnel from Addis Ababa were resistant to commonly used antibiotics including
streptomycin, ampicillin and tetracycline and susceptible to gentamicin; (Tesfaw et al., 2013)
who found 83.3, 50, 16.7, and 16.7% of Salmonella isolates were resistant to tetracycline,
ampicillin, amoxicillin, and chloramphenicol, respectively. However, all the isolates were
susceptible to gentamicin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole.
Nearly similar findings for Salmonella species isolated from abattoir in Adama town,
Oromia, Ethiopia (Abunna et al., 2018) who found that all isolates were 100%, 81.8% and
81.8% sensitive to gentamicin, kanamycin, sulphamethazole and trimethoprim, respectively.
On the other hand, the isolates were 72.7%, 63.6%, and 54.5% resistant to streptomycin,
cefotaxim and ampicillin.
The data illustrated in table (6) showed that 61.3 % of Salmonella isolates displayed
five or more antimicrobial resistant. Furthermore, multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index
of isolated Salmonella species ranged from 0.071 to 1.
Salmonella typhimurium and S. infantis are serotypes frequently isolated from food-
producing animals and food poisoning cases in Japan. With the antibiotic resistance genes
integrated in the chromosome, most isolates show multi antibiotic resistance to five drugs
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(Threlfall et al., 1994). Moreover, 40.7% of S. typhimurium isolates and was more often
multi-drug resistant during Japanese veterinary antimicrobial resistance monitoring program
(Esaki et al., 2004).
Table (6) Antibiotic resistance pattern and MAR index of Salmonella isolated from
abattoir environment and carcasses surfaces (n= 31)
Resi
stance
pattern
Resistance profile Number of
isolates
Number of
antibiotics
MAR
I. S, E, CF, NA, SXT, C, AK, CN, T, N, K,
AM, CP, G
2 14 1
II. S, E, CF, NA, SXT, C, AK, CN, T, N, K,
AM, CP
1 13 0.92
III. S, E, CF, NA, SXT, C, AK, CN, T, N, K, AM 6 12 0.85
IV. S, E, CF, NA, SXT, C, AK, CN, T, N, K 1 11 0.78
V. S, E, CF, NA, SXT, C, AK, CN, T, N 1 10 0.714
S, E, CF, NA, SXT, C, AK, CN, T 1 9 0.642
S, E, CF, NA, SXT, C, AK, CN 1 8 0.571
S, E, CF, NA, SXT, C, AK 4 7 0.5
S, E, CF, NA, SXT, C 1 6 0.428
S, E, CF, NA, SXT 1 5 0.357
S, E, CF, NA 1 4 0.285
S, E, CF 5 3 0.21
S, E 4 2 0.142
S 2 1 0.071
The findings were comparable to Tesfaw et al. (2013) who found that 50% of
Salmonella isolates were multiple antimicrobial resistant and also Abunna et al. (2018) who
found that 54.5% were multiple antimicrobial resistant.
The variation in the MAR index could be attributed to differences in the sources of
samples; geographic distribution, which has differential selective pressures for the antibiotic
resistance levels; and test methodologies.
The MAR index results higher than 0.2 could be due to contamination from high-risk
sources, such as farm animals frequently exposed to antibiotics, resulting in potential risk to
consumers. The high MAR in the current study indicated that the isolates originated from
high-risk source samples; therefore, monitoring of antimicrobial resistance is essential to
identify the effectiveness of new generations of antibiotics and to ensure the safety of meat.
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اإليشيريشيا كوالى والسالمونيال فى مسلخ الزقازيق ونمط المقاومة للمضادات الحيوية لمعزوالتمدى إنتشار
إيهاب نبوى1 ،أحمد السيد ثروت 2، وليد رزق الغريب3،2
1 قسم الصحة العامة البيطرية، كلية الطب البيطرى، جامعة الزقازيق.
2 قسم مراقبة األغذية، كلية الطب البيطرى، جامعة الزقازيق.
3 قسم الصحة العامة البيطرية ورعاية الحيوان، كلية الطب البيطري، جامعة الملك فيصل
فى هذه الدراسة تم الربط بين مدى تلوث بيئة المسلخ مع تلوث أسطح الذبائح ومن أجل تحقيق ذلك تم تجميع عدد مائة
ن مسلخ الزقازيق وتمثلت العينات بمسحات من حوائط وأرضيات المسلخ والسكاكين وأيدى العاملين وأفخاذ وثالثين عينة م
وكتف ذبائح كل من األبقار و الجاموس واإلبل. وتم أيضا تجميع عينات من مياه الصنابير والمياه الناتجة عن غسل الذبائح
60و0%و % 30%و30%و 100%و60يريشيا كوالى منعينات من كل نوع(. وقد تم عزل اإليش 10ومياه الصرف )
00%و 10% و70% و 40% كما تم عزل السالمونيال من 20و 40% و%60% و40% و70%و 30% و100%و
% لكل من حوائط وأرضيات المسلخ والسكاكين 10%و00%و20%و00%و40% و 10% و80%و 30%و 00%و
وس واألبل، و مياه الصنابير والمياه الناتجة عن غسل الذبائح ومياه وأيدى العاملين وأفخاذ وكتف ذبائح األبقار و الجام
نتشارا بين عزالت اإليشيريشيا اأكثر األنواع O26:H126الصرف، على الترتيب. ووجد أن اإليشيرشيا كوالى النزفية
(. بالنسبة لمقاومة %6.92%(وأن السالمونيال تيفيميوريم هى األكثر انتشارا بين عزالت السالمونيال )11.53كوالى )
% من العزالت مقاومة للبنسيلين بينما كانت تلك العزالت حساسة 100اإليشيريشيا كوالى للمضادات الحيوية وجد أن
% . كما تبين أن عزالت السالمونيال قاومت األستربتومايسين بنسبة 92%و 77.8للسيبروفلوكساسين والجنتاميسين بنسبة
% للسيبروفلوكساسين والجنتاميسين. وتيبن من الدراسة أن 93.5%و 77.4اسية % يبنما كانت نسبة الحس100
اإليشريشيا كوالى والسالمونيال المعزولة من المسلخ لها القدرة على مقاومة العديد من المضادات الحيوية مما يشير إلى
خطورة هذه الميكروبات على الصحة العامة عند التعرض للعدوى.
المسلخ، الذبائح، االي كوالي، السالمونيال، انتشار، المضادات الحيوية، المقاومة. :المفتاحيةالكلمات