Download - 6. kory _ii
![Page 1: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Koryŏ II
Foreign Invasions &
Shatter of Domestic Tranquility
![Page 2: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Koryŏ Foreign Relations
• Khitan Liao (907-1125) • Jurchen Jin [Chin] dynasty (1115-1234)• Chinese Song dynasty (960-1126)• Southern Song dynasty (1127-1279)
![Page 3: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Liao
KORYO
Song
Chin
![Page 4: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Invasions of Kithan (Liao)
– Established the state of Liao (946)– Claimed to be the heirs of Koguryŏ– In 993, demanding the return of Koguryŏ’s
territory => invaded Koryŏ• General Sŏ Hui convinced the Liao => Koryŏ
is descendents of Koguryŏ– In 1010: Invaded with 400,000 troops =>failed– In 1018: Invaded with 100,000 troops => failed– Koryŏ – Song China (960-1279) – Liao:
balanced relationship
![Page 5: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
KORYO
Liao Jurchen
![Page 6: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Invasion of Jurchen (Jin)- Jurchen (malgal) united tribes => the state of Jin
- In 1125, Jin destroyed Liao Þ claimed Koguryŏ’s ancestryÞ demanding tributary relationshipÞ Koryŏ government acceptedÞ disconnected with Song China
![Page 7: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Jin (Jurchen)_
KORYO
![Page 9: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Tripitaka Koreana (Koryŏ Tripitaka)• Buddhist scriptural canon• 1087: first carving in response to
Khitan invasions– destroyed in 13th C. Mongol
invasions• 1251: new edition completed
– Currently located at Haeinsa temple
– Considered finest of twenty versions originating in East Asia for accuracy, beauty, and carving
Additional info @• http://www.ocp.go.kr/english/treasure/dom_hae.html
![Page 10: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Koryŏ Tripitaka
![Page 11: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Myochŏng• His suggestions to the Injong– Suggested to move the capital to P’yŏngyang
(geomancy) => getting away from the powerful clans in the capital
– To attack the state of Jin– Injong to declare himself emperor
![Page 12: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Jin
Koryo
P’yŏngyang
Kaesong
![Page 13: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• Kim Pusik and Kaegyŏngs hereditary aristocrats disapproval
• Myoch’ ŏng revolts in 1135– Established the state of Taewi in P’yongyang– Defeated by government forces in 1136
![Page 14: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Military Rule• Koryŏ was a society dominated by a civil
aristocracy• A son of a powerful civil official burnt Chŏng
Chungbu’s long beard • 1170 military coup led by Chŏng Chungbu– Extensive purge of civil officials– Support from retainers and house slaves– 1170-1196:instability => • center: generals plotted against each other• Local: peasants and slaves revolt
![Page 15: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• Ch’oe Ch’unghŏn (Presentation)
![Page 16: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Ch’oe Ch’unghŏn• Seized power in 1196 => stability– Dissatisfaction with King Myŏngjong (1170-1197)• Corruption => direct control over local
institutions• Inferior officials => selected civil officials by the
civil exam, attracted intellectuals• Interference of Buddhism in politics => broke
the power
![Page 17: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
- Rule by Ch’oe familiy (1196-1258)
• Stabilized government• Set the effective institutions that secured their
power• Office of Decree Enactment (Kyojŏng togam): real
locus of power, highest administrative organ• Power to collect taxes• Investigate wrongdoings by officials
![Page 18: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Peasant Rebellions
- 8 peasant rebellions: 1199, 1200, 1202 1202-1204, 1203, 1208, 1217, 1217
- Economic causes- Rise of some commoners and slaves- Political discontent- Breakdown in local government- Manjŏk: slave revolt => failed (1198)
![Page 19: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Manjŏk- “Since the 1170 coup and the 1173
countercoup, the nation has witnessed many high officials rising from humble status, How could these generals and ministers be different from us in origin? If one has the opportunity, anyone can make it. Why should we suffer and toil under the whip?”
(Manjŏk, 1198)
![Page 20: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Koryŏ III
Koryŏ under Mongol Domination
![Page 21: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Koryŏ Foreign Relations
• Khitan Liao (907-1125) • Jurchen Jin [Chin] dynasty (1115-1234)• Chinese Song dynasty (960-1126)• Southern Song dynasty (1127-1279)
• Mongol Yuan (1206-1368)
![Page 22: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Jin (Jurchen)_
KORYO
![Page 23: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Mongol Warriors
![Page 24: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Mongol (Yuan) (1206-1368) Genghis Khan (ca. 1162-1227): grandson Khubilai Khan (1215-1294)
![Page 26: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The Mongol Empires c. 1280
![Page 27: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The Mongol Empires 1287
![Page 28: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Khublai Khan
![Page 32: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Mongol clothing
![Page 33: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Mongol Invasions1231-1270
– 7 times from 1231 to 1270
– Subjugate Khitans and demanded tribute from Koryŏ
=> Koryŏ refused and killed the mongol envoys
=> invaded in 1231
– In 1232, the military government declared all –out
resistance => moved to Kanghwa Island
![Page 34: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Two capitals, Kaesŏng, P’yŏngyang
![Page 35: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Kanghwa Palace Remains(escape by royal family and Ch’oe family)
![Page 36: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Ship found near Sinan: Remains and Reconstruction
![Page 37: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
14th century hand cannon
![Page 38: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Restoration of Cannon Works
![Page 39: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
– Land destruction was devastating
– Kim Chun overthrew Ch’oe government seeking the
peace with Mongol in 1258
– In 1270, moved back to Kaegyŏng and surrendered
– Sambyŏlch’o (Three Elite Patrols: Ch’oe clan
controlled military forces) resisted until 1273
Mongol Invasions1231-1270
![Page 42: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Mongol Invasions1270-1356
• “son-in-law” nation• Koryŏ monarchy (ch’ung/loyalty in reign title)• visits to Mongol court• jurisdiction over Koreans in Manchuria• 1274 and 1281 expeditions against Japan• tribute payments (including gold, grains, 12-15
years of girls, and hunting hawks)
![Page 43: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Peace under Mongols- King Wŏnjong (r. 1259-74)- Ch’ungnyŏl (r. 1274-1308)- Ch’ungsŏn (r. 1308-13)- Ch’ungsuk (r. 1313-30, 1332-39)- Ch’unghye (r. 1330-32, 1339-44)- Ch’ungmok (r. 1344-48)- Ch’ungjŏng (r. 1348-51)
![Page 44: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
–King Ch’ungnyŏl (r. 1274-1308) married a daughter of the Yuan Emperor–Koryŏ kings had princesses of the Yuan imperial
house as their primary consorts => sons of these queens usually succeeded to the throne–Crown princes resided in Beijing as hostages until
they ascending to the throne– The organs of government were renamed => less
prestige
Mongol Invasions1270-1356
![Page 45: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
–Koryŏ became a member of one of the world’s most cosmopolitan societies• Opportunities of travelling• Opportunity for social advancement => marriage alliance with Mongols•Many Korean adopted Mongol clothing
and hairstyles• Number of foreigners to Koryŏ => government officials, merchants
![Page 46: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Mongol Origins of Bridal Headdress
![Page 47: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Decline of Yuan– Base of two efforts to conquer Japan• Koryŏ shipbuilders, sailors, soldiers, fleets wee
used to invade Japan in 1274 => typhoon season => failed => kamikaze (divine wind)• Second invasion in 1281 => failed again
(typhoon)
– Mongol was indirect => the court and bureaucracy in Kaegyŏng continued to function
![Page 48: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
King Kongmin’s (r. 1351-1374) Reform
– In 1368, the Ming China established
=> drove out Yuan from Beijing
– Taking advantage of Yuan weakness and destroyed pro-
Mongol faction from the government.
- allied with Ming China (f. 1368)
- advised by monk Shin Ton (National Preceptor) who tried to
curb powerful families
![Page 49: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Kongmin and Noguk (?)Painting from Kongmin’s Spirit Shrine
![Page 50: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
King Kongmin (r. 1351-1374)
– Pursued an anti-Mongol and Pro-Ming policy– Abolished the Eastern Expedition Headquarters
(Mongol kept eye on Koryŏ)– Abolished Yuan commandery– The Ming recognized Kongmin as king => adopted
the Ming calendar, re-establish tributary relationship
![Page 51: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
A slave monk, Sin(Shin) Ton
– Birth name: P’yonjo. His mother was a slave– King Kongmin selected a slave monk, Sin Ton, as
his chief officer => redistribution of lands and slaves
– Sin Ton was exiled and killed
![Page 52: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
– Kongmin was assassinated
– Pro-Yuan vs. Pro-Ming– The Ming were suspicious of the new
administration
- Princess Noguk (wife of Kongmin)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W--jCGOY7cc6:13
![Page 53: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Mongol Origins of Bridal Headdress
![Page 54: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Policy of Accommodation• T’amna Commandery
(Cheju-do Island): supply post for horses in preparation for attack on Japan
![Page 55: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
- Koryo under Mongol- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W--jCGOY7cc- 6:13 Noguk princess and King Kongmin
- 14:20 5th year of King Kongmin- http://www.dramafever.com/drama/131/1/Shin_
Don/?ap=1
![Page 56: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Empress Ki, Chinese portrait
![Page 58: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Empress Ki, per Ki family
![Page 59: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Culture of Koryo
– Cotton and cotton clothing making
• Cotton seeds: Mun Ikchŏm in 1363
• Gunpowder and cannons: Ch’oe Musŏn learned the
formula from Chinese
– Papermaking and printing: the world’s first moveable
metal type
– Medicine texts
![Page 60: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
• General Ch’oe Yŏng became a military commander => mobilize the country for an attack on the Ming => sent Yi Sŏnggye
– Yi Sŏnggye opposed => turned back his army at Wihwa island => took power
– End of Koryŏ => Yi Sŏnggye: founder of Chosŏn in 1392
![Page 61: 6. kory _ii](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062523/587a38d61a28abdb1c8b62d3/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
The U-turn that Founded a Dynasty
• Yi stops at Wihwa Island – Submits 4-point memorial against the campaign – Memorial ignored
• Yi turns back and strikes Kaesông
• Yi declares the new dynasty of Chosôn in 1392
Kaesông
Wihwa-do