Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Iron Ore Mine of NINL
at Sundargarh/Keonjhar Districts, Orissa
Chapter-7
Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Plan
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C7-1
7.0 RISK ASSESSMENT AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN
7.1 Introduction
The complete mining operation shall be carried out under the management
control and direction of a qualified mine manager holding a First Class Manager’s
Certificate of competency to manage a metalliferous mine granted by the
Directorate General of Mines Safety (DGMS), Dhanbad. The DGMS have been
issuing a number of standing orders, model standing orders and circulars to be
followed by the mine management in case of disaster, if any. Moreover, mining
staff shall be sent to refresher courses from time to time to keep them alert.
However, following natural/industrial hazards may occur during normal
operations.
• Accident due to explosives;
• Accident due to heavy mining equipment; and
• Sabotage in case of magazine.
In order to take care of above hazard/disasters the following control measures
shall be adopted:
• All safety precautions and provisions of Metalliferous Mine Regulation, 1961
shall be strictly followed during all mining operations;
• Entry of unauthorized persons into mine and plant areas shall be prohibited;
• Provision of fire fighting and first-aid provisions in the mines office complex
and mining area;
• Provisions of all the safety appliances such as safety boot, helmets, goggles
ear plugs etc. shall be made available to the employees and regular check for
their use;
• Training and refresher courses for all the employees working in hazardous
premises;
• Working of mine, as per approved plans and regularly updating the mine
plans;
• Cleaning of mine faces shall be regularly done;
• Handling of explosives, charging and blasting shall be carried out by
competent persons only;
• Provision of magazine at a safe place with fencing and necessary security
arrangement;
• Regular maintenance and testing of all mining equipment as per
manufacturer’s guidelines;
Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Iron Ore Mine of NINL
at Sundargarh/Keonjhar Districts, Orissa
Chapter-7
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VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C7-2
• Suppression of dust on the haulage roads;
• Adequate safety equipment shall be provided at explosive magazine; and
• Increasing the awareness of safety and disaster through competitions, posters
and other similar drives and celebrating annual safety week.
For any type of above disasters, a rescue team shall be formed by training the
mining staff with specialized training.
7.2 Identification of Hazards and Risk Assessment
There are various factors, which can cause disaster in the mines. These hazards
are as follows:
• Blasting;
• Waste Rock Dumps;
• Heavy Machinery; and ore dressing plant
• Explosives storage; and
• Fuel Storage
The mining activity has several disaster prone areas. The identification of various
hazards in open cast mining is depicted in Figure-7.1.
7.2.1 Blasting
Most of the accidents from blasting occur due to the projectiles, as they may
some times go even beyond the danger zone, mainly due to overcharging of the
shot holes as a result of certain special features of the local ground. Flying rocks
are encountered during initial and final blasting operations. Vibrations also lead to
displacement of adjoining areas. Dust and noise are also problems commonly
encountered during blasting operations.
7.2.2 Waste Rock Dumps
The waste rock dumps may cause landslides. High rock dumps created at the
quarry edge may cause sliding of the dump or may cause failure of the pit slope
due to excessive loading, thereby causing loss of life and property. Siltation of
surface water may also cause run-off from waste rock dumps.
7.2.3 Heavy Machinery
Most of the accidents during transport of dumpers, trucks, poclains, ripper dozers
and other heavy vehicles are often attributable to mechanical failures and human
errors.
7.2.4 Storage of Explosives
The explosive are planned to store a 4 Ton capacity magazine. In the proposed
mining area, the blasting operations will be carried out once or twice in a week.
The main hazard associated with the storage, transport and handling of
Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Iron Ore Mine of NINL
at Sundargarh/Keonjhar Districts, Orissa
Chapter-7
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VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C7-3
explosives is fire and explosion. The Rules as per the Indian Explosive Act 1884
and Rules 2008 shall be followed strictly for handling of explosives.
The storage, transportation and use of explosives shall be carried out with
complete safety, in accordance with rules and regulations. The magazines shall be
kept guarded round the clock by security personnel. The entire magazine area
shall be fenced by high chain link with barbed wire at top. Security watchtower
and morchas will be provided for surveillance of the area around magazines. The
storage and maintaining of stock records for all the magazines shall be done by
an authorized magazine in-charge under the guidance of Blasting engineer. The
magazines will be kept under lock and key and are guarded by Security
personnel.
Suitable explosive vans duly licensed by the controller of explosives will be
utilized for daily transportation of explosives between magazine and blasting site
both for bringing and returning the explosives. Necessary foolproof arrangements
will be made for transportation/bringing of detonators in separate vehicles to the
blasting site. It will be ensured that high explosives and detonators/detonating
fuse will not be transported in the same compartment of explosive van in order to
avoid any possible accidents.
During monsoon season and cloudy weather, no charging of explosives in the
field will be carried out. Necessary precautions such as keeping the detonating
fuse properly covered with drill cuttings/stemming material will be taken during
onset of rains/stormy weather in order to prevent any possible premature firing
due to lighting.
• Type of Explosives
Types of explosives proposed to be used in mines at the proposed iron ore mines
are given below and the same will be utilized for the proposed mines;
1. Nitroglycerin based gelatinous explosive; and
2. Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO).
The above explosives will be kept separately.
Storage of Explosives
The explosives will be stored in a licensed project magazines 4 T capacity
magazine, which strictly conform to the specifications laid down in Indian
Explosives Act and Rules made there under. Transportation of the explosives from
the magazines to the site of use shall be done prior to the actual charging
operation in approved licensed explosive vans.
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at Sundargarh/Keonjhar Districts, Orissa
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FIGURE-7.1
IDENTIFICATION OF HAZARDS IN OPEN CAST MINES
OPEN CAST MINE
DRILLING AND BLASTING
WASTE ROCK REMOVAL AND
DUMPING
ORE SCREENING
PLANT
EXPLOITATION OF ORE
TRANSPORTATION OF ORE TO
CRUSHING PLANT
ORE CRUSHING PLANT
LOADING PLANT
ECOLOGICAL RISK
(LAND, AIR, WATER)
DUST NOISE
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7.3 Safety Measures at the Deposit
The NINL should ensure implementation of all the possible safety measures in the
course of its endeavour to mine iron ore from the mine face. All the efforts should
be made towards enhancement of safety pays rich dividends in terms of higher
productivity and reduction of losses.
7.3.1 Mine Layout
To overcome the problem due to complex geological structure of the deposit and
to ensure safe and stable working benches, following measures shall be taken.
• The deposit shall be opened up from the top of the hill, to enable slicing
method of open cast working pattern to be followed. This ensures that there
are no left over benches above the working benches, which can cause
unstable workings;
• The benches shall be kept sufficiently wide for greater stability as well as for
easy movement of the Heavy Earth Moving Machinery; and
• The height of the benches shall be kept commensurate with the digging height
of the excavators.
7.3.2 Blasting
To ensure safe blasting the following shall be adopted.
• The use of Non Electric System of Initiation of the Blast Holes by using Excel
detonators and connectors. It ensures bottom hole initiation of the explosive
charge, thereby reducing the ground vibration and fly rock problem;
• Use of ground vibration and air blast monitoring instruments to monitor the
blasts. The instrument reveals efficiency of the blasting activity;
• Complete evacuation of the area falling within 300 m of the blast site by
sounding siren and by sending guards to avoid any exposure of the human
beings and other animals to the danger associated with blasting;
• All the blasts shall be carefully planned and executed by experienced blasters
under proper supervision of qualified and experienced mining engineers to
ensure effective utilization of the explosive material towards breaking of the
rock;
• The explosive material shall be stored properly in an approved magazine, and
shall be guarded by security personnel round the clock; and
• No secondary blasting is envisaged. All the big boulders shall be broken using
a Hydraulic Rock Breaker, thereby eliminating the risk of flying fragments
associated with secondary blasting.
Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Iron Ore Mine of NINL
at Sundargarh/Keonjhar Districts, Orissa
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7.3.3 Ripping and Dozing
The Dozers shall be utilized especially to excavate mineral from the areas having
close proximity to structures, likely to be affected by blasting. This machine
completely minimizes the blasting activity, thereby ensuring safety at the critical
locations.
7.3.4 Transport of Mineral
To ensure safe working of the rear dump trucks, which transport the mineral from
the quarry to the crusher, following measures shall be taken:
• The haul roads shall be kept sufficiently wide to ensure free and easy
movement;
• The curves on the roads shall be given proper super elevation;
• Drains along the roads shall be designed to carry away rainwater without
causing damage to the road;
• The valley side of the road shall be clearly demarcated either by erecting
stone walls or by fixation of drums; and
• Proper illumination of the roads shall be done to facilitate work in the night
hours.
7.4 Identification of Major Hazardous Units
7.4.1 Classification of Major Hazardous Substance
Hazardous substances may be classified into three main classes: Flammable
substances, Unstable substances and Toxic substances. The ratings for a large
number of chemicals based on flammability, reactivity and toxicity have been given
in NFPA Codes 49 and 345 M. The details of the fuel storages in the proposed mine
is given in Table-7.1. Hazardous characteristics of the major flammable materials
and chemicals that are employed in different processes are listed in Table-7.2.
TABLE-7.1
CATEGORYWISE SCHEDULE OF PROPOSED STORAGE TANKS
Sr.
No
Product No. of
Tanks
Classification Design Capacity
(KL)
1 HSD 1 B 20 A: Dangerous Petroleum B: Non- Dangerous Petroleum C: Heavy Petroleum
Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Iron Ore Mine of NINL
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TABLE-7.2
PROPERTIES OF FUELS/CHEMICALS USED AT MINES
Chemical Codes/Label TLV FBP MP FP UEL LEL
°C %
HSD Flammable
liquid
5 mg/m3 369 -- 32 7.5 0.6
TLV : Threshold Limit Value FBP : Final Boiling Point
MP : Melting Point FP : Flash Point
UEL : Upper Explosive Limit LEL : Lower Explosive Limit
7.4.2 Identification of Major Hazard Installations Based on GOI Rules, 1989 (amended in
2000)
Following accidents in the chemical industry in India over a few decades, a specific
legislation covering major hazard activities has been enforced by Govt. of India in
1989 in conjunction with Environment Protection Act, 1986. This is referred here as
GOI rules 1989 (amended in 2000). For the purpose of identifying major hazard
installations the rules employ certain criteria based on toxic, flammable and
explosive properties of chemicals.
A systematic analysis of the fuels and their quantities of storage has been carried
out, to determine threshold quantities as notified by GOI Rules and the applicable
rules are identified. The results are summarized in Table-7.3.
TABLE-7.3
APPLICABILITY OF GOI RULES TO FUEL/CHEMICAL STORAGE
Threshold Quantity (T)
for Application of
Rules
Sr.
No.
Chemical/
Fuel
Listed in
Schedule
Total Quantity
KL
5,7-9,13-15 10-12
1 HSD 3(1) 1 X 20 25 MT 200 MT
7.4.3 Fire Explosion and Toxicity Index (FE&TI) Approach
Fire, Explosion and Toxicity Indexing (FE & TI) is a rapid ranking method for
identifying the degree of hazard. The application of FE&TI would help to make a
quick assessment of the nature and quantification of the hazard in these areas.
However, this does not provide precise information. Respective Material Factor (MF),
General Hazard Factors (GHF), Special Process Hazard Factors (SPH) are computed
using standard procedure of awarding penalties based on storage handling and
reaction parameters. For each separate process, which contains flammable or toxic
substances, a fire and explosion index F and/or a toxicity index T may be
determined in a manner derived from the method for determining a fire and
explosion index developed by the Dow Chemical Company.
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7.4.3.1 FE and TI Methodology
Dow's Fire and Explosion Index (F and E) is a product of material factor (MF) and
hazard factor (F3) while MF represents the flammability and reactivity of the
substances, the hazard factor (F3), is itself a product of general process hazards
(GPH) and special process hazards (SPH). An accurate plot plan of the Mine, a
process flow sheet and Fire and Explosion Index and Hazard Classification Guide
published by Dow Chemical Company are required to estimate the FE & TI of any
process or a storage unit.
7.4.3.2 Computations and Evaluation of Fire and Explosion Index
The Fire and Explosion Index (F&EI) is calculated from -
)()(& SPHGPHMFEIF ××=
The degree of hazard potential is identified based on the numerical value of F&EI as
per the criteria given below:
F&EI Range Degree of Hazard
0-60
61-96
97-127
128-158
159-up
Light
Moderate
Intermediate
Heavy
Severe
7.4.3.3 Toxicity Index (TI)
The toxicity index is primarily based on the index figures for health hazards
established by the NFPA in codes NFPA 704, NFPA 49 and NFPA 345 m.
7.4.3.4 Classification of Hazard Categories
By comparing the indices F&EI and TI, the unit in question is classified into one of
the following three categories established for the purpose are presented in Table-
7.4.
TABLE-7.4
FIRE EXPLOSION AND TOXICITY INDEX
Category Fire and Explosion Index
(F&EI)
Toxicity Index (TI)
I F&EI < 65 TI < 6
II 65 < or = F&EI < 95 6 < or = TI < 10
III F&EI > or = 95 TI > or = 10
Certain basic minimum preventive and protective measures are recommended for
the three hazard categories.
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7.4.3.5 Results of FE and TI for Storage/Process Units
Based on the GOI Rules, the hazardous fuels used in the proposed mine capacity
expansion project were identified. Fire and Explosion are the likely hazards, which
may occur due to the fuel storages. Hence, Fire and Explosion index has been
calculated for storage in mine. Detailed estimates of FE&TI are given in Table-7.5.
TABLE-7.5
FIRE EXPLOSION AND TOXICITY INDEX FOR STORAGE FACILITIES
Sr. No.
Chemical
Total Quantity F&EI Category TI Category
1 HSD 1 X 20 KL 0.1 Light - -
7.5 Hazard Assessment and Evaluation
7.5.1 Introduction
Preliminary hazards analysis is based on the philosophy "PREVENTION IS BETTER
THAN CURE". How safe are the operations? Safety is relative and implies freedom
from danger or injury. But there is always some element of danger or risk in
anything we do or build. When a chemical process facility is considered safe? This
calls for identification of hazards, quantification of risk and further suggest hazard
mitigating measures, if necessary.
7.5.2 Methodology
An assessment of the conceptual design is conducted for the purpose of identifying
and examining hazards related to feed stock materials, major process components,
utility and support systems, environmental factors, proposed operations, facilities
and safeguards.
7.5.3 Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)
A preliminary hazard analysis is carried out initially to identify the major hazards
associated with storages of the existing mine. This is followed by consequence
analysis to quantify these hazards. Finally the vulnerable zones are plotted for which
risk reducing measures are deduced and implemented.
7.5.3.1 Fuel Storage
A HSD storage tank will be provided at proposed mine site. In case of tank or fuel
released in the dyke area catching fire, a steady state fire will ensure. Failures in
pipeline may occur due to corrosion and mechanical defect. Failure of pipeline due
to external interference is not considered as this area is licensed area and all the
work within this area is closely supervised with trained personnel.
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TABLE-7.6
PRELIMINARY HAZARD ANALYSIS FOR STORAGE AREAS
Blocks/Areas Capacity/Quantity Hazards Identified
HSD Tank Farms 1x20 KL Fire
7.5.4 Maximum Credible Accident Analysis (MCAA)
Hazardous substances may be released as a result of failures or catastrophes,
causing possible damage to the surrounding area. This section deals with the
question of how the consequences of the release of such substances and the
damage to the surrounding area can be determined by means of models. Major
hazards posed by flammable storage can be identified taking recourse to MCA
analysis. MCA analysis encompasses certain techniques to identify the hazards
and calculate the consequent effects in terms of damage distances of heat
radiation, toxic releases, vapor cloud explosion, etc. A host of probable or
potential accidents of the major units in the complex arising due to use, storage
and handling of the hazardous materials are examined to establish their
credibility. Depending upon the effective hazardous attributes and their impact on
the event, the maximum effect on the surrounding environment and the
respective damage caused can be assessed.
The reason and purpose of consequence analysis are many folds like:
•••• Part of Risk Assessment
•••• Mine Layout/Code Requirements
•••• Protection of surroundings
•••• Protection of the public
•••• Emergency Planning
•••• Design Criteria (e.g. loading on Control Room)
The results of consequence analysis are useful for getting information about all
known and unknown effects that are of importance when some failure scenario
occurs in the Mine and also to get information as how to deal with the possible
catastrophic events. It also gives the workers in the Mine and people living in the
vicinity of the area, an understanding of their personal situation.
7.5.4.1 Damage Criteria
The fuel storage and the supply pipelines may lead to fire and explosion hazards.
The damage criteria due to an accidental release of any hydrocarbon arise from fire
and explosion. Contamination of soil or water is not expected as these fuels will
vaporize slowly and would not leave any residue. The vapors of these fuels are not
toxic and hence no effects of toxicity are expected.
• Fire Damage
A flammable liquid in a pool will burn with a large turbulent diffusion flame. This
releases heat based on the heat of combustion and the burning rate of the liquid. A
part of the heat is radiated while the rest is convected away by rising hot air and
combustion products. The radiations can heat the contents of a nearby storage or
Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Iron Ore Mine of NINL
at Sundargarh/Keonjhar Districts, Orissa
Chapter-7
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process unit to above its ignition temperature and thus result in a spread of fire. The
radiations can also cause severe burns or fatalities of workers or fire fighters located
within a certain distance. Hence, it will be important to know beforehand the
damage potential of a flammable liquid pool likely to be created due to leakage or
catastrophic failure of a storage or process vessel. This will help to decide the
location of other storage/process vessels, decide the type of protective clothing the
workers/fire fighters need, the duration of time for which they can be in the zone,
the fire extinguishing measures needed and the protection methods needed for the
nearby storage/process vessels. Tables-7.7 and7.8 tabulate the damage effect on
equipment and people due to thermal radiation intensity.
TABLE-7.7
DAMAGE DUE TO INCIDENT RADIATION INTENSITIES
Sr. No
Incident Radiation (kW/m2)
Type of Damage Intensity
Damage to Equipment Damage to People
1 37.5 Damage to process equipment 100% lethality in 1 min. 1% lethality in 10 sec.
2 25.0 Minimum energy required to ignite wood at indefinitely long exposure without a flame
50% Lethality in 1 min. Significant injury in 10 sec.
3 19.0 Maximum thermal radiation intensity allowed on thermally unprotected adjoining equipment
--
4 12.5 Minimum energy to ignite with a flame; melts plastic tubing
1% lethality in 1 min.
5 4.5 -- Causes pain if duration is longer than 20 sec, however blistering is un-likely (First degree burns)
6 1.6 -- Causes no discomfort on long exposures
Source: Techniques for Assessing Industrial Hazards by World Bank.
The effect of incident radiation intensity and exposure time on lethality is given in
Table-7.8.
TABLE-7.8
RADIATION EXPOSURE AND LETHALITY
Radiation Intensity
(kW/m2) Exposure Time
(seconds) Lethality (%) Degree of Burns
1.6 -- 0 No Discomfort even after long exposure
4.5 20 0 1 st
4.5 50 0 1 st
8.0 20 0 1 st
8.0 50 <1 3 rd
8.0 60 <1 3 rd
12.0 20 <1 2 nd
12.0 50 8 3 rd
12.5 -- 1 --
25.0 -- 50 --
37.5 -- 100 --
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7.5.5 Scenarios Considered for MCA Analysis
7.5.5.1 Modeling Scenarios
Based on the storage and consumption of HSD the following failure scenarios in the
mine have been identified for MCA analysis and the scenarios are discussed in
Table-7.9.
TABLE-7.9
SCENARIOS CONSIDERED FOR MCA ANALYSIS (EXISTING)
Fuel/Chemical Total Storage Quantity (KL) Pool Fire
Failure of HSD tank 1 X 20 3
7.5.5.2 Methodology
A perusal of Table-7.9 clearly indicate that the storage is flammable liquids. Fires
could occur due to presence of ignition source at or near the source of spill. Tanks
fires may occur due to the following:
• Ignition if rim seal leak leading to rim seal fire and escalating to full-fledged tank
fire. Lighting is a major source of ignition of tank fires.
• Overflow from tank leading to spillage, vapor cloud formation and its subsequent
ignition, which flashes back to the tank leading to tank fire. The chance of
overflow should be less unless operator has grossly erred in receiving naphtha
into the same tank. Spillage due to overflow may result in a dyke fire if ignition
occurs after sufficiently long period.
• Sinking of floating roof: This may occur due to mechanical defect or due to
accumulation of rainwater in the roof, which is not drained.
For the present study, the scenarios under consideration assume that the peak level
of radiation intensity will not occur suddenly. Based on the past experience, it is
found that 20-30 minutes time will be required before a tank fire grows to full size.
For radiation calculations, pool fire has been considered. From the above
considerations, the criteria of 4.5 kW/m2 have been selected to judge acceptability
of the scenarios. The assumptions for calculations are:
• It is not continuous exposure;
• It is assumed that No fire detection and mitigation measures are initiated
• There is not enough time available for warning the public and initiating
emergency action;
• Secondary fire at public road and building is not likely to happen;
• The effect of smoke on reduction of source radiation intensity has not been
considered; therefore hazard distances calculated tend to be conservative; and
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• Shielding effect of intervening trees or other structures has not been considered.
No lethality is expected from this level of intensity although burn injury takes
place depending on time of exposure.
Based on the above assumptions each storage facility have been assessed with
respect to Pool fires. The following assumptions are made for evaluating the risk on
the Mine and personnel due to the failure scenarios.
7.5.5.3 Details of Models Used for MCA Analysis
• Pool Fire Model
Heat Radiation program RADN has been used to estimate the steady state radiation
effect from various storage of fuel and chemicals at different distances. The model
has been developed by VIMTA based on the equations compiled from literatures by
Prof.J.P.Gupta, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Kanpur. The equations
used for computations are described below:
• The Rate of Burning
The main assumptions made in the calculations are:
- Pool area is circular;
- Observer is at ground level;
- Atmospheric absorption of thermal radiation is negligible; and
- Negligible wind in the vicinity of the flame; thus, uniform thermal radiation
field radially and no flame tilt.
The burning velocity of a liquid pool is the rate at which the pool level decreases
with time. The mass burning rate is a related term, being a product of the burning
velocity and the fuel liquid density. Extensive burn rate measurements have shown
a definite relationship between the burning velocity and thermo chemical fuel
properties, such as the ratio of the net heats of combustion and vaporization. The
single most readily available property that best co-relates with these heats is the
normal boiling point. Therefore, a simple expression for the burning velocity was
obtained, covering a wide range of boiling points. It is important to note that the
correlation developed is independent of the pool size, though in practice, it increases
slightly with the pool size. In effect, it is assumed that there is large, turbulent
diffusion flame behaving as an optically thick gray body. This condition is satisfied
for most pool fires exceeding above 10 ft (3 m) in diameter. The equation to
estimate the burning velocity is:
6*
10*M*e*6.92y
7w
)BT0043.0(
ρ
−−
= (1)
where;
y = Burning velocity or rate (m/s)
Mw = Molecular weight (kg/kgmol)
r = Liquid specific gravity
TB = Normal boiling point (degrees F).
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• The Pool Size
The diameter of the pool fire depend upon the release mode, release quantity (or
rate) and the burning rate. In addition, if the spill occurs on land, the frictional
resistance offered by the terrain will limit the spreading velocity of liquid. In the
case of Continuous Spill, the liquid spreads and increases the burning area until
the total burning equals the spill rate. This condition of equilibrium is represented by
an equilibrium diameter given by the following equation:
2/1eq ]
y
V[2Dπ
= (2)
where;
Deq = Steady state diameter of the pool for a continuous spill (m)
V = Liquid spill rate (m3/sec)
y = Liquid burning rate (m/s)
Equation-2 assumes that the dominant mode of transfer to the liquid pool comes
from the flame and the burning rate is constant. This is a valid assumption for all
liquid hydrocarbons whose boiling temperatures are above ambient. This is also true
for liquefied hydrocarbon spills on water where heat transfer from water to the pool
is relatively constant. This results in a higher burning rate. The equation, however,
ignores the time dependent heat transfer from substrate such as when spill occurs
on land where heat transfer from the land decreases with time. It is also assumed in
deriving this equation that the mass balance is maintained within the burning pool,
viz: burning rate = spill rate. Hence, the loss of liquid due to percolation through the
soil or dissolution in the water column are not included.
It is important to note that the equilibrium diameter does not represent the
maximum diameter of the pool. The excess volume spilled up to the time to reach
the equilibrium diameter spreads further. The maximum diameter in meters is given
by:
eqmax D*254.1D = (3)
The maximum pool diameter (meters) and the time (seconds) to reach that for an
Instantaneous Release is given by the following expressions:
11/25.0
d
2
max }]C
g[*
y
V{7892.1D = (4)
ondsecyg
CV5249.0t
11/1
72
2d
3
max
= (5)
where;
Cd = Ground friction coefficient, for general use it is 0.5.
V = Volume spilled (m3)
y = Burning velocity (m/s)
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g = Gravitational acceleration, 9.8 m/s2
It should be noted that an instantaneous unconfined pool fire grows in size until a
barrier is reached or until all the fuel is consumed.
• The Emissive Power of the Flame
The emissive power of a large turbulent flame is a function of the black body
emissive power and the flame emissivity. The black body emissive power, in turn,
can be computed using Planck's law of radiation, if the mean radiation flame
temperature is known. For incident flux calculations. However, it is more important
to estimate the effective emissive power of the flame, which accounts for shielding
by surrounding layers of smoke for liquid hydrocarbon fires. Based on observed
values of emissive powers reported in the literature and other available data, the
effective emissive power is correlated to the normal boiling point for selected fuels
by the expressions:
117T313.0E BFP +−= (6)
or
984.1065634.0E BCP +−= (7)
where;
Ep = Effective emissive power (kW/m2)
TBF = Normal boiling point (°F)
TBC = Normal boiling point (°C)
Materials with boiling point above 30oF typically burn with sooty flames. The
emissive power from the sooty portion, based on limited data, is of the order of 20
kW/m2. An effective sooty flame average emissive power can therefore be
estimated by assigning relative areas of sooty and unshielded flame and calculating
an area based average emissive power.
• The Heat Received at a Particular Location
The incident flux at any given location is given by the equation:
VF**EQ Pi τ= (8)
where;
Qi = Incident flux, kW/m2
t = Transmissivity
VF = Geometric view factor
Transmissivity coefficient, is mainly a function of the path-length (distance from
observer to flame surface), relative humidity and flame temperature. For the
calculation, it is set equal to 1 (more conservative) and the attenuation of thermal
flux due to atmospheric absorption is not taken into account. This assumption
provides a conservative hazard estimate, since the presence of water and carbon
Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Iron Ore Mine of NINL
at Sundargarh/Keonjhar Districts, Orissa
Chapter-7
Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Plan
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C7-16
dioxide tends to reduce the incident flux at any given location. The view factor
defines the fraction of flame that is seen by a given observer. This geometric term
has been calculated as a function of distance from the center for an upright flame
approximated by a cylinder. It has also been assumed that the optimum orientation
between the observer and the flame that yields a maximum view factor prevails.
The resulting equation is as follows:
757.1
P
X
R143.1VF
= (9)
where,
X = Distance from flame center (m)
Rp = Pool radius (m)
Equation-8 for incident flux can be written as:
757.1
PP
X
RE143.1VF
= (10)
This gives the radiant flux intensity at any given distance 'X' measured from the
center of the pool. It can be used to calculate the water sprinkler load on the nearby
units so as to remove the heat flux received and keep the contents cool.
The equation 10 can be rewritten to determine the distance (or radius) 'X" for a
specified 'Qi':
P
757.1/1
i
P RQ
E143.1X
= (11)
P
57.0
i
P RQ
E079.1X
= (12)
This can be used to determine the distance between two storage/process units so
that the flux from a fire in one would be less than a specified value of 'Qi', which
could set the second fire.
7.5.5.4 Properties of Fuels Considered for Modeling Scenarios (Pool fire)
The chemical data for various fuels used for modeling is tabulated in Table-7.10
and are complied from various literature.
Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Iron Ore Mine of NINL
at Sundargarh/Keonjhar Districts, Orissa
Chapter-7
Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Plan
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C7-17
TABLE-7.10
PROPERTIES OF FUELS CONSIDERED FOR MODELING
Fuel Molecular Weight
kg/kg.mol
Boiling Point oC
Density
kg/m3
HSD 114.24 369.0 840.0
7.5.6 Model Computations
7.5.6.1 Results and Discussion - Pool Fire
The results of MCA analysis are tabulated indicating the distances for various damages identified by the damage criteria. Calculations are done for radiation intensities levels of 37.5, 25, 19, 12.5, 4.5 and 1.6 kW/m2, which are presented in Table-7.11 for different scenarios. The distances computed for various scenarios are given in meters and are from the edge of the pool fire.
TABLE-7.11
OCCURRENCE OF VARIOUS RADIATION INTENSITIES- POOL FIRE
Radiation
Quantity Radiation Intensities (kW/m2)/Distances (m)
KL 37.5 25.0 19.0 12.5 4.5 1.6
Instantaneous Spill
Failure of HSD tank 1x20 2.9 3.6 4.2 5.4 9.6 17.4
7.5.6.2 Conclusions on Pool Fire
A review of modeling results clearly indicates that the maximum damage and
fatality would be occur at <10 m distance. The radiation intensities would envelop
the storage tank and will be confined in and around the storage area.
The radiation intensities of 37.5 kW/m2 and 25.0 kW/m2 represents 100% and 50%
lethality on people and complete damage to the process equipment and minimum
energy required to ignite wood (without a flame) and melting of plastic. The
equipment and the personal falling within the distance computed for 37.5 kW/m2
would be damaged and 100% fatality is likely to occur, which in-turn depends on
the number of people working within this vulnerable distance at that particular
time.
• A perusal of modeling results tabulated in Table-7.11 indicate that the
radiation intensity of 37.5 kW/m2 is likely to occur within a distance (range) of
2.9 m. About 100% lethality and complete damage to the equipment is likely to
occur within these distances.
• Similarly, the distances computed for radiation intensity of 25.0 kW/m2 fall in
range of 3.6 m. About 50% lethality and partial damage depending on the type
of equipment is likely to occur within these distances.
The radiation intensity of 12.5 kW/m2 represents 1% lethality on people and
minimum energy required to ignite wood (with a flame) and melting of plastic. The
equipment and the personal falling within the distance computed for 12.5 kW/m2
Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Iron Ore Mine of NINL
at Sundargarh/Keonjhar Districts, Orissa
Chapter-7
Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Plan
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C7-18
would be partially damaged and 1% lethality is likely to occur, which in-turn
depends on the number of people working within this vulnerable distance at that
particular time.
• A perusal of modeling results tabulated in Table-7.11 indicate that the
radiation intensity of 12.5 kW/m2 is likely to occur within a distance of 5.4 in
mine. About 1% lethality and partial damage depending on the type of
equipment is likely to occur within these distances.
Similarly, the radiation intensity of 4.5 kW/m2 represents first degree burns on
people and has no effect on the equipment. The equipment and the personal falling
within the distance computed for 4.5 kW/m2 would experience first degree burns,
and in-turn depends on the number of people working within this vulnerable
distance at that particular time.
• A perusal of modeling results tabulated in Table-7.11 indicate that the
radiation intensity of 4.5 kW/m2 is likely to occur within a distance of 9.6 m.
First degree burns are likely to occur within this distance.
As the storage tank would be provided with dyke, the fire would be confined within
the dyke wall. The frequency of such a bund fire, taking place is very low and is of
the order of 1 in 2000 to 4000 years for one tank rupture. It may be noted that the
occurrence of pool fire is rather rare but such data/discussions are useful for
emergency planning. There will be adequate time to evoke emergency planning
and evacuate people by the time a small fire in tank area can grow into a full
fledge bund fire.
7.5.6.3 Effect of Thermal Radiation on Population
A perusal of Table-7.11 presented in above section indicates that 1.6 kW/m2
represents the safe radiation intensity for human population even for long
exposures.
A perusal of the above Table-7.11 reveals that in case of pool fire of HSD tank the
safe distance i.e. distance of occurrence of 1.6 kW/m2 is observed to be 17.4 m.
This indicates the population of the nearest settlement (mine office) will not be
affected.
7.5.6.4 Other Features
Automatic Fire Fighting Systems shall be provided for the critical equipment like
Excavators, Loaders etc. All the Heavy Earth Moving Equipment shall be
maintained in the efficient working order by a team of well experienced and
qualified personnel at the mine site. Personal checking of the following features
shall be done on daily basis.
• Brakes;
• Horns and auto reverse horns; and
• Lights.
All the staff shall be provided with essential personal protective equipment like
safety shoes, Helmets, Hand Gloves, Goggles, Apron, Guards, Ear muffs etc.
Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Iron Ore Mine of NINL
at Sundargarh/Keonjhar Districts, Orissa
Chapter-7
Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Plan
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C7-19
Regular training shall be imparted to the related staff of the mines for safe and
proper operation and maintenance of the machines.
7.6 Emergency Measures
The following emergency measures are proposed to be taken up in case of
emergency like fire and accidents in the proposed mine site.
7.6.1 Standing Consultative Committee
This committee shall be formed with the following members.
1. Head of the Project
2. DGM (P)
3. Geology / Quality control Officer
4. Sr. Manager (T&S)
5. DMS Chaibasa
6. Head Security
7. DGM (M&S)
8. DGM (Plant)
9. Head Electrical
10. Head Civil
11. Head Mining
This committee will meet in the case of severe emergency, advise, and help the
project officer to deal with the situation.
7.6.2 Active Committee
This committee shall consist of following officers of the mine.
1. Mines Manager
2. Safety Officer
3. Head Security
4. Dy G.M (M&S)
5. DGM (Plant)
6. Sr. Manager
7. Head Electrical Plant
8. Head Mining
9. Head Civil
10. OHS Medical Officer
11. Manager Environment
12. Personal officer
13. Work Men’s Inspector
This committee, works under the guidance and control of the project office, shall
share working of emergency responding plan. This advice given by consultative
committee and action to be taken by action committee should be legibly entered
in the operating log book.
Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Iron Ore Mine of NINL
at Sundargarh/Keonjhar Districts, Orissa
Chapter-7
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VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C7-20
7.6.3 Emergency Response Supervisors (ERS)
The persons named following will be Emergency Response Supervisors (ERS) and
will be responsible for notification of the emergency and for taking immediate
steps to control the situation until the action committee and other senior officers
take over.
While on duty the ERS member should wear a special sticker on their helmet for
easy identification.
1. Shift In-charge – Mining
2. Shift In-charge – Crushing Plant
3. Shift In-charge – Screening Plant
7.6.4 Emergency Information
All telephone numbers and quarter numbers of all rescue trained persons of the
mine and fire services shall be prominently displayed in all sections of the project.
1. Head Mining
2. Manager Mining
3. All Shifts In-charges
4. Fire Services
5. Fire Control
7.6.5 Fire Fighting Measures
• Security unit will be responsible for fire fighting in the project;
• The telephone numbers at which immediate information is to go in case of
fire, will prominently be displayed in all sections of the project. This will be the
primary responsibility of ERS in specific of all the persons working in areas in
general;
• Fully qualified fire officer, or the inspector (trained in a recognized institution)
shall be posted;
• All machinery operators, drivers, attendants and supervisory staff shall be
trained in the First Aid and fire fighting;
• Refresher training for fire fighting persons at the mine shall be arranged at
least once in a year;
• Dumpers shall be provided with automatic fire detection of the linear heat
sensing type and a integrated suppression system;
• Adequate numbers of Fire extinguishers (DCP, CO2, Foam type) shall be
provided at Dumper, Dozers, Graders, Shovels and other machinery.
Adequate numbers of Fire extinguishers shall also be provided at ore crushing
plants and screening plants;
• About 10% of the number of each type of fire extinguishers
measured/distributed in the mine shall be kept as standby in stores;
• Adequate number of fire buckets (9 lit capacity) shall be provided in work
shop, crushing plant, sub station etc. Sand dumps shall be maintained at such
locations;
• Water hydrants system shall be made available at mines dumper platform to
fill up the fire tenders with water;
Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Iron Ore Mine of NINL
at Sundargarh/Keonjhar Districts, Orissa
Chapter-7
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VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C7-21
• Fire tenders in working condition shall be kept ready all the time; and
• Fire Hoses, couples of specified length in sufficient numbers shall be kept by
fire fighting wing, their maintenance and check and periodic inspection will be
carried out by security fire wing.
7.6.6 Communication
All the officers working in the mine, crushing plant and other important officers
working in office and security will be provided with the one or more following
types of communicate system:
• Walky – Talky system
• Telephone both as office and residence
• PA System in crushing plant
Important places like mining office, time office, dumper platform, crushing plant,
screening plant and all security check gates will be provided with high frequency
wireless sets.
Siren ringing in continuous raps will be given to communicate all the personal
regarding emergency. The attendance room/time office will have true update of
all the personnel and their telephone numbers.
7.6.7 Withdrawal of Workers
During the emergency, the respective ER supervisor will withdraw all the persons
in the area affected or from the area likely to be affected.
No person other than those permitted by the control room will remain in or enter
the affected area. For prompt identification in the field, the authorised persons
will be issued evergreen emergency badges instead of written authorisation.
Normal work will not be resumed in the affected area without the permission of
the mines manager.
7.6.8 Allocation of Rooms
To avoid continuous overcrowding at the time of emergency, the rooms
mentioned below will be used for the purposes indicated against each of them.
⇒ Operation of Control Room: Site office or time Office of the area concerned
⇒ Casualty room: Hospital
⇒ Public relation, Police, Press, Catering: Time Office/Canteen/Guest house
7.6.9 Control Room
The following items will always be available or they will be maintained in the
control room.
⇒ Emergency Response Plan
⇒ Fire Fighting Plan
⇒ Emergency Badges
Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Iron Ore Mine of NINL
at Sundargarh/Keonjhar Districts, Orissa
Chapter-7
Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Plan
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C7-22
⇒ Duty Cards
⇒ Telephone log book
⇒ Operator log book
⇒ Copies of up to date information of emergency
7.6.10 Assistance from Outsides
Assistance from outside administration as indicated below can be taken in an
emergency.
• District Collector
• District Medical officer
• Nearest Police Station
7.6.11 Emergency Duties
The duty of key persons at the time of emergency will be described and the cards
containing the details of the duties are prepared and relevant portion of the
duties will be displayed prominently in the control room.
7.6.12 Disposal of Pollutants
The pollutants produced during the process of dealing with the emergency will be
disposed off in an environmentally friendly way.
7.6.13 Periodic Inspection and Maintenance
All important and emergency equipment like fire fighting tender, Portable fire
extinguishers, communication systems will be checked once in every fourteen
days for their efficiency. The result of every such inspection will be conserved in a
book maintained for the purpose. Fault detected/found if any, will be promptly
rectified.
7.6.14 Training in Emergency Response
Required and relevant training to workmen will be imparted for proper response
during emergency.
The mock rehearsals will be conducted periodically separately for the different
sections in order to assess the training undergone by the persons to act during
emergency.
7.6.15 Fire Fighting Plans
A fire fighting plan on a surface plan showing the following details will be
prepared and displayed in the projected places in the mine.
• Fire stations;
• Pumps with head and quality and their pipelines with control valves, water
transfer points/filling pumps;
Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Iron Ore Mine of NINL
at Sundargarh/Keonjhar Districts, Orissa
Chapter-7
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VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C7-23
• Fire fighting pumps and system of pipeline, hydraulics and hoses, couplers
nozzles etc;
• Fire buckets and sand dumps;
• Fire extinguishers indicating locations, capacity and number thereof at each
location;
• An inset indication that the fire fighting equipment available in stores;
• Water lodges (tanker, ponds, reservoir etc) in colour form, from where the
water can be drawn to fight fires with quantities at each such places;
• First aid station route, dispensary, hospitals; and
• Gradient of wide roads, if steeper than in 16.
7.7 Objectives of Disaster Management Plan
The Disaster Management Plan is aimed to ensure safety of life, protection of
environment, protection of installation, restoration of production and salvage
operations in some order of priorities. For effective implementation of the Disaster
Management Plan, it should be widely circulated and personnel training through
rehearsals/mock drills.
The objective of the Disaster Management Plan is to make use of the combined
resources of the mine and the outside services to achieve the following:
1. Effect the rescue and medical treatment of causalities;
2. Safeguard other people;
3. Minimize damage to property and the environment;
4. Initially contain and ultimately bring the incident under control;
5. Identify any dead;
6. Provide for the needs of relatives;
7. Provide authoritative information to the news media;
8. Secure the safe rehabilitation of affected area;
9. Preserve relevant records and equipment for the subsequent inquiry into the
cause and circumstances of the Emergency.
In effect, it is to optimize operational efficiency to rescue, rehabilitation and render
medical help and to restore normalcy.
7.8 Emergency Organization
Emergency Organization will be setup at the proposed mine site. In case of
emergency, a senior executive, General Manager (Production) who has control over
the affairs of the mine would be heading the Emergency Organization. He would be
designated as Site Controller. As per the General Organization chart, Mines Manager
would be designated as the Incident Controller. In the case of stores, utilities, open
areas, which are not under the control of the Production Heads, Senior Executive
responsible for maintenance of utilities would be designated as Incident Controller.
All the Incident Controllers would be reporting to the Site Controller.
Incident Controller organizes a team, responsible for controlling the incidence with
the personnel under his control. Shift In-charge would be the reporting officer, who
would bring the incidence to the notice of the Incidence Controller and Site
Controller.
Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Iron Ore Mine of NINL
at Sundargarh/Keonjhar Districts, Orissa
Chapter-7
Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Plan
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C7-24
Emergency Co-ordinators would be appointed who would undertake the
responsibilities like fire fighting, rescue, rehabilitation, transport and provide
essential and support services. For this purposes, Security In-charge, Personnel
Department, Essential services personnel would be engaged. All these personnel
would be designated as Key personnel.
In each shift, electrical supervisor, electrical fitters, pump house in-charge, and
other maintenance staff would be drafted for emergency operations. In the event of
power or communication system failure, some of the staff members in the mine
offices would be drafted and their services would be utilized as messengers for quick
passing of communications. All these personnel would be declared as essential
personnel.
7.8.1 Emergency Communication
Whoever notices an emergency situation such as fire, growth of fire etc. would
inform his immediate superior and Emergency Control Center. The person on duty in
the Emergency Control Center, would appraise the Site Controller. Site Controller
verifies the situation from the Incident Controller of that area or the Shift In-charge
and takes a decision about an impending On Site Emergency. This would be
communicated to the Incident Controller, Emergency Co-ordinators. Simultaneously,
the emergency warning system would be activated on the instructions of the Site
Controller.
7.9 Emergency Responsibilities
The responsibilities of the key personnel are appended below:
7.9.1 Site Controller
On receiving information about emergency he would rush to Emergency Control
Center and take charge of ECC and the situation and:
⇒ Assesses the magnitude of the situation on the advice of incident Controller and
decides
• Whether the affected area needs to be evacuated,
• Whether personnel who are at assembly points need to be evacuated
⇒ Declares emergency and orders for operation of emergency siren;
⇒ Organizes announcement by public address system about location of
emergency;
⇒ Assesses which areas are likely to be affected, or need to be evacuated or are to
be alerted;
⇒ Maintains a continuous review of possible development and assesses the
situation in consultation with Incident Controller and other Key Personnel as to
whether shutting the mine operation required and if evacuation of persons is
required;
⇒ Directs personnel for Rescue, rehabilitation, transport, fire brigade, medical and
other designated mutual support systems locally available, for meeting
emergencies;
Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Iron Ore Mine of NINL
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VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C7-25
⇒ Controls evacuation of affected areas, if the situation is likely to go out of control
or effects are likely to go beyond the mine boundary, informs to District
Emergency Authority, Police, Hospital and seeks their intervention and help;
⇒ Informs the statutory authorities;
⇒ Gives a public statement if necessary;
⇒ Keeps record of chronological events and prepares an investigation report and
preserves evidence;
⇒ On completion of On Site Emergency and restoration of normalcy, declares all
clear and orders for all clear warning.
7.9.2 Incident Controller
⇒ Assembles the incident control team;
⇒ Directs operations within the affected areas with the priorities for safety to
personnel, minimize damage to property and environment and minimize the loss
of materials;
⇒ Directs the shutting down of the operations and areas likely to be adversely
affected by the emergency;
⇒ Ensures that all key personnel help is sought;
⇒ Provides advise and information to the Fire and Security Officer and the Local
Fire Services of security as and when they arrive;
⇒ Ensures that all non-essential workers/staff of the affected areas evacuated to
the appropriate assembly points, and the areas are searched for casualties;
⇒ Has regard to the need for preservation of evidence so as to facilitate any
inquiry into the caused and circumstances, which caused or escalated the
emergency;
⇒ Co-ordinates with emergency services at the site;
⇒ Provides tools and safety equipment to the team members;
⇒ Keeps in touch with the team and advise them regarding the method of control
to be used; and
⇒ Keeps the Site Controller of the progress being made.
7.9.3 Emergency Coordinator – Rescue, Fire Fighting
⇒ On knowing about emergency, rushes to ECC
⇒ Helps the incident Controller in containment of the emergency
⇒ Ensure fire pumps in operating conditions and instructs pump house operator to
ready for any emergency with standby arrangement
⇒ Guides the fire fighting crew i.e. firemen, trained mine personnel and security
staff
⇒ Organizes the shifting of fire fighting facilities to the emergency site, if required
⇒ Takes guidance of the Incident Controller for fire fighting as well as assesses the
requirements of outside help
⇒ Arranges to control the traffic at the incident area
⇒ Directs the security staff to the incident site to take part in the emergency
operations under his guidance and supervision
⇒ Evacuates the people in the mine or in the nearby areas as advised by Site
Controller
⇒ Searches for casualties and arranges proper aid for them
⇒ Assembles search and evacuation team
⇒ Arranges for safety equipment for the members of this team
Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Iron Ore Mine of NINL
at Sundargarh/Keonjhar Districts, Orissa
Chapter-7
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⇒ Decides which paths the evacuated workers should follow
⇒ Maintains law and order in the area, and if necessary seeks the help of police
7.9.4 Emergency Coordinator - Medical, Mutual Aid, Rehabilitation, Transport and
Communication
⇒ In the event of failure of electric supply and thereby internal telephone, sets up
communication point and establishes contact with the Emergency Control Center
(ECC)
⇒ Organizes medical treatment to the injured and if necessary will shift the injured
to near by hospitals
⇒ Mobilizes extra medical help from outside, if necessary
⇒ Keeps a list of qualified first aiders and seek their assistance
⇒ Maintains first aid and medical emergency requirements
⇒ Makes sure that all safety equipment are made available to the emergency team
⇒ Assists Site Controller with necessary data and to coordinate the emergency
activities
⇒ Assists Site Controller in updating emergency plan, organizing mock drills
verification of inventory of emergency facilities and furnishing report to Site
Controller
⇒ Maintains liaison with Civil Administration
⇒ Ensure availability of canteen facilities and maintenance of rehabilitation center
⇒ He will be in liaison with Site Controller/Incident Controller
⇒ Ensure transportation facility
⇒ Ensures availability of necessary cash for rescue/rehabilitation and emergency
expenditure
⇒ Controls rehabilitation of affected areas on discontinuation of emergency
⇒ Makes available diesel/petrol for transport vehicles engaged in emergency
operation.
7.9.5 Emergency Coordinator - Essential Services
⇒ He would assist Site Controller and Incident Controller;
⇒ Maintains essential services like Diesel Generator, Water, Fire Water, power
supply for lighting;
⇒ Gives necessary instructions regarding emergency electrical supply, isolation of
certain sections etc to shift in-charge and electricians; and
⇒ Ensures availability of adequate quantities of protective equipment and other
emergency materials, spares etc.
7.9.6 General Responsibilities of Employees During an Emergency
During an emergency, it becomes more enhanced and pronounced when an
emergency warning is raised, the workers in-charge should adopt safe and
emergency shut down and attend any prescribed duty as essential employee. If no
such responsibility is assigned, he should adopt a safe course to assembly point and
await instructions. He should not resort to spread panic. On the other hand, he must
assist emergency personnel towards objectives of DMP.
Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Iron Ore Mine of NINL
at Sundargarh/Keonjhar Districts, Orissa
Chapter-7
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VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C7-27
7.10 Emergency Facilities
7.10.1 Emergency Control Center (ECC)
Mine Office Block is envisaged as Emergency Control Center. It would have external
Telephone, Fax, Telex facility. All the Site Controller/ Incident Controller Officer,
Senior Personnel would be located here. Also, it would be at an elevated place. The
following information and equipment are to be provided at the Emergency Control
Center (ECC).
⇒ Intercom, telephone
⇒ P and T telephone
⇒ Safe contained breathing apparatus
⇒ Fire suit/gas tight goggles/gloves/helmets
⇒ Hand tools, wind direction/velocities indications
⇒ Public address megaphone, hand bell, telephone directories
⇒ Internal, P and T layout, site plan
⇒ Emergency lamp/torch light/batteries
⇒ Plan indicating locations of hazard inventories, sources of safety equipment,
work road plan, assembly points, rescue location vulnerable zones, escape
routes.
⇒ Hazard chart
⇒ Emergency shut-down procedures
⇒ Nominal roll of employees
⇒ List of key personnel, list of essential employees, list of Emergency coordinators
⇒ Duties of key personnel
⇒ Address with telephone numbers and key personnel, emergency coordinator,
essential employees.
⇒ Important address and telephone numbers including Government agencies,
neighboring industries and sources of help, out side experts, population details
around the proposed mine.
7.10.2 Assembly Point
Number of assembly depending upon the mine location would be identified wherein
employees who are not directly connected with the disaster management would be
assembled for safety and rescue. Emergency breathing apparatus, minimum
facilities like water etc. would be organized. In view of the size of mine, different
locations should be earmarked as assembly points. Depending upon the location of
hazard, the assembly points are to be used.
7.10.3 Emergency Power Supply
Mine facilities would be connected to Diesel Generator and would be placed in auto
mode. Thus water pumps, mine lighting and emergency control center,
administrative building and other auxiliary services are connected to emergency
power supply. In all the blocks flame proof type emergency lamps would be
provided.
Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Iron Ore Mine of NINL
at Sundargarh/Keonjhar Districts, Orissa
Chapter-7
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VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C7-28
7.10.4 Fire Fighting Facilities
First Aid Fire Fighting equipment suitable for emergency would be maintained in
each operation areas of the mine as per statutory requirements.
7.10.5 Location Of Wind Sock
On the top of the Administration block, wind socks shall be installed to indicate
direction of wind for emergency escape.
7.10.6 Emergency Medical Facilities
Stretchers, gas masks and general first aid materials for dealing with chemical
burns, fire burns etc. would be maintained in the medical center as well as in the
emergency control room. Private medical practitioners help would be sought.
Government hospital would be approached for emergency help.
Apart from plant first aid facilities, external facilities would be augmented. Names of
Medical Personnel, Medical facilities in the area would be prepared and updated.
Necessary specific medicines for emergency treatment of Burns Patients and for
those affected by toxicity would be maintained.
Breathing apparatus and other emergency medical equipment shall be provided and
maintained. The help of near by industrial managements in this regard shall be
taken on mutual support basis.
7.10.7 Ambulance
An ambulance with driver availability in all the shifts, emergency shift vehicle shall
be ensured and maintained to transport injured or affected persons. Number of
persons would be trained in first aid so that in every shift first aid personnel would
be available.
7.11 Emergency Actions
7.11.1 Emergency Warning
Communication of emergency shall be made familiar to the personnel inside the
mine and people outside. An emergency warning system shall be established.
7.11.2 Evacuation of Personnel
In the event of an emergency, unconnected personnel have to escape to assembly
point. Operators have to take emergency shutdown procedure and escape. Time
Office maintains a copy of deployment of employees in each shift. If necessary,
persons can be evacuated by rescue teams.
7.11.3 All Clear Signal
Also, at the end of an emergency, after discussing with Incident Controller and
Emergency Co-ordinators, the Site Controller orders an all clear signal. When it
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at Sundargarh/Keonjhar Districts, Orissa
Chapter-7
Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Plan
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C7-29
becomes essential, the Site Controller communicates to the District Emergency
Authority, Police, Fire Service personnel regarding help required or development of
the situation into an Off-Site Emergency.
7.12 General
7.12.1 Employee Information
During an emergency, employees shall be warned by raising siren in specific
pattern. Employees would be provided with information related to fire hazards,
antidotes and first aid measures. Those who would be designated as key personnel
and essential employees would be given training to emergency response.
7.12.2 Co-ordination With Local Authorities
Keeping in view of the nature of emergency, two levels of coordination are
proposed. In the case of an On Site Emergency, resources within the organization
shall be mobilized and in the event of extreme emergency local authorities help shall
be sought.
In the event of an emergency developing into an off site emergency, local authority
and District Emergency Authority (normally the Collector) would be appraised and
under his supervision, the Off Site Disaster Management Plan shall be exercised. For
this purpose, the facilities that are available locally, i.e. medical, transport,
personnel, rescue accommodation, voluntary organizations etc. shall be mustered.
Necessary rehearsals and training in the form of mock drills shall be organized.
7.12.3 Mutual Aid
Mutual aid in the form of technical personnel, runners, helpers, special protective
equipment, transport vehicles, communication facility etc. shall be sought from the
neighboring industrial managements/government agencies.
7.12.4 Mock Drills
Emergency preparedness is an important on that of planning in Industrial Disaster
Management. Personnel shall be trained suitably and prepared mentally and
physically in emergency response through carefully planned, simulated procedures.
Similarly, the key personnel and essential personnel shall be trained in the
operations.
7.12.5 Important Information
Important information such names and addresses of key personnel, essential
employees, medical personnel, transporters address, address of those connected
with Off Site Emergency such as Police, Local Authorities, Fire Services, District
Emergency Authority would be prepared and maintained.
The on-site emergency organization chart for various emergencies is shown in
Figure-7.2.
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at Sundargarh/Keonjhar Districts, Orissa
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VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C7-30
FIGURE-7.2
ON-SITE EMERGENCY PLAN
SITE CONTROLLER EMERGENCY CONTROL ROOM
SAFETY OFFICER INCIDENT CONTROLLER (Production)
EMERGENCY COORDINATOR
(Rescue, Fire Fighting)
EMERGENCY COORDINATOR
(Medical, Mutual aid, Rehabilitation, Transport
& Communication)
EMERGENCY COORDINATOR
(Essential Services)
SHIFT IN-CHARGE SHIFT IN-CHARGE
INCIDENT CONTROLLER (Utilities, Stores
etc)
SHIFT IN-CHARGE
OPERATOR OPERATOR ELECTRICIAN, PUMP OPERATOR
ELECTRICIAN, PUMP OPERATOR
FIRST AID, TRANSPORT-DRIVER,
TELEPHONE-OPERATOR
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7.13 Off-Site Emergency Preparedness Plan
The task of preparing the Off-Site Emergency Plan lies with the district collector.
However, the off-site plan should be prepared with the help of the local district
authorities. The proposed plan should be based on the following guidelines.
7.13.1 Introduction
Off-site emergency plan follows the on-site emergency plan. When the
consequences of an emergency situation go beyond the mine boundaries, it
becomes a off-site emergency. Off-site emergency is essentially the responsibility of
the public administration. However, the mine management shall provide the public
administration with the technical information relating to the nature, quantum and
probable consequences on the neighboring population.
The off-site plan in detail should be based on those events which are most likely to
occur, but other less likely events which have severe consequence shall also be
considered. Incidents which have very severe consequences yet have a small
probability of occurrence would also be considered during the preparation of the
plan. However, the key feature of a good off-site emergency plan is flexibility in its
application to emergencies other than those specifically included in the formation of
the plan.
The roles of the various parties who will be involved in the implementation of an off-
site plan are described below. Depending on local arrangements, the responsibility
for the off-site plan would be either rest with the works management or, with the
local authority. Either way, the plan would identify an emergency co-ordinating
officer, who would take the overall command of the off-site activities. As with the
on-site plan, an emergency control center would be setup within which the
emergency coordinating officer can operate.
An early decision would be required in many cases on the advice to be given to
people living "within range" of the accident - in particular whether they should be
evacuated or told to go indoors. In the latter case, the decision can regularly be
reviewed in the event of an escalation of the incident. Consideration of evacuation
may include the following factors:
a. In the case of a major fire but without explosion risk, only houses close to
the fire are likely to need evacuation, although a severe smoke hazard may
require this to be reviewed periodically;
b. If a fire is escalating and in turn threatening a store of hazardous material, it
might be necessary to evacuate people nearby, but only if there is time; if
insufficient time exists, people should be advised to stay indoors and shield
themselves from the fire.
7.13.2 Aspects Proposed to be Considered in the Off-Site Emergency Plan
The main aspects which would be included in the emergency plan are:
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at Sundargarh/Keonjhar Districts, Orissa
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VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C7-32
• Organization
Details of command structure, warning systems, implementation procedures,
emergency control centers.
Names and appointments of incident controller, site main controller, their deputies
and other key personnel.
• Communications
Identification of personnel involved, communication center, call signs, network, lists
of telephone numbers.
• Specialized knowledge
Details of specialist bodies, firms and people upon whom it may be necessary to call
e.g. those with specialized knowledge of fire control.
• Voluntary organizations
Details of organizers, telephone numbers, resources etc.
• Chemical information
Details of the hazardous substances stored or procedure on each site and a
summary of the risk associated with them.
• Meteorological information
Arrangements for obtaining details of whether conditions prevailing at the time and
whether forecasts.
• Humanitarian arrangements
Transport, evacuation centers, emergency feeding treatment of injured, first aid,
ambulances, temporary mortuaries.
• Public information
Arrangements for:
a] dealing with the media press office; b] informing relatives, etc.
• Assessment
Arrangements for: (a) collecting information on the causes of the emergency;
(b) reviewing the efficiency and effectiveness of all aspects of the emergency plan.
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VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C7-33
7.13.3 Role of the Emergency Co-ordinating Officer
The various emergency services would be coordinated by an emergency
coordinating officer (ECO), who will be designated by the district collector. The ECO
would liaise closely with the site main controller. The ECO would inform the DGMS
authorities in case of accidents as per the statutory requirement. Again depending
on local arrangements, for very severe incidents/accidents with major or prolonged
off-site consequences, the external control would be passed to a senior local
authority administrator or even an administrator appointed by the central or state
government.
7.13.4 Role of the Local Authority
The duty to prepare the off-site plan lies with the local authorities. The Emergency
Planning Officer (EPO) appointed would carry out his duty in preparing for a whole
range of different emergencies within the local authority area. The EPO would liaise
with the project authorities, to obtain the information to provide the basis for the
plan. This liaison would ensure that the plan is continually kept upto date.
It will be the responsibility of the EPO to ensure that all those organizations, which
will be involved off site in handling the emergency, know of their role and are able
to accept it by having for example, sufficient staff and appropriate equipment to
cover their particular responsibilities. Rehearsals for off-site plans would be
organized by the EPO.
7.13.5 Role of Police
Formal duties of the police during an emergency include protecting life and property
and controlling traffic movements. Their functions would include controlling
bystanders evacuating the public, identifying the dead and dealing with casualties,
and informing relatives of death or injury.
7.13.6 Role of Fire Authorities
The control of a fire would be normally the responsibility of the senior fire brigade
officer who would take over the handling of the fire from the site incident controller
on arrival at the site. The senior fire brigade officer would also have a similar
responsibility for other events, such as explosions. Fire authorities in the region
would be apprised about the location of all stores of flammable materials, water
supply points and fire-fighting equipment. They would be involved in on-site
emergency rehearsals both as participants and, on occasion, as observers of
exercises involving only site personnel.
7.13.7 Role of Health Authorities
Health authorities, including doctors, surgeons, hospitals, ambulances, and so on,
would have a vital part to play following a major accident, and they would form an
integral part of the emergency plan.
Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Iron Ore Mine of NINL
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Chapter-7
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VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C7-34
For major fires, injuries would be the result of the effects of thermal radiation to a
varying degree, and the knowledge and experience to handle this in all but extreme
cases may be generally available in most hospitals.
Major off-site incidents are likely to require medical equipment and facilities
additional to those available locally, and a medical "mutual aid " scheme would exist
to enable the assistance of neighboring authorities to be obtained in the event of an
emergency.
7.13.8 Role of Government Safety Authority
There will be the factory inspectorate available in the region. Inspectors are likely to
want to satisfy themselves that the organization responsible for producing the off-
site plan has made adequate arrangements for handling emergencies of all types
including major emergencies. They may wish to see well documented procedures
and evidence of exercise undertaken to test the plan.
In the event of an accident, local arrangements regarding the role of the factory
inspector will apply. These may vary from keeping a watching brief to a close
involvement in advising on operations.
The off-site emergency organization chart for major disaster is shown in Figure-
7.3.
Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Iron Ore Mine of NINL
at Sundargarh/Keonjhar Districts, Orissa
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VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C7-35
FIGURE-7.3
OFF-SITE EMERGENCY PLAN
ACTION PLAN FOR HANDLING OFF SITE EMERGENCY
POLICE
FIRE BRIGADE
MEDICAL / AMBULANCE
TECHNICAL
REHABILITATION
RESPONSIBILITIES
(LOCAL AUTHORITIES/ D
ISTRICT
ADMINISTRATION)
1.
PROVIDE EMERGENCY
CONTROL CENTER IN
THE
AREA W
ITH FACILITIES FOR
DIRECTING COORDINATING
EMERGENCY CONTROL
ACTIVITIES.
2.
ARRANGE FOR
REHABILITATION OF
PERSONS IN
JURED AND
ARRANGE FOR FOOD,
MEDICAL, H
YGIENIC
REQUIREMENTS.
3.
ARRANGE FOR
TRANSPORTATION FOR
EVACUATION FROM
RESIDENTIAL LOCATION
WHEN REQUIRED.
4.
MAINTAIN COMMUNICATION
FACILITIES II CONDITIONS
WITH THE HELP OF THE
TELEPHONE DEPARTM
EN
T
RESPONSIBILITIES
(FACTORY IN
SPECTORATE,
POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD,
TECHNICAL EXPERTS FROM
INDUSTRY RESEARCH AND
TRAINING IN
STITUTIONS)
1.
FURNISH ALL TECHNICAL
INFORMATION TO
EMERGENCY SERVICES AS
REQUIRED.
2.
INVESTIGATE CAUSES OF
DISASTER.
3.
SUGGEST THE PREVENTIVE
MEASURES FOR FUTURE
ACTION.
RESPONSIBILITIES
1.
FIRST AID TO THE PERSON
AFFECTED.
2.
PROVIDE MEDICAL
TREATMENT.
RESPONSIBILITIES
1.
CONTAIN THE FIRE AND
PREVENT THE SPREAD.
2.
PLUGGING THE LEAKS GAS
CHEMICALS REDUCING THE
EFFECTS OF TOXIC GASES
AND FUMES.
3.
RESCUE AND SAVAGE
OPERATION.
RESPONSIBILITIES
1.
COMMUNICATE THE
INFORMATION ABOUT THE
MISHAP TO OTHER
AGENCIES.
2.
PROVIDE SUPPORT TO
OTHER AGENCIES AS
REQUIRED.
3.
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT BY
CORDONING OFF THE AREA.
4.
ARRANGE THE EVACUATION
OF PEOPLE ON ADVICE
FROM SITE
CONTROLLER/E.P.O.
5.
BROADCAST TO THE
COMMUNITY AS ADVISED BY
E.P.O.
6.
INFORM RELATIVES OF
CASUALTIES.
EPO
WILL CONTROL AND COORDINATE THE PLAN