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630 US ISSN 0197-9310 March 1982
HITAHR . College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources· University of Hawaii
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Table of Contents
Page
Abstract 1I. Microbiostasis Induced
by Chemicals (Table 1) . . . . . . .. 1II. Microbiostasis Induced
by Natural Soil 2A. Soil Fungistasis (Table 2) 2B. Soil Actinostasis (Table 3) . . . .. 2C. Soil Bacteriostasis Cfable 4). . .. 3
III. Comparison of MicrobiostasisInduced by Chemicals andNatural Soil. 3
Table 1 4Table 2 25Table 3 .41Table 4 .42References .44
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This study was supported in part by agrant from the McIntire-Stennis Cooper-ative Forestry Research Program. I thankMr. Tsai-young Chuang for assistance.
AUTHOR
Wen-hsiung Ko is Professor, Departmentof Plant Pathology, University of Hawaii,Beaumont Agriculture Research Center,Hilo, Hawaii 96720.
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EFFECTS OF NUTRITIONAL FACTORS ON CHEMICAL
AND SOIL MICROBIOSTASIS
Wen-hsiung Ko
ABSTRACT
The majority of reports concerning the effects of nutritional factors on inhibition ofmicroorganisms dealt with the inactivation of antimicrobial agents, and only a few casesof enhancement of antimicrobial activity of chemicals by nutrients were documented.The effects of nutritional factors on fungistasis was most extensively studied among thethree types of soil microbiostasis, followed by bacteriostasis and antinostasis. Agar,sulfur-containing amino acids, vitamins, and mineral salts which are very effective ininactivating considerable numbers of antimicrobial agents are, in general, ineffectivein annulment of ~oil microbiostasis. These differences suggest that soil microbiostasisis not due to chemical inhibition.
" \
Key Words: carbohydrates, fungistasis, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins.
I. MICROBIOSTASIS INDUCED BYCHEMICALS (TABLE I)
The effects of nutritional factors oninhibition of microorganisms by chemi-cals was reported as early as 1913 (145).However, most information on this sub-ject has been obtained since 1940. Thegreat majority of reports dealt with theinactivation of antimicrobial agents, andonly a few cases of enhancement of anti-microbial activity of chemicals by nutri-ents were documented. Comparisons ofantimicrobial activity of chemicals in thepresence or absence of a nutritional factorhave been made by measuring (I) sporegermination or mycelial growth offungi (33,309); (2) minimum inhibitoryconcentration (229,256); (3) effective dosefor 50 percent response (EDso) (53,137);(4) cell growth of bacteria (21,81,208,296,298); (5) viability of fungal spores (263)and (6) oxygen consumption (14,306).Mechanisms by which nutrition
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Some of the nutritional factors werelisted in groups because of their similari-ties in chemical structure and function.When more than three microorganismswere used in the same tests, only thenumbers of microorganisms were indi-cated. Therefore, interested readers areurged to consult the original references fordetailed information.
II. MICROBIOSTASIS INDUCED BYNATURAL SOIL
Microorganisms including fungi, acti-nomycetes, and bacteria remain quiescentor decrease in number when they are intro-duced into natural soil (127,133). Suchmicrobiostasis is a general phenomenon ofnatural soil (133).
Tables 2-4 list the nutritional factorsthat are capable of decreasing or increasingsoil microbiostasis, and also the micro-organisms tested. Those nutrients shownto be ineffective are also included. Thegrouping of nutritional factors in thesetables is the same as that in Table I.
A. Soil Fungistasis (Table 2)
Although inability of fungi to multiplywhen added to soil was reported by Katz-nelson in 1940 (127), intensive research onsoil fungistasis started only after the reportby Dobbs and Hinson in 1953 (46). Inmicrobiostasis of soil, fungistasis has beeninvestigated most extensively, far /morethan have actinostasis and bacteriostasis.This probably is because most soil-borneplant diseases are caused by fungi, whichare the largest in size among the threegroups of microorganisms and, therefore,are the easiest to study.
Techniques for assaying the influenceof soil on germination of fungal propa-gules have been reviewed recently (160).To study the effect of nutritional factors onsoil fungi stasis, nutrients are usually
2
added to soil directly, or to agar discsplaced on soil or above soil (soil emana-tion), or, less frequently, added to- soilextracts. Since inhibition of spore germi-nation of most fungi in soil is complete,enhancement of fungistasis by nutrients isdifficult to detect unless insensitive fungiare used, or soils are made less fungistaticto provide partial germination of the testfungi. This, apparently, is one of thereasons why only very few examples offungistasis enhancement by nutrients havebeen reported (Table 2). Mechanisms con-cerning annulment of soil fungistasis bynutrients have been reviewed recently byLockwood (160).
B. Soil Actinostasis (Table 3)
Very few research works concerninginhibition of actinomycetes in soil havebeen reported even though it was noted asearly as 1940 by Katznelson (127) that acti-nomycetes introduced into soil did notincrease in number. For studying the effectof nutritional factors on actinostasis,nutrients were added to soil directly or toagar discs placed on soil. Percentage ofspore germination (159) or number ofpropagules (127) in soil, or colony size (30)in agar discs was measured afterincuba tion.
C. Soil Bacteriostasis (Table 4)
In 1909, Russell and Hutchinson (220)reported that the number of bacteria pergram of soil remained fairly constant innatural soil, whereas, in partially sterilizedsoil, bacteria multiplied rapidly. Thisphenomenon was subsequently shown byHutchinson and Theysen (108) in 1918 tobe due to lack of nutrients ~ather than thepresence of bacteriotoxins in soil. Sincethen, little research has been done on soilbacteriostasis until the report by Brown(30) in 1973 when the interes\ on this
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subject was revived. The effects of nutri-tional factors on soil bacteriostasis havebeen studied by adding nutrients to soil, toagar discs placed on soil, or to soil extractand measuring the number of propagulesin soil (220) or soil extract (108), or thecolony size in agar discs (30).
III. COMPARISON OF MICROBIO-STASIS INDUCED BY CHEMICALSAND NATURAL SOIL
Significant discoveries of the effects ofnutritional factors on microbiostasisinduced by chemicals incl ude the follow-ing: 1) Reversal of bacteriostasis action ofsulfanilamide against certain bacteria byp-aminobenzoic acid (295); 2) protectionof fungi against polyene antibiotics bysterols (78); 3) detoxification of antimi-crobial agents by the sulfur-containingamino acid, cysteine (53); 4) reversal ofactivity of antimicrobial compounds bymetals (307); 5) degradation of antibioticsby enzymes (203). Considerable numbersof antimicrobial agents were inactivatedby agar (Table 1). This deserves specialattention because agar media havefrequently been used in the assay of inhibi-tory substances. A solidifying agent withminimal effect on activity of antimiCrobialsubstances was found recently by Ho andKo (Phytopathology 70:764-766, 1980).
The following generalizations regardingreversal of soil microbiostasis by nutrientsmay be recognized:
1. Different species or different clones ofthe same species may have differentnutrient requirements for annulmentof soil microbiostasis.
2. Soil microbiostasis of a given micro-organism may be reversed by differentnutritional factors.
3. Mixtures and complex substancescontaining carbon sources in general
I
are very effective in reversing soil,microbiostasis, whereas inorganic
salts are mostly ineffective.4. Effectiveness of a nutritional factor
on soil microbiostasis of a micro-organism may be affected by the assaymethod used.
Although chemical and soil microbio-stasis share some common nutritionalfactors in the reversal of the inhibitoryactivity, the following important differ-ences may'be recognized:
1. Agar is very effective in inactivatingantimicrobial agents, but is usuallyless effective or ineffective in reversingsoil microbiostasis. In fact, agar discshave been used frequently in assayingsoil microbiostasis.
2. Detoxification of antimicrobialagents by sulfur-containing aminoacids, especially cysteine, is a well-known phenomenon in chemicalmicrobiostasis. However, these com-pounds are generally ineffective inannulment of soil microbiostasis.
3. Vitamins and related compounds arecapable of reversing a number of anti-microbial agents, but are mostlyineffective in reversing soil micro-biostasis.
4. Inactivation of antimicrobial agentsby mineral salts is a common phe-nomenon in chemical microbiostasis.However, these compounds are, ingeneral, ineffective in annulment ofsoil microbiostasis. As a matter offact, they are the common constitu-ents of soil.
These differences suggest that soilmicrobiostasis is not due to chemical inhi-bition. Reversal of soil microbiostasis canbe explained as the result of fulfillment ofnutritional requirements for germinationand growth rather than inactivation ofinhibitory substances in soil (133,138).
3
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TABLE 1. Effects of Nutritional Factors on Microbiostasis Induced by Chemicals
Nutritional factor Chemical affected Test microorganism Reference
I. Microbiostasis Decreased
Carbohydrates and Related Compounds
4
Glucose
Fructose
Xylose
Mannose
Sucrose
PyridinethioneBa(N03)2NH4C1,NaC1,CaC12,CuC 12,ZnC12,CoC1 2 ,CdC12,HgC1 2,NystatinNystatinEthylene thiuram
disulphide,Nabam,Dinocap,Triphenyltin acetate,6-Azauracil
Ethylene thiuramdisulphide
Pyridinethione
Ethylene thiuramdisulphide
Streptomycin,Griseofulvin,AureomycinAureomycinAureomycin
CaC12,CuC12,ZnC12,CoC12,HgC1 2,NystatinNystatin
\
Collectotrichum phomoidesMonilia sitophilaM. sitophila
Saccharomyces cerevisiaeCandida albicansAlternaria brassicicola
A. brassicicola
Collectotrichum phomoides
Alternaria brassicicola
Pythium ul timum
R.. irregulareStaphylococcus aureus
Monilia sitophila
Saccharomyces cerevisiaeCandida albicans
217145146
25625650
50
217
50
274
274112
146
256256
-
Czapek's mineral salts Alternaria solani 137Czapek's mineral salts Calonectria crotalariae 137Czapek's mineral salts Helminthosporium maydis 137
Maltose Nystatin Saccharomyces cerevisiae 256Nystatin Candida albicans 256
Lactose Pyridinethione Colletotrichum phomoides 217Nystatin Saccharomyces cerevisiae 256Nystatin Candida albicans 256KCl. Monilia sitophila 146NaClZnC12.CdC12
Trehalose. Ethylene thiuram Alternaria brassicicola 50Gentiobiose disulphide
Starch Aureomycin Staphylococcus~ 112NaCl. Monilia sitophila 146CaC12.FeC13.CoC12.CdC12.
Dextrin Aureomycin Staphylococcus aureus 112
Pectin. Aureomycin Colpoda cucullus 158Chondroitin,Gum,Pneumococcal poly-
saccharides
Heparin, Aureomycin, C. cuctillus 158Alginic acid Dihydrostreptomycin,
Chlo"romycetinTerramycin
Agar Polymyxin, Staphylococcus aureus 93Neomycin,Kanamycin,StreptomycinStreptomycin, S. aureus 112Aureomycin,
5
-
6
Glycerol
Thioglycerol
Thioglycolate
Chloromycetin,PenicillinNystatinNystatin8 Phenolic compoundsPhenolLaurylamine11 Fatty amines5-Diazouracil,1-Methyl-3-nitro-1-
nitrosoguanidineCetavlonCeeprynZephiran,Phemerol,CetamiumMethylaminoacridineProflavineOctyl alcohol,Diamyl sodium sulfo-
succinate,Dibutyl sodium sulfo-
succinate,Sodium stearate,Potassium stearateSodium ricinoleate,Glycerol monooleate,Sodium oleyl sulphate,Sodium oleate,LecithinCuS04CuS04CuS04Dithane M-45,Mertect,ZnC12'ZnS04A1C13,FeS04,Na2HAs04,NaC1,KC1,
LaurylaminePhenol
Captan
Clavacin,Penicillic acidHgC1 2 ,Allyl-2-propene-1-
thiosulfinate
Candida albicansSaccharomyces cerevisiaeStaphylococcus aureus11 Bacteria9 BacteriaStaphylococcus~Escherichia coli
Staphylococcus aureusS. aureus- ---S. aureus
S. aureusS. aureus- ---Mycobacterium tuberculosis
M. tuberculosisR. phlei
Alternaria solaniCalonectria~alariaeHelminthosporium maydisAlternaria solani
15 Bacteria16 Bacteria
Saccharomyces pastorianus
5 Bacteria
Salmonella paratyphi
25625622281819283
204204, 210210
16, 17177
7
137137137137
8181
166
71
14
-
Quinaldic acid
Digitonin
N-acetylgluco-samine
Citrate
Acetate
Tartrate
Oxalate
Malic acid
Pyruvic acid,2-Ketoglutaric acid,2-Ketobutyric acid,Dimethyl pyruvic acid
Tetramethylene diiso-cyanate,
NabamArsphenamide,Neoarsphenamide,Silver arsphenamide,Arsenoxide,Bismuth,HgC1 2,
OxineOxine
Nystatin,Amphotericin B
Bacillin
CopperBordeaux mixtureOxamycin,Morin,PatulinUsnic acidJuglone
Propionate
OxamycinMorin,PatulinJugloneCopper
ActidioneJugloneOxamycin,Morin,PatulinUsnic acid
Copper
Sodium dimethyl-dithiocarbamate
Penicillium italicum,Aspergillus niger
Spirocheta pallida
Stemphylium sarcinaeformeS. sarcinaeforme,Monilinia, fructicola
Candida albicans
4 Bacteria
Mycobacterium phlei4 Fungi .Bacillus subtilis
B. subtilisB. subtilis
Streptococcus faecalis
B. subtilis
B. subtilisAlternaria alternata
Saccharomyces cerevisiaeBacillus subtilisB. subtilis
B. subtilis
Alternaria alternata
Penicllium italicum
123
53
308309
72
279
208174288
29258
98
288
25822
258258288
29
22
124
Proteins and Related Compounds
Asparagine AscochitineCopper
Cochliobolus miyabeanusAlternaria alternata
19822
7
-
8
Streptomycin, Pythium ultimum 274Griseofulvin,Actidione,AureomycinAureomycin P. irregulare 274
Aspartic acid Furacin Escherichia coli 82
Glutamine Ascochitine Cochliobolus miyabeanus 198
Glutamic acid Phenyl pantothenone Saccharomyces cerevisiae 297Copper Mycobacterium phlei 208Aureomycin, Escherichia coli 66Terramycin,DihydrostreptomycinEthylene thiuram Alternaria brassicicola 50
disulphide
Alanine Cycloserine Bacillus subtilis 67, 11Cycloserine Pediococcus cerevisiae 310Cycloserine Causal organisms of 189
psitacosis, pneumonitis,meningopneumonitis,felinepneumonitis
Cycloserine Staphylococcus aureus 26Cycloserine Streptococcus fecalis 240Cycloserine Mycobacterium acapulons.is 188Cycloserine Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 111
Escheri'chia coliAscochitine 'Cochliobolus miyabeanus 198
Arginine Canavanine Lactobacillus casei,L. arabinosus,~. delbruecki;l. 277
Furacin Escherichia coli 82Dihydrostreptomycin, E. coli 66TerramycinAscochitirie Cochliobolus miyabeanus 198L-Canavine Neurospora sp. 107
Glycine Aureomycin 11 Bacteria 66Terramycin Escherichia coli 66Sulfonamide E. coli 139Copper Alternaria alternata 22
Phenylalanine Furacin Escherichia coli 82Chloromycetin, E. coli 66DihydrostreptomycinHalogenate phenyla- Neurospora sp. 186
lanine
Proline Hydroxyproline Trichophyton sp. 218
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-
Serine Sulfonamide Escherichia coli 139
Leucine Penicillin G, E. coli 66Terramycin
Isoleucine Furacin E. coli 82
Lysine Furacin E. coli 82- --Arginine Neurospora sp. 49
Valine Penicillin G. Escherichia coli 66
Tyrosine Penicillin G, Escherichia coli 66Chlorom'ycetin
Tryptophane Penicillin G E. coli 66Oxine Aspergillus niger 309
Threonine Borrelidin, Bacillus subtilis 205
Methionine 2-Chloro-4-benzoic Escherichia coli 280acid
Terramycin E. coli 66Selenate Chlorella vulgaris 241Selenium Aspergillus niger 289Sulfonamide Escherichia coli 139, 259Sulfan:Uamide, E. coli 94Sulfapyridine,Sulfadiazine,Sulfathiazole
Cystine Selenium Aspergillus niger 289
Cysteine Clavacin, 5 Bacteria 71Penicillic acidCobalt Proteus vulgaris 228HgC1 2, Salmonella paratyphi 14Allyl-2-propene-1-
thiosulfinatePhenylmercuric nitrate Escherich:f,a coli 262
Staphylococcus~,Eberthella typhosa
Tetramethylene diiso- Penicillium 'italicum, 123cyanate, Aspergillus niger
Nab amFerbam Neurospora sitophila 283Selenium Aspergillus niger 289Captan Saccharomyces pastorian,us 166Arsphenamide, Spirocheta pallida 53Neoasphenamide,Silver arsphenamide,Arsenoxide,Bismuth,
9
-
10
Homocysteine
Glycylcysteine,N-acetylcysteine
Histidine
8 Imidazole deri-vatives
Glutathione
D-Alanyl-D-alanine
HgC1 2Filipin
Ethylene thiuramdisulphide
DifolatanOxine
Phenylmercuric nitrate
SeleniumCap tan
HgCI 2 ,Allyl-2-propene-l-
thiosulfinate
Phenyl pantothenoneCobaltOxine
OxinePenicillin GThiram
Sodium dimethyldithio-carbamate
Sodium dimethyldithio-carbamate
Phenylmercuric nitrate
FerbamSeleniumCaptanArsphenamide,Neoarsphenamide,Silver arsphenamide,Arsenoxide,Bismuth,HgC1 2Filipin
Difolatan
Cycloserine
Saccharomyces cerevisiae,Aspergillus flavus,Zygorhynchus moelleriAlternaria brassicicola
Saccharomyces pastorianusAspergillus nigerBotryoshaeria ribis
Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus,Eberthella typhosaAspergillus nigerSaccharomyces pastorianus
Salmonella paratyphi
Saccharomyces cerevisiaeProteus vulgarisAspergillus niger,Botryosphaeria ribis!=. nigerEscherichia coliAspergillus niger
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus-aureus,Eberthella typhosaNeuropsora sitophilaAspergillus nigerSaccharomyces pastorianusSpirocheta pallida
Saccharomyces cerevisiaeZygorhynchus moelleri,Aspergillus flavusSaccharomyces pastorianus
Bacillus subtilis
79
50
164308, 309
262
289166
14
297228308
30966122
73
124
262
28328916653
79
164
67
-
Hadacidin
Urethan
Dithizone
Thiosulfate
Peptone
Tryptone
Polyamines
Spermine,Spermidine
Protein
Gelatin
Lipoprotein
6-Azauracil
SulfanilamideSulfanilamide
Sulfanilamide
Oxine
Clavacin,Penicillic acid
AtabrinePenicillin,Streptomycin,Aureomycin,Chloromycetin,Terramycin,BacillinSulfonamideSulfathiazolesSulfanilamideA1(N03~3,
Fe(N03)3CaC12,FeC13,CuC1 2,ZnC12,CoC12,CdC12,HgC1 2Diamidines
AscochitineSulfathiazole
Sulfonamide
Atabrine
AtabrinePropamidine,Quinine
Cephalothin,Cephaloridine,Cefazolin
CuS04
BoromycinEnniatin (D, S),
Escherichia coli
Luminous bacteriaVibrio phosphorescen,Photobacterium phosphoreumStreptococcushemolyticus,Escherichia coli
Stemphylium sarcinaeforme
5 Bacteria
Escherichia coliE. coli
E. coliSal~lla enteritidisStreptococciMonilia sitophila
M. sitophila
Staphylococcus aureus,Balantidium coliCochliobolus~abeanusStaphylococcus aureus
·Escherichia coli
E. coli
E. coli
E. coliE. coli
Sarcina lutea
Alternaria solani
Bacillus subtilisB. subtilis
239
117118
180
308
71
24565
139, 167190161145
146
21
197237
167
245
184, 245184
281
137
199198
II
-
Albumin
Casein
Enzyme
Nanactin,Polymyxin B,Valinomycin,Cetyl-trimethylammo-
nium bromide
Penicillins eX, G, K,Dihydro F)
SulfonamideNystatinCopper dimethyldithio-
carbamate 0Sulfaethylthiadiazole,Sulfisoxazole,Sulfamethoxypyridazine,SulfadiazineSulfonamide
CefuzolinPenicillinPenicillinChloromycetin
ChloromycetinGentamicinsGentamicinKanamycinKanamycinStreptomycinDihydrostreptomycinNeamineNeamineButirosin A,RibostamycinLividomyc-in AParomamineNeomycin,Hybrimycin,NebramycinColistinThiram,Copper, dimethyldithio-
carbamate
Streptococcus hemolyticus
Escherichia coliSaccharomyces-cerevisiaeGlomerella cingulata
Escherichia coli
EO. coli- --Staphylococcus~S. aureusEsche'ti'Chia coliProteus vulg~,Bacillus subtilisEscherichia coliStaphylococcus aureusEscherichia coliBacillus subtiIisEscherichia coliE. coli, --E. coliE. coliBac~s subtilis~. subtilis
~. subtilisEscherichia coliE. coli
E. coliGlo~lla cingulata
264
42147263
9
167
641, 153203
-246
1953118304, 30518, 195, 19619619518305305
14119618
110263
Nucleic Acids and Related Compounds
12
Purine
Adenine
SulfanilamideSulfonamide
Sulfanilamide,Sulfadiazine,Sl,l1fapyridine,Sulfathiazole
Lactobacillus arabinosusEscherichia coli
Streptococcus hemolyticus
250139
175
-
Guanine
Xanthine
Hypoxanthine
Uracil
Adenosine
Guanosine
Xanthosine
Inosine
Cytidine
Nucleic acid
Nicotinamide-ribose nucleo-tide
Lumichrome
Coenzyme A
Coenzyme I
BenzimidazoleCycloheximide5-Amino-7-hydroxy-
triazolo pyrimidine
Benzim,idazole2-Heptadecyl-2-imi-
dazoline
Cycloheximide5-Amino-7-Hydroxy-
triazolo pyrimidine
2-Heptadecyl-2-imi-dazoline
Cycloheximide5-Amino-7-hydroxy-
triazolo pyrimidine
Aza-adenine
CycloheximideAureomycin
Nystatin
Amphotericin BAureomycin
2-Heptadecyl-2-imidazoline
Aureomycin
Adenosime
Aureomycin,Dihydrostreptomycin,Chloromycetin,TerramycinDiamidines
Stilbamidine
Sulfapyridine
Aureomycin
Captan
Sulfapyridine
Saccharomyces cerevisiaeFornes annosus~stomamultiannulata,Lentinus amphalodes
Saccharomyces cerevisiaeSclerotinia frutcticola
Fomes annosus~stoma multiannulata
Sclerotinia fruticola
Fomes annosus
Ophiostoma multiannulata
Lactobacillus brevis,L. arabinosus
Fomes annosus~richia coli
Candida albicans
C. albicansEscherichia coli
Sclerotinia fructicola
11 Bacteria
Neurospora sp.
Colpoda cucullus
Staphylococcus aureusBalantidium coliLeishmania don6Vani,Trichomonas vaginalis
Lactobacillus arabinosus
11 Bacteria
Saccharomyces pastorianus
Lactobacillus arabinosus
2988868
298292
8868
292
88
68
301
88
72
7266
292
66
163
158
21
21
261
66
166
261
13
-
Lipids and Related Compounds
Palmitic acid, NystatinStearic acid
Oleic acid NystatinNystatinAmphotericin BAscosin,Fradicin,Prodigiosin,FungicidinCerulenin
Linoleic acid NystatinNystatinAmphotericin BAscosin
Linolenic acid Ascosin
Pentadecanoic acid Cerulenin
Aliphatic acids Penicillin
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
S. cerevisiaeCandida albicansC. albicansSaccharomyces cerevisiae
S. cerevisiae
S. cereVl.Sl.aeCandida albicansC. albicansSaccharomyces cerevisiae
S. cerevisiae
S. cerevisiae
Micrococcus pyogenes var.aureus,
Streptomyces faecalis
253
253727297
193
253727297
97
193
15
14
Tween 80
Sterols
Cholesterol
Ascosin,Fradicin,Prodigiosin,FungicidinBoromycin
Filipin
Fungichromin,Amphotericin B,Trichomycin,Rimocidin,Candicidin CA, B),Ascosin,Nystatin
FilipinFilipinFilipinFungichromin,Sodium laurylsulfonateNystatinNystatin,Amphotericin BAntimycoin
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Bacillus subtilis
Hansenula subpelliculosa,Penicillium oxalicumP. oxalicum
31 FungiHansenula subpelliculosaSaccharomyces cerevisiaeS. cerevisiae
§.. cereVl.Sl.aeCandida albicans
Aspergillus niger,Saccharomyces cerevisiae
97
199
78
78
797814879
14872
148
-
Sitosterol
Ergosterol
Stigmasterol
Lichesterol
Lanosterol,Ergosterone
Lecithin,Phytol
Thiotic acid
Filipin
An timyco inFungichromin,Amphotericin B,Trichomycin,Rimocidin,Candicidin (A, B),Ascosin,Nystatin
FilipinFilipinAntimycoinAmphotericin B,NystatinCerulenin
FilipinAntimycoin
Filipin,Nystatin,Amphotericin B
Filipin
Boromycin
Propionate
Penicillium oxalicum,Hansenula subpelliculosaAspergillus nigerPenicillium oxalicum
Hansenula subpelliculosaNeurospora crassaAspergillus. nigerNeurospora crassa
'Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Hansenula subpelliculosaAspergillus niger
Neuospora~
Hansenula subpelliculosa
Bacillus subtilis
Streptococcus· faecalis
78, 79
14879
78120148120
193
78148
120
78
199
99
Vitamins and Related Compounds
Vitamin A.(Retinol)
Vitamin B1(Thiamine)
Cocarboxylase(Diphosphothiamine)
Nystatin,Amphotericin B
FuracinAureomycin,ChloromycetinPyrithiamine
Pyrithiamine,2-Methyl-6-amino-
pyrimidine,2-Methyl-5-ethoxy-
methyl-6-amino-pyrimidine
Candida albicans
Escherichia coliE. coli
Phycomyces blakesleeanus,Ustilago violacea
Penicillium digitatum
72
8266
174
224
15
-
16
Vitamin B2(Riboflavin)
Vitamin B3(Nicotinamide)
Niacin(Nicotinic acid)
Vitamin B5(Pantothenic acid)
Vitamin B6(Pyridoxine)
Pyridoxamine
Vitamin B12(Cyanocobalamine)
Vitamin BX(p-Aminobenzoic
acid)
Aureomycin2, 6-Dichlororibo-
flavin
FuracinSulfapyridinePyridine-3-sulfonamide
Sulfapyridine
PropionateFuracinAureomycinTaurinePantoyltaurine
FuracinAureomycin
Aureomycin
1, 2-D1chloro-4, 5-diaminobenzene
Sulfanilamide
SulfanilamideSulfanilamideSulfanilamideSulfanilamideSulfanilamideSulfanilamideSulfanilamide
SulfanilamideSulfanilamideSulfanilamideSulfanilamideSulfanilamideSulfanilamideSulfanilamideSulfanilamideSulfapyridineSulfapyridineSulfapyridineSulfapyridineSulfapyridineSulfapyridine
11 BacteriaEremothecium ashbyi
Escherichia coliLactobacillu~abinosusStaphylococcus~
Lactobacillus arabinosus
Streptococcus faecal isEscherichia coliE. coliLactObacillus arabinosusStreptococcus ileliiOTy:tICiis,Diplococcus pneumoniae,Clostridium diphtheriae
Escherichia coliE. coli
E. coli
Ophiostoma multiannulata
Escherichia coli
Streptococcus hemolyticus~. pyrogenesStaphylococcus aureusStreptobacteriu~tarumLactobacillus arabinosusPneumococcus sp.Vibrio phosphorescen,Photobacterium phosphoreumLuminous bacteriaClostridium acetobutylicum7 BacteriaMycobacterium tuberculosisPlasmodium gallinaceumNeurospora~Saccharomyces cerevisiaeTrichophyton purpureumEscherichia coliMycobacterium-tUberculosisLactobacillus arabinosusPneumococcus sp.Saccharomyces cerevisiaeNitzschia palea var.debilis
66174
82261180
261
988266249180
8266
66
300
63, 162, 180,202, 259162, 180238151187250238118
1172203036316957, 2601494563, 128, 25963261179149293
-
Vitamin H(Biotin)
Desthiobiotin,Heterothiobiotin
Oxybiotin
Vitamin K(Menadione)
Vitamin M(Folic acid)
Choline
SulfadiazineSulfadiazineSulfadiazineSulfathiazoleSulfathiazoleSulfathiazoleSulfathiazoleSulfathiazoleSulfathiazoleSulfathiazole
SulfaguanidineSulfaguanidineSulfaguanidineSulfonamideSulfonamideSulfonamideSulfonamide
P-NitrobenzoateAureomycinCycloheximide
AureomycinAcidomycin
DesthiobiotinDesthiobiotin sulfoneOxybiotin sulfone
Desthiobiotin sulfone
Oxybitotin sulfone
2, 3-Dichloro-1, 4-Naphthoquinone
Aureomycin
Phosphoxylcholine,Betaine,Arsenocholine,Triethylcholine,Dimethylethylhydroxy-
ethyl-ammoniumhydroxide
Escherichia coliMycobacterium tuberculosisStaphylococcus~Escherichia coliStaphylococc~ureusMycobacterium t~losisSalmonella enteritidis7 BacteriaSaccharomyces cerevisiaeNitzschia palea var.
debilisEscherichia coliStaphylococcus-aureusSaccharomyces cerevisiaePseudomonas pyocyaneaAcetobacter suboxydansAspergillus ruberStreptobacterium plantarumNitzschia palea var.
debilis ---StreptOCoccus viridansEscherichia coliFomes annosu-s--
Escherichia coliMycobacteri~berculosis
var. aviumSordari~icolaSaccharomyces cerevisiaeS. cerevisiae
S. cerevisiae
S. cerevisiae
S. cerevisiae
Escherichia coli
Neurospora sp.
636315163, 128128, 15163190303149293
25915114927015025111293
1836688
6689
15552 -103
52
103
299
66
106
17
-
18
-
Mn*
Cu*
Co-t+
AureomycinAureomycinTerramycinTerramycinTetracyclinePolymyxinVancomycinMitomycin D
D-SerineAtabrineOxineCitrate
AureomycinAureomycin,Terramycin
TerramycinTetracycline,Gentamicin,CarbenicillinPolymyxin BStrep tOinycinDihydrostreptomycin,Neomycin,Carbomycin,Bacitracin,OleandomycinNovobiocinNystatinNocardicin A
AtabrineAtabrine12-Methyltridecanoic
acidCopper
OxamycinThujaplicin5-Phenyl oxine,5-Amyl oxineOxineCopper oxinate
Oxine
OxineOxineOxine2-picolinic hydrazide
Bacillus subtilisEscherichia coliBacillus subtiJl:isPseudomonas aeruginosaBacillus subtilisPseudomonas aeruginosaP. fluorescensP. fluorescens,Flavobacterium sp.Flavobacterium sp.Escherichia coliMicrococcus pyogenesLactic acid bacteria
Escherichia coliMicrococcus pyogenes var.
aureus
P.seudomonas aeruginosaP. aeruginosa
P. aeruginosaKlebsiella pneumoniaeMicrococcus pyogenes var.
aureus
Gram negative bacteriaSaccharomyces cerevisiaePseudomonas aeruginosa,P. mirabilisMicrococcus lysodeikticusEscherichia coliFusarium roseum
Alternaria alternata
Pseudomonas fluorescensSaccharomyces cerevisiaeAspergillus niger
A. nigerA. niger
Bacillus subtilis,Micrococcus lysodeckticusGram-positive bacteriaAspergillus nigerMicrococcus pyogenesMycobacterium tuberculosis
2842252842852841915151
5124470168
223209
20941
41, 20948209
287253140
34244152
22
28821133
27623, 276
60
61717059
19
-
Zn++- Oxine Gram negative bacteria 6Oxine Pythium ultimum 176Oxine Ceratocystis ulmi, 307
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici
Ba++- Atabrine Escherichia coli 244Streptomycin Klebsiella pneumoniae 48Novobiocin Gram negative bacteria 287
Ni++- Copper oxinate Curvularia lunata 23
Sr++- Novobiocin Gram negative bacteria 287
Rb++- Nystatin Saccharomyces cerevisiae 172
K+ Boromycin Bacillus subtilis 199Copper Alternaria alternata 22
Na+, . Copper A. alternata 22H+
S04-- Selenium Chlorella vulgaris 241Selenium Aspergillus niger 289
P04--- Oxamycin, Bacillus subtilis 288Morin,PatulinUsnic acid B. subtilis 29Nystatin Candida stellatoidea 27
Mn04- Oxamycin, Bacillus subtilis 288Morin,PatulinTerramycin Pseudomonas aeruginosa 285
Miscellaneous Compounds
EDTA Oxamycin, Bacillus subtilis 288Morin,PatulinNovobiocin Gram negative bacteria 287Oxine Aspergillus niger 33, 309Sodium dimethyldithio- Saccharomyces cerevisiae 73
carbamateCopper Alternaria alternata 22
Dithizone Oxine Aspergillus niger 309Stemphylium sarcinaeforme,Monilinia fructicola
Oxine Copper oxinate Curvularia lunata 23
20
-
Hemin Isoniazid,Salicylidene,Benzylidene hydrazone,p-Aminosalicylic acid
hydrazide,Picolinic acid hydra-
zide,Glycine hydrazide
Mycobacterium tuberculosisvar. hominis
62
Mixture and Complex Substances
Casamino acids(casein hydrolysate)
Yeast extract(Basamine)
Blood
Chloromycetin,TerramycinStreptomycin,Aureomycin,Bacillin,PenicillinPenicillin GNocardicin A
QuinacrineSulfathiazoleOxineOxineSelenium
Aureomycin
AureomycinStreptomycinStreptomycin
DihydrostreptomycinChloromycetin,TerramycinBacillin,PenicillinPenicillin GGriseofulvin,ActidioneAscochitineAscosinNocardicin A
AtabrineSulfanilamide
Diamidine
Sulfanilamide
Escherichia coli
E. coli
E. coliPse~onas aeruginosa,P. mirabilisEscherichia coliSalmonella enteritidisBotryospheria ribisAspergillus nigerA. nigerPythium ultimumR.. rostratum,R.. irregulareEscherichia coliE. coliPytw:;m; ultimumP. rostratumEscherichia coliE. coli
E. coli
E. coliPytw:;m; ultimum,P. rostratumCochliobolus miyabeanusSaccharomyces cerevisiaePseudomonas aeruginosa,P. mirabilisEscherichia coliE. coli, ----Strept;coccus hemolyticusStapbylococcus aureus,Balantidium coliStreptococcus sp.
65, 66
65
66140
214190308308, 309289
274
65, 6665274
6665, 66
65
66274
19797140
245162
21
69
21
-
22
Serum
Plasma
Bile salts
Milk
Urine
Vitamin mixture
Purine + Pyrimidine
Animal tissues andextracts
Oxacillin,Nafcillin,Ancillin,Methicillin,Cephalothin,Novobiocin,Penicillin (G, V)Penicillin (X, G, K,
dihydro F)Penicillin (G, V),Phenethicillin,Propicillin,CloxacillinHQ-RifamycinsNystatinPhenol,Cetyl-trimethyl-
. ammonium bromide,Hexylresorcinol,Cetylpyridinium chlorideMerthiolate,Castor oilSulfapyridine
NystatinSulfaethylthiadiazole,Sulfaisoxazole,Sulfamethoxypyri-
dazine,Sulfadiazine
Ristocetin,VancomycinPolymyxinAmphotericin B,Nystatin,Chlorquinaldol,Gentian violet
Cetyl-trimethyl-ammonium bromide
Sulfanilamide
Penicillin G,Chlorornycetin
Penicillin G,Aureomycin,Chloromycetin,Dihydrostreptomycin
Penicillin,Streptomycin,Aureomycin,
Staphylococcus sp.
Streptococcus hemolyticus
Staphylococcus~
S. aureus·Can"did"aalbicansStaphylococcus aureus
Escherichia coli
Pneumococcus sp.
Candida albicansEscherichia coli
Staphylococcus aureus,Streptococcus faecalis6 BacteriaCandida albicans
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus sp.
Escherichia coli
E. coli
E. coli
144
264
219
10256104
54
25
2569
230
230229
104
69
66
66
65
-
Plant tissues andextracts
Chloromycetin,Terramycin,BacillinAscosinSulfonamideSulfapyridineDiamidine
MitomycinThiramCopperCopper
CopperCopper oxychlorideCopper dimethyldithio-
carbamate
Saccharomy~es cereV1S1aeEscherichia coliLactobacillus arabinosusStaphylococcus ~,Balantidium coli
Bacillus subtilisGlomerella cingulataAlternaria alternataNectria galligenaGloeosporium perennansSclerotinia fructicolaMacrosporium sarcinaeformeGlomerella cingulata
97139, 16726121
80215, 216, 26322, 102102
17896263
23
-
II. Microbiostasis Increased
24
N-Acetylgalactosa-mine,
Methionine
Cholesterol
Aliphatic acid
EDTA
Sodium caseinate
Serum
Bile salts
Cu ++
Co++
Zn++
Bi+++-
Plant exudates
Ethylene thiuramdisulphide
Filipin
Streptomycin
5-Phenyl oxine,5-Amyl oxine
Selenium
Iodine
Penicillin,NeomycinNeomycin
OxineOxine sulphate,Pyridine-N-oxide-2~
thiolSodium dimethyldithio-
carbamateIsoniazidJuglone
ChloromycetinStreptomycin,Penicillin,BacitracinAspergillic acidJugloneCap tan
Cap tanSodium dimethyldithio-
carbamateJuglone
Juglone
Aspergillic acid
Zineb
Alternaria brassicicola
Mycoplasma laidlawii
Micrococcus pyogenese var.aureus,
St~occus faecalis
Aspergillus niger
A. niger
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus faecalis
Aspergillus nigerA. niger
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Mycobacterium tuberculosisBacillus subtilis
B. subtilisMicrococcus pyogenes
Mycobacterium tuberculosisBacillus subtilisSaccharomyces pastoriuanus
S. pastorianusS. cerevisiae
Bacillus subtilis
B. subtilis
Staphylococcus aureus
Aspergillus niger
50
282
15
33
289
104
230
230
8, 33125
74
206258
267267
75258165
16574
258
258
76
142
-
TABLE 2. Effects of Nutritional Factors on Soil Fungistasis
MaterialNutritional amended with Type of
factor nutrients Test microorganism propagule Reference
I. FUNGISTASIS DECREASED
Carbohydrates and Related Compounds
Glucose Soil Mucor ramannianus Sporangiosponis' 86,87Soil M. silvaticus Sporangiospores 202Soil Phytophthora cinnamomi Chlamydospores 185Soil R. parasi tica Mycelia 268Soil Pythium aphanidermatum Oospores 254Soil P. ultimum Sporangia 5,255Soil Penicilli.um freguentans Conidia 46,47Agar disc P. citrinum Conidia 115Soil Aspergillus fumigarus Conidia 290Soil Fusarium solani Chlamydospores 84Soil F. solani Conidia 87Soil F. solani f. sp. phaseoli Chlamydospores 40,233,234Soil E.. oxysporum Chlamydospores 265Soil E.. oxysporum Conidia 87Soil extract E.. oxysporum!.:.. ~_ cubense Conidia 257Agar disc Trichoderma koningii Conidia 235Agar disc T. viride Conidia 55Agar disc Thielaviopsis basicola Endoconidia 28Agar disc Pestalotia macrotricha Conidia 235Soil Glomerella cingulata Conidia 138Soil Neurospora tetrasperma Conidia 132Soil Helminthosporium victoriae Conidia 132Soil Verticillium albo-atrum Microsclerotia 56Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13Soil Ustilago hordei Chlamydospores 291
Fructose Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Agar disc Penicillium citrinum Conidia 115Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290Soil Verticillium albo-atrum Microsclerotia 56Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13Agar disc Trichoderma koningii Conidia 235Agar disc Pestalotia macrotricha Conidia 235
Galactose Agar disc Penicillium citrinum Conidia 115Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36Soil Verticillium albo-atrum Microsclerotia 56Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13
25
-
26
Arabinose Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Agar disc Penicillium citrinum Conidia USSoil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290Soil Verticillium albo-atrum Microsclerotia 56-----Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13Agar disc Trichoderma koningii Conidia 235
Xylose Agar disc Penicillium citrinum Conidia USSoil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55Agar disc T. koningii Conidia 235
Mannose Agar disc Penicillium citrinum Conidia USAgar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55Soil Verticillium albo-atrum Microsclerotia 56-----
Sorbose Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55Agar disc T. koningii Conidia 235
Ribose Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13
Sucrose Soil Pythium irregulare Sporangia 274Soil P. ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 40, 233, 234
phaseo~Agar disc Penicillium citrinum Conidia USSoil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290Soil Verticillium albo-atrum Microsclerotia 56Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13Soil Ustilago hordei Chlamydospores 291
Maltose Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Fusarium solani f. sp Chlamydospores 233, 234
phase~Agar disc Penicillium citrinum Conidia USSoil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55Agar disc T. koningii Conidia 235Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13
Lactose Agar disc Penicillium citrinum Conidia USSoil Verticillium albo-atrum Microsclerotia 56Agar disc Trichoderma koningU- Conidia 235
Cellobiose Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Verticillium albo-atrum Microsclerotia 56-----
Raffinose Agar disc Penicillium citrinum Conidia 115Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36
Rhamnose Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290
-
Sorbitol
Dulcin
Mannitol
Succinic acid
Citric acid
Malonic acid,Tartaric acid,Oxalic acid,Ethanol
Acetaldehyde,Methanol,Isovaleraldehyde
Shikimic acid,Quinic acid,Malic acid
Vanillic acid,Coumalic acid,Cinnamic acid,Ferulic acid,Phlorizin,p-Oxybenzoic acid,Quercetin,Quercitrin
Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290
Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290
Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Agar disc Glomerella cingulata Conidia 157Agar disc Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Conidia 157
lycopersiciAgar disc Penicillium frequentans Conidia 157
Agar disc Glomerella cingulata Conidia 157Agar disc Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Conidia 157
lycopersiciAgar disc Penicillium frequentans Conidia 157
Soil Penicillium frequentans Conidia 47Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13
Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13
Soil Sclerotium rolfsii Sclerotia 156
Soil Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Chlamydospores 90lilii
Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290
Chestnut tannin Soil Thielaviopsis basicola Chlamydospores 200Soil T. basicola Endoconidia 200
Proteins and Related Compounds
Asparagine Soil Phytophthora cinnamomi Chlamydospores 185Soil P. parasitica Mycelia 268Soil Pythium aphanidermatum Oospores 254Soil k. irregulare Sporangia 274Soil P. ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 40, 233,
phaseo~ 234
27
-
Soil E. oxysporum Chlamydospores 265Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia l3
Aspartic acid Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 233, 234
phaseoliAgar disc F. oxysporum f. sp. Conidia 157
lycopersiciAgar disc Glomerella cingulata Conidia 157Agar disc Penicillium frequentans Conidia 157Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55Soil Verticillium albo-atrum Microsclerotia 56Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13
Glutamine Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 40, 234
phaseo~Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13
Glutamic acid Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 233, 234
phaseo~Soil extract F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense Conidia 257Agar disc F. oxysp6rum f. sp. Conidia 157
lycopersiciAgar disc Glomerella cingulata Conidia 157Agar disc Penicillium freguentans Conidia 157Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55Soil Verticillium alpo-atrum Microsclerotia 56Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13
Alanine Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 234
phaseo~Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55Soil Verticillium albo-atrum Microsclerotia 56Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13
Arginine Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 234
phaseo~Soil Verticillium albo-atrum Microsclerotia 56Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13
Glycine Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 40, 234
phaseoliSoil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13
Phenylalanine Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 40, 234phaseo~
Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13
28
-
-
Proline Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 234
phaseoliSoil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13
Serine Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55Soil Verticillium albo-atrum Microsclerotia 56Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13
Leucine, Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Valine, Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13Lysine
Histidine Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55
Threonine Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5
Cysteine Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290
Y-Aminobutyric Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5acid
Peptone Agar disc Glomerella cingulata Conidia 157Agar disc Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Conidia 157
lycopersiciAgar disc Penicillium freguentans Conidia 157
Soy bean Soil Thielaviopsis basicola Chlamydospores 200protein Soil T. basicola Endoconidia 200
Lipids and Related Compounds
Linoleic acid, Soil Thielaviopsis basicola Chlamydospores 200Palmitoleic Soil T. basicola Endoconidia 200
acid,Trilinolenin,Trilinolenin,Lecithin
Vitamins
Vitamin C Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36, 37, 38
Vitamin E Soil Thielaviopsis basicola Chlamydospores 200Soil T. basicola Endoconidia 200
Mineral Salts
(NH4) 2S04 Soil Phytophthora cinnamomi Chlamydospores 185Agar disc Penicillium citrinum Conidia US
29
-
NH4C1 Agar disc Penicillium citrinum Conidia 115
KOH Soil Neurospora tetrasperma Ascospores 134Soil extract N. tetrasperma Ascospores 135
Ca(OH)2 Soil Neurospora tetrasperma Ascospores 134
Mixtures and Complex Substances
Molasses Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36, 37, 38
Yeast Soil Pythium irregulare Sporangia 274Extract Soil P. ultimum Sporangia 5
Soil Thielaviopsis basico]a Chlamydospores 200Soil T. basicola Endoconidia 200Soil extract Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Conidia 257
cubenseAgar disc Trichoderma koningii Conidia 235Agar disc Pestalotia macrotricha Conidia 235
Malt extract Agar disc Trichoderma koningii Conidia 235Agar disc Pestalotia macrotricha Conidia 235
Aureomycin + Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 2Streptomycin phaseol-i---
Penicillin + Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 40Streptomycin phaseoli
Vancomycin + Soil Phytophthora cinnamomi Chlamydospores 185Nystatin
Glucose + Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 132Vitamin C Soil Penicillium frequentans Conidia 132
Glucose + Soil Neurospora tetrasperma Conidia 134Peptone
Glucose + Soil Fusarium oxysporum Chlamydospores 247Asparagine Soil F. oxysporum f. sp. batatas Chlamydospores 247
Soil F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense Chlamydospores 247Soil F. oxysporum f. sp. Chlamydospores 247
lycopersici
Sucrose + Soil extract Zygorhynchus moelleri Mycelia 272Yeast
extract Soil extract Pythium irregulare Mycelia 272Soil extract P. rostratum Mycelia 272Soil extract R.. sylvaticum Mycelia 272Soil extract P. ultimum Mycelia 271Soil extract Trichoderma hamatum Mycelia 272Soil extract Fusarium oxysporum Mycelia 272Soil extract Penicillium janthinellum Mycelia 272Soil extract Gyrodon merulioides Mycelia 272
30
-
Soil extract Cortinarius sp. Mycelia 272Soil extract Thanatephorus praticola Mycelia 272, 273Soil extract Cenococcum graniforme Mycelia 272
Sucrose + Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi Chlamydospores 39(NH4)2S04
Glucose + Soil emanation Fusarium solani f. sp. Macroconidia 85NH4C1 phaseoli
Glucose + Soil emanation Aspergillus flavus Conidia 85Alanine +Glutamic acid +Glycine +Proline
Palmitic acid + Soil Thielaviopsis basicola Chlamydospores 201Stearic acid + Soil T. basicola Endoconidia 201Oleic acid +Linoleic acid +Palmitoleic acid
(NH4) S04 +CaH4(P04)2 +K2S04 +Na2S04 +MgS04
Plant organicmatter
Soil
SoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoil
SoilSoilSoil
Penicillium citrinum
. Mucor silvaticusPythium ultimumFusarium culmorumF. roseumE. solani f. sp. phaseoliAspergillus sp.!. fumigatusArthrobotrys conoides!. arthrobotryoidesCochliobolus sativusCladosporium sp.~. cladosporiodesTrichoderma sp.T. viridePeniCiiIIum notatumR.. roquefortiMonotospora daleaeStachybotrys~Verticillium albo-atrumThielaviopsis basicola
T. basicolaUstilago hordeiU. hordei- ---
Conidia
SporangiosporesSporangiaConidiaConidiaChlamydosporesConidiaConidiaSporesConidiaConidiaConidiaConidiaConidiaConidiaConidiaConidiaConidiaConidiaMicrosclerotiaChlamydospores
EndoconidiaSporesChlamydospores
114
202535202154, 232351385817024, 35, 36352023520235202202352313, 200,248, 2693, 20035291
31
-
32
Plant extracts Soil Mucor ramanianus Mycelia 109Soil Phytophthora parasitica Chlamydospores 268Soil Fusarium roseum f. sp. Mycelia 109
cereali-s---Soil F. oxysporum Chlamydospores 265Soil extract F. oxysporum f. sp. Conidia 257Soil cubenseSoil F. oxysporum f. sp. Chlamydospores 265
vas infectumSoil F. solani Chlamydospores 265Soil F. solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 265, 266
phaseoliSoil F. solani f. sp. pisi Mycelia 109- ---Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 24, 36Soil C. sativus Mycelia 109Soil Thielaviopsis basicola Chlamydospores 200, 249,
269Soil T. basicola Endoconidia 200Soil T. basicola Mycelia 109Soil Sclerotium rolfsii Sclerotia 156Soil Alternaria alternata Mycelia 109Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Mycelia 109Soil A. terreus Mycelia 109Soil A. ustus Mycelia 109Soil Botrytis cinerea Mycelia 109Soil Curvularia lunata Mycelia 109Soil Glomerella cingulata Mycelia 109Soil Helminthosporium Mycelia 109
victoriaeSoil Myrothecium verrucaria Mycelia 109Soil Neurospora tetrasperma Mycelia 109Soil Penicillium frequentans Mycelia 109Soil P. variabile Mycelia 109Soil Stemphylium sarcinae- Mycelia 109
formeSoil Trichoderma viride Mycelia 109Soil Verticillium albo-atrum Mycelia 109
Plant exudates Soil Pythium aphanidermatum Oospores 254Soil P. aphanidermatum Sporangia 254Soil P. ultimum Sporangia 255Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 38Soil Fusarium solani Conidia 113Soil F. solani--- Chlamydospores 113Soil F. solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 232, 233
phaseoliSoil F. solani s. sp. pisi Chlamydospores 39Soil Verticillium albo-atrum Microsclerotia 231Soil Gliocladium roseum Conidia 113Soil Paecilomyces marguandii Conidia 113
Animal organic Soil Arthrobotrys conoides Spores 58matter and Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36sercretion Soil Penicillium citrinum Conidia 114
-
II. FUNGISTASIS INCREASED
Carbohydrates and Realted Compounds
Glucose,Frutose,Galactose,Mannose,Arabinose,Xylose,Sorbose,Naltose,Sucrose,Lactos,e,Raffinose,Inulin,Mannitol,Sorbitol,
Soil Sphacelotheca reiliana Spores 143
Proteins and Related Compounds
Asparagine Soil
llineral salts
CaO SoilSoilSoil
CaC03 Soil
NH4N03 SoilSoil
Cellulose
Chitin,Laminarin
Soil
SoilSoilSoil
Fusarium solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 4phaseo~
Verticillium dahliae Conidia 121V. dahliae Nicrosclerotia 121v. dahliae l1ycelia 121
Phytophthora parasitica Chlamydospores 268
Zygorhynchus vuilleminii Spores 105Penicillium chrys ogenum Conidia 105Trichiderma viride Conidia 105
Sphacelotheca reiliana Spores 143
Phyophthora parasitica Chlamydospores 268Sclerotium rolfsii Sclerotia 12
llixtures and Complex Substances
Amino acids
Plant organicmatter
Animal organicmatter andsecretions
Soil Sphacelotheca reiliana Spores 143
Soil Verticillium albo-atrum Conidia 207Soil dahliae ----- Conidia 121V.Soil V. dahliae llicrosclerotia 121Soil V. dahliae Nycelia 121Soil Arthrobotrys arthrobo- Conidia 170
tryoides
soil Arthrobotrys arthrobo- Conidia 170tryoides
33
-
III. FUNGISTASIS NOT AFFECTED
Carbohydrates and Related Compounds
Glucose Soil Phytophthora parasitica Chlamydospores 268Agar disc Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Conidia 157
lycopersiciSoil F. decemcellulare Conidia 87Soil R. roseum Conidia 202Soil F. solani Conidia 87Agar disc Glomerella cingulata Conidia 157Agar disc Penicillium frequentans Conidia 157Soil P. frequentans Conidia 87, 152Soil I. roqueforti Conidia 202Soil Arthrobortys conoides Spores 58Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 132Soil Thielaviopsis basicola Chlamydospores 200Soil T. basicola Endoconidia 200Soil Trichoderma viride Conidia 202Soil Cladosporium cladosporioides Conidia 202Soil Monotospora daleae Conidia 202Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36
Frutose Soil C. sativus Conidia 36Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 234
phaseol-i---Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55
Arabinose Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 24, 36, 27Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55Agar disc Pestalotia macrotricha Conidia 235
Xylose Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36Agar disc Pestalotia macrotricha Conidia 235
Mannose Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36
Sorbose Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Agar disc Pestalotia macrotricha Conidia 235
Ribose Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Verticillium albo-atrum Microsclerotia 56-----
Sucrose Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36Soil Glomerella cingulata Conidia 157Soil Penicillium frequentans Conidia 157Soil Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Conidia 157
lycopersici
Maltose Agar disc Pestalotia macrotricha Conidia 235
34
-
Lactose Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13Agar disc Pestalotia macrotricha Conidia 235
Melibiose Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36
Raffinose Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Agar disc Trichoderma vir ide Conidia 55
Rhamnose Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5
Sorbitol Agar disc Glomerella cingulata Conidia 157Agar disc Penicillium frequentans Conidia 157Agar disc Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Conidia 157
lycopersici
Cellulose Soil Sphacelotheca reiliana Spores 143
Starch Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290Soil Sphacelotheca reiliana Spores 143Soil Ustilago hordei Chlamydospores 291
Glycogen, Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290Inulin,Arbutin
Dextrin Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5
Agar Soil ·Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36
Citric acid Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36Soil Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Chlamydospores 90
lilii
.Malonic acid, Soil Pythium ultimum Sporangia 5Fumaric acid
Lactic acid, Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36Tartaric acid,Sodium acetate,Sodium pyruvate
Galacturonic acid, Soil Verticillium albo-atrum Microsclerotia 56-----Glyceraldehyde
Isobutyraldehyde Soil Scerotium rolfsii Sclerotia 156
35
-
Methanol Soil Macrophomina phaseolina Sclerotia 13
Naphthalene, Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36acetic acid,Indolebutyric
acid,Indoleacetic
acid
Proteins and Related Compounds
Asparagine Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36Soil Penicillium frequentans Conidia 46, 47Agar disc P. citrinum Conidia 115Soil Thielaviopsis basicola Chlamydospores 200Soil T. basicola Endoconidia 200
Aspartic acid Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36
Glutamic acid Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290
Alanine Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36Agar disc Penicillium citrinum Conidia 115Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55
Arginine Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55
Glycine Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36Agar disc Glomerella cingulata Conidia 157Agar disc Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Conidia 157
lycopersiciAgar disc Penicillium frequentans Conidia 157Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290
Phenylalanine Agar disc Glomerella cingulata Conidia 157Agar disc Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Conidia 157
lycopersiciAgar disc Penicillium frequentans Conidia 157Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55
Proline Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55
Serine Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 234phaseol-i---
Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290
Leucine Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Chlamydospores 234
phaseorr-Agar disc Penicillium citrinum Conidia 115Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55
36
-
Isoleucine Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Ch1amydospores 234phaseo1i
Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55
Valine Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Ch1amydospores 234phaseo~
Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55
Lysine Soil Cochliobo1us sativus Conidia 36Soil Fusarium solani f. sp. Ch1amydospores 234
phaseo~Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55
Histidine Agar disc G10mere11a cingu1ata Conidia 157Agar disc Penicillium frequentans Conidia 157Agar disc Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Conidia 157
1ypcopersiciSoil F. solani f. sp. phaseoli Ch1amydospores 234
Cystine Agar disc G10mere11a cingu1ata Conidia 157Agar disc Penicillium ffequentans Conidia 157Agar disc Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Conidia 157
1ycopersiciSoil Macrophomina phaseo1ina Sclerotia 13
Cysteine Agar disc G10mere11a cingu1ata Conidia 157Agar disc Penicillium frequentans Conidia 157Agar disc Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Conidia 157
1ycopersici
Tyrosine Agar disc G10mere11a cingu1ata Conidia 157Agar disc Penicillium frequentans Conidia 157Agar disc Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Conidia 157
lycopersiciSoil F. solani f. sp. phaseo1i Ch1amydospores 234Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290
Threonine Soil Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Ch1amydospores 2341ycopersici
Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55
Tryptophane Soil Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Ch1amydospores 2341ycopersici
Soil Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia 290Agar disc Trichoderma viride Conidia 55
Methionine Agar disc Trichoderma vir ide Conidia 55Soil Macrophomina phaseo1ina Sclerotia 13Agar disc G10mere11a cingu1ata Conidia 157Agar disc Penicillium frequentans Conidia 157Agar disc Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Conidia 157
1ycopersici
37
-
Aminobutyricacid,
Aminoadipicacid,
Pipecolic acid
Urea
Peptone
Zein
Casein,Albumin
Soil
SoilSoil
SoilAgar discAgar discAgar disc
Agar disc
SoilSoil
Soil
Fusarium solani f. sp.phaseoli
Pythium ultimumMacrophomina phaseolina
Cochliobolus sativusGlomerella cingulataPenicillium frequentansFusarium oxysporum f. sp.
lycopersiciPenicillium citrinum
Thielaviopsis basicolaT. basicola
Cochliobolus sativus
Chlamydospores
SporangiaSclerotia
ConidiaConidiaConidiaConidia
Conidia
ChlamydosporesEndoconidia
Conidia
234
513
36157157157
115
200200
36
Lipids and Related Compounds
Synthetic leci-thin
Oils
SoilSoil
Soil
Thielaviopsis basicolaT. basicola
Cochliobolus sativus
ChlamydosporesEndoconidia
Conidia
200200
36
Vitamins and Related Compounds
Vitamin Bx
Vitamin Bl,Vitamin B5,Vitamin B6,Vitamin B12,Vitamin E,Vitamin G,Vitamin H,Niacin
Mineral Salts
CaO
Ca(OH)2
38
Agar discAgar discAgar disc
Soil
Soil
Soil
Soil
SoilSoil
Glomerella cingulataPenicillium frequentansFusarium oxysporum f. sp.
lycopersiciCochliobolus sativus
Cochliobolus sativus
Gonatobotrys simplex
Fusarium culmorum
Arthrobotrys conoidesNeurospora tetrasperma
ConidiaConidiaConidia
Conidia
Conidia
Conidia
Spores
SporesConidia
157157157
36
36
105
127
58134
-
HCl
KOH
NaNOz
NaNG3
KNOZ,KZS04'MgS04,KZHP04,(NH4)ZHP04
Soil
Soil
Soil
Soil
SoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoil
SoilSoilSoilSoil
SoilSoil
Soil
Cochliobolus sativus
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.lilii
Neurospora tetrasperma
Pythium ultimum
Mucor silvaticusPYthIum ul timumFusarium roseumPenicilliu~uefortiTrichoderma virideCladosporium~sporioidesMonotospora daleae
Pythium ultimumThielaviopsis basicolaT. basicolaMacrophomina phaseolina
Macrophomina phaseolinaFusarium solani f. sp.
phaseoli
Macrophomina phaseolina
Conidia 38
Chlamydospores 90
Conidia 134
Sporangia 5
Sporangiospores ZOZSporangia 5Conidia ZOZConidia ZOZConidia ZOZConidia ZOZConidia ZOZ
Sporangia 5Chlamydospores ZOOEndoconidia ZOOSclerotia 13
Sclerotia 13Chlamydospores 40
Sclerotia 13
Mixtures and Complex Substances
Casaminoacids
Agar discSoilSoilSoil
Penicillium citrinumThielaviopsis basicolaT. basicolaCochliobolus sativus
Conidia 115Chlamydospores ZOOEndoconidia ZOOConidia 36
Sucrose + Soil extractYeast extract Soil extract
Soil extract
Alternaria alternataGliocladium fimbriatumAgaricus silvicola
MyceliaMyceliaMycelia
Z73Z73Z73
Glucose +Peptone
SoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoilSoil
Mucor ramanianusemanation M. ramanianus
Aspergillus fumigatusemanation~. fumigatus
Penicillium freguentansemanation~. frequentans
Trichoderma virideemanation T. viride
SporangiosporesSporangiosporesConidiaConidiaConidiaConidiaConidiaConidia
136136136136136136136136
39
-
40
Mineral salts Soil Penicillium frequentans Conidia 47Soil Sphacelotheca reiliana Spores 143
Plant organic Soil Ustilago nuda Spores 35matter Soil U. hordei Chlamydospores 291
Soil F. solani f. sp. phaseoli Chlamydospores 4Soil Arthrobotrys conoides Spores 58Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36
Animal organic Soil Cochliobolus sativus Conidia 36matter and Soil Arthrobotrys conoides Spores 58secretions Soil Fusarium culmorum Spores 127
-
TABLE 3. Effects of Nutritional Factors on Soil Actinostasis
Nutritional factor
Material
Amended with nutrients
Test
Microorgantsms Reference
I. ACTINOSTASIS DECREASED
Glucose Agar disc Nocardiq spp. 30Soil Streptomyces spp. 177
Peptone Soil Streptomyces spp. 159
Peptone + yeast extract Agar disc Nocardia spp. 44
Casamino acids, Soil Streptomyces sp. 294Chitin
Plant exudates Agar disc Nocardia spp. 30
Plant organic matter Soil An actinomycete 35Soil Streptomyces sp. 294
II. ACTINOSTASIS DECREASED
Glucose
Plant organic matter,Animal secretions
Soil
Soil
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces cellulosae
294
127
III. ACTINOSTASIS NOT AFFECTED
FructoseSucrose,Casamino acids,Yeast extract
Starch
Agar disc
Soil
Soil
Nocardia spp.
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces cellulosae
30
294
127
41
-
TABLE 4. Effects of Nutritional Factors on Soil Bacteriostasis
Nutritional factorMaterial
Amended with NutrientsTest
Microorganisms Reference
42
Glucose
Mannitol
Peptone
Casein
Glucose + peptone
Peptone + yeast extract
Plant exudates
Plant organic matter
Animal organic matter.and secretion
CaC03
I. BACTERIOSTASIS DECREASED
Agar disc Achromobacter spp. 30Agar disc Alcaligenes spp. 30Agar disc Pseudomonas spp. 30Agar disc Flavobacterium spp. 30Agar disc Brevibacterium spp. 30Agar disc Arthrobacter spp. 30Soil Escherichia coli 131Soil Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 131
Soil Azotobacter chroococcum 126
Soil extract Bacillus prodigiosus 108
Soil Bacillus thuringiensis 221
Soil Agrobacterium radiobacter 13
Agar disc Achromobacter spp. 44Agar disc Arthrobacter spp 44Agar disc Bacillus sp. 43, 44Agar disc Pseudomonas spp 44Agar disc Sarcina sp. 44
Agar disc Achromobacter spp. 30Agar disc Alcaligenes spp. 30Agar disc Pseudomonas spp. 30Agar disc Flavobacterium spp. 30Agar disc Brevibacterium spp. 30Agar disc Arthorbacter spp. 30
Soil Pseudomonas fluorescens 127Soil Azotobacter chroococcum 126Soil Bacillus thuringiensis 221
Soil Pseudomonas fluorescens 127Soil Azotobacter chroococcum 126
Soil Bacillus prodigiosus 108Soil Azotobacter chroococcum 126
-
MgC03 + Na2Mo04
Mineral salts
Soil
Agal.' discAgar discAgar discAgar discAgar discAgar disc
Azotobacter chroococcum
Achromobacter spp.Alcaligenes sppPseudomonas spp.Flavobacterium spp.Brevibacterium spp.Arthrobacter spp.
126
303030303030
II. BACTERIOSTASIS NOT AFFECTED
Fructose, Agar disc Achromobacter spp. 30Sucrose, Agar disc Alcaligenes spp. 30Casamino acids, Agar disc Pseudomonas spp. 30Yeast extract Agar disc Flavobacterium spp. 30
Agar disc Brevibacterium spp. 30Agar disc Arthrobacter spp. 30
Animal organic matter Soil Azotobacter chroococcum 126
CaC03 Soil Pseudomonas fluorescens 127
NH4N03 Soil Escherichia coli 131
NaMo04, Soil Azotobacter chroococcum 126K2HP04,CaH4(P04)2,MgC03
43
-
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