Download - 8 Stress and Coping
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
1/44
1
8 Stress and Coping
Jining medical collegeDepartment of PsychologyJi Feng
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
2/44
2
Contents
1.Concept of Stress
2.Physiological Reactions to Stress
3.Psychological Reactions to Stress
4.Sources of Stress
5.Coping with Stress 6.Stress and Illness
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
3/44
3
Modern life
http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn=baiduimagedetail&word=%CA%B3%CE%EF&in=7465&cl=3&cm=1&sc=1&lm=-1&pn=195&rn=1&di=1879362260&ln=2000http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn=baiduimagedetail&word=%BB%AA%C0%F6%D2%C2%B7%FE&in=9566&cl=3&cm=1&sc=1&lm=-1&pn=93&rn=1&di=989411960&ln=432http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn=baiduimagedetail&word=%B8%DF%BC%B6%BD%CE%B3%B5&in=25629&cl=3&cm=1&sc=1&lm=-1&pn=2&rn=1&di=1585599096&ln=1346http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn=baiduimagedetail&word=%B7%BF%D7%D3&in=28910&cl=3&cm=1&sc=1&lm=-1&pn=6&rn=1&di=983417364&ln=2000http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn=baiduimagedetail&word=%B2%C6%B8%BB&in=24752&cl=3&cm=1&sc=1&lm=-1&pn=13&rn=1&di=1130526361&ln=2000http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn=baiduimagedetail&word=%B7%B1%BB%AA%D2%B9%BE%B0&in=12521&cl=3&cm=1&sc=1&lm=-1&pn=24&rn=1&di=754329088&ln=333 -
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
4/44
4
Modern life
http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn=baiduimagedetail&word=%B4%AB%C8%BE%B2%A1&in=28397&cl=3&cm=1&sc=1&lm=-1&pn=69&rn=1&di=775437888&ln=2000http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn=baiduimagedetail&word=%BF%D5%C4%D1&in=23273&cl=3&cm=1&sc=1&lm=-1&pn=40&rn=1&di=2099201860&ln=1512http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn=baiduimagedetail&word=%BF%D5%C6%F8%CE%DB%C8%BE&in=29796&cl=3&cm=1&sc=1&lm=-1&pn=0&rn=1&di=915064364&ln=1581http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn=baiduimagedetail&word=%BD%BB%CD%A8%CA%C2%B9%CA&in=8180&cl=3&cm=1&sc=1&lm=-1&pn=19&rn=1&di=1818533568&ln=2000http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn=baiduimagedetail&word=%BD%BB%CD%A8%D3%B5%BC%B7&in=18039&cl=3&cm=1&sc=1&lm=-1&pn=24&rn=1&di=2640117444&ln=187 -
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
5/44
5
Why we must studystress?
We live in a modern life. Everyone has stress.
Stress can be positive and give you energy or itcan be unhealthy and cause health problems.
Stress for short periods may not affect you butstress over time can cause or make someillnesses worse, such as heart disease, stroke,high blood pressure, diabetes, irritable bowelsyndrome or asthma.
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
6/44
6
Burnout
Burnout: Job-related condition (usually in
helping professions) of physical, mental,
and emotional exhaustion
Stress can cause disease
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
7/44
7
What is Stress?
Tiger exam
http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn=baiduimagedetail&word=%BF%BC%CA%D4&in=12665&cl=3&cm=1&sc=1&lm=-1&pn=42&rn=1&di=1841933140&ln=2000http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn=baiduimagedetail&word=%BB%A2&in=182&cl=3&cm=1&sc=1&lm=-1&pn=0&rn=1&di=1876239844&ln=2000 -
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
8/44
8
8.1 Concept of Stress
8.1.1 Definitions of Stress
Response
Stimulus
Cognitive appraisal
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
9/44
9
Response
One of the pioneers in stress research,Hans Selye, defined stress as thenonspecific response of the body to anydemand made upon it (Selye, 1979).
By nonspecific he meant that the same
pattern of responses could be producedby any number of different stressfulstimuli
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
10/44
10
Stimulus
Within this framework, researchers havestudied catastrophic events such astornadoes, earthquakes or fires, as wellas more chronic stressful situation suchas imprisonment or crowding. They havealso studied the relationship between theaccumulation of stressful life event suchas job loss, divorce, or the death of aspouse. (as we will see later)
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
11/44
11
Cognitive appraisal
Cognitive appraisal is an evaluativeprocess that determines why and to whatextent a person views a situation asthreatening.
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
12/44
12
8.1.2 Cognitive Appraisal
The Primary Appraisal
The Secondary Appraisal
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
13/44
13
(Folkman and Lazarus, 1984).
Stressor
Primary appraisal
Secondaryappraisal
Outcome
An event occurs.
What does this mean to me?
Am I okay or in trouble?
How can I cope with this?
Stress if I cannot cope.
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
14/44
14
PRIMARY APPRAISALPRIMARY APPRAISAL1. Irrelevant to me?2. Relevant but not threatening3. Stressful...relevant AND threatening
SECONDARY APPRAISALSECONDARY APPRAISAL
The evaluation of personal resources toThe evaluation of personal resources tocope with the threat...cope with the threat...Can I deal...?Can I deal...?
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
15/44
15
Stress
Threats, challenges to people
Responses to situations
Process by which we appraise and copewith environmental threats & challenges
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
16/44
16
Stress is a process
Stressor CognitiveappraisalCoping
Physiologicalreaction
Psychologicalreaction
Heart diseaseUlcers
DepressionAnxiety disorder
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
17/44
17
8.2 Physiological Reactionsto Stress
8.2.1 Emergency Response
8.2.2 General Adaptation Syndrome
(GAS)
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
18/44
18
Emergency Response
Liver release extra sugar Fats and proteins change to sugar Metabolism increase Heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate Muscles tense Digestion decrease Endorphin decrease Surface blood vessels constrict Spleen release more red blood cells Bone marrow produces more white corpuscles
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
19/44
19
Emergency Response
hypothalamusStress center
Autonomic nervous system Pituitary gland
Adrenal medulla Adrenal cortex
epinephrine corticosteroids
ACTH
Heart rateBlood pressure
Liver release sugar
Metabolic processesLiver release sugar
Release other hormone
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
20/44
20
General AdaptationSyndrome (GAS; Selye)
Series of bodily reactions to prolonged stress; occurs inthree stages
Alarm Reaction : Body resources are mobilized tocope with added stress
Resistance : Body adjusts to stress but at a highphysical cost; resistance to other stressors is lowered
Exhaustion : Bodys resources are drained andstress hormones are depleted, resulting inpsychosomatic disease, loss of health, or collapse
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
21/44
21
General AdaptationSyndrome
stage 1:Alarm
Reaction
stage 2:Resistance
(cope)
stage 3:Exhaustion
StressResistance
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
22/44
22
8.3 Psychological Reactionsto Stress
8.3.1 Cognitive Impairment
Attention : cant concentrate on the task.(tiger)
Thinking : cant organize our thoughtslogically, confusion (fire), poor problem solving
Memory : cant retrieve knowledge we hadlearned well.
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
23/44
23
8.3.2 Emotional Responses
Anxiety
Anger and Aggression Apathy and Depression
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
24/44
24
Anxiety
composite emotion. tension, apprehension, worry, and fear Normal anxiety Neurotic anxiety Cause by 1.unconscious conflict (Freud )
2.learned (behaviorist)3.uncontrolled situation
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
25/44
25
Anger and Aggression
Whenever a persons effort to reach agoal is blocked. (frustration)
Direct aggression Displaced aggression
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
26/44
26
Fig. Frustration and commonreactions to it.
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
27/44
27
Apathy andDepression
Frustration may cause apathy andwithdrawal
Continued and not successful controlledstressful situation may lead to depression.
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
28/44
28
Learned Helplessness(Seligman)
Learned inability to overcome obstacles andavoid harmful stimuli;
learned passivity Occurs when events appear to be uncontrollable
May feel helpless if failure is attributed to lasting,
general factors
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
29/44
29
Fig. 15.6 In the normal course of escape and avoidance learning, a light dims shortly before thefloor is electrified (a). Since the light does not yet have meaning for the dog, the dog receives ashock (non-injurious, by the way) and leaps the barrier (b). Dogs soon learn to watch for thedimming of the light (c) and to jump before receiving a shock (d). Dogs made to feel helplessrarely even learn to escape shock, much less to avoid it.
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
30/44
30
8.4 Sources of Stress
8.4.1 Conflict
8.4.2 Life Changes
8.4.3 Daily Hassles
8.4.4 Social & cultural sources of stress
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
31/44
31
8.4.1 Conflicts
Approach-Approach Conflicts : Having tochoose between two desirable or positivealternatives
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflicts : Being forcedto choose between two negative or undesirablealternatives
Approach-Avoidance Conflicts : Beingattracted and repelled by the same goal or activity
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
32/44
8 4 2 Lif Ch
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
33/44
33
8.4.2 Life Changes(P101)
Social Readjustment Rating Scale(SRRS)
Assesses impact of major life changes
e.g., death, marriage, divorce, loss of job
make person more vulnerable to disease
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
34/44
34
STUDENT STRESS RATING SCALE
The following are events that occur in the life of a college student. Place acheck in the left-hand column for each of those events that has happened toyou during the last 12 months.1. Death of a close family member - 100 points
2. Jail term - 80 points
3. Final year or first year in college - 63 points
4. Pregnancy (to you or caused by your) - 60 points5. Severe personal illness or injury - 53 points
6. Marriage - 50 points
7. Any interpersonal problems - 45 points
8. Financial difficulties - 40 points
9. Death of a close friend - 40 points
10.Arguments with your roommate - 40 points
11. Major disagreements with your family - 40 points
12.Major change in personal habits - 30 points
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
35/44
35
13.Change in living environment - 30 points
14.Beginning or ending a job - 30 points
15.Problems with your boss or professor - 25 points
16.Outstanding personal achievement - 25 points
17.Failure in some course - 25 points
18.Final exams - 20 points
19.Increased or decreased dating - 20 points
20.Changes in working conditions - 20 points
21.Change in your sleeping habits - 18 points
22. Several-day vacation - 15 points
23.Change in eating habits - 15 points
24. Family reunion - 15 points
25. Change in recreational activities - 15 points
26. Minor illness or injury - 15 points
27.Minor violations of the law - 11 points Score: __________
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
36/44
36
INTERPRETING YOURSCORE
q Less than 150 points: relatively low stress level inrelation to life events
q between150 - 300 points: borderline range
q Greater than 300 points : high stress in relation to lifeevents
q Note: From Girdano, D.A., Everly, G. S., Jr., & Dusek, D.
E. (1990). Controlling stress and tension (3rd edition),ENnglewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
37/44
37
8.4.3 Daily Hassles
Minor but frequent stresses annoying events in everyday life
e.g., too many interruptions, arguments
cumulative effect on health
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
38/44
38
8.4.4 Social & cultural
Social conditions that promote stress e.g., poverty, racism, crime
Culture clashes lead to stress e.g., refugees, immigrants
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
39/44
39
8.5 Coping with Stress
8.5.1 Emotion-focused Coping
Defense Mechanisms
8.5.2 Problem-focused Coping
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
40/44
40
8.5.1Freudian Defense Mechanisms
Defense Mechanisms: Habitual and unconscious (inmost cases) mental processes designed to reduceanxiety Work by avoiding, denying, or distorting sources of threat or
anxiety If used short term, can help us get through everyday situations
If used long term, we may end up not living in reality
Most operate unconsciously
Protect idealized self-image so we can live with ourselves
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
41/44
41
Some Examples
Denial : Most primitive; refusing to accept or believe reality; usually occurs with death andillness
Repression : When painful memories, anxieties,and so on are unconsciously held out of our awareness
Reaction Formation : Impulses are repressedand the opposite behavior is exaggerated
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
42/44
42
Projection : When ones own feelings,shortcomings, or unacceptable traits andimpulses are seen in others; exaggerating
negative traits in others lowers anxiety Rationalization : Justifying personal actions by
giving rational but false reasons for them
Displacement : A motive that cannot be gratifiedin one form is directed into a new channel.
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
43/44
43
8.6 Stress and Illness
8.6.1Ulcers
8.6.2 Heart Disease
8.6.3 The Immune System
8.6.4 Stress-resistant Individuals
-
8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping
44/44
44