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!*ÇßY» ¬gspD c*_·X Z]» D Logos p Z]X Entomon: ZAñßY X11pD c*_·XZŠz c*]¯äZzgZŠz c*]» Y0+ZgzV6,ZW,Z]Y+» D Logos pZŠz c*]X Pharmaco: Ãgâà ßY X12
pD c*_·XYâgzVÆgz-VZzg¬ŠZ]Y+» D Logos p¬Š] c*gztX Ethos: ZHßY (OR) Îì!*ÇßY X13:¡ð» _· ârßY X14
Composed By:RASHID-SAHIL
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!*Çߊ¿)§»C §i» g(
Z(‚³ §i» gT~§»C)b à iH YñX!*Çߊ¿B @*ìX !*Çߊ¿:
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!*Çߊ¿)§»C §i» g(
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Composed By:RASHID-SAHIL
14/9-R Khanewal
Mob:0346-3985843
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!*ÇeZÇg;) " 3 ð GE ‰ Pq§](
Û tXª) ²» Û tZzgC Ù ) ²ÆZ0+gñŠY0+ZgzV» Û t!*ÇeZÇg; Diversity i0+Ï X Bios » ŠzZÖp: Biodiversity !*ÇeZÇg;:̹ Y@*åX (Natural Diversity) B @*ìX!*ÇeZÇg;à âè~ ¡~eZÇg;
XèXŠz u~) ²Å ñŠÏ (Altitude) W[zƒZXZz™ð !*ÇeZÇg;» Z®g:´̧V~Á (Polar) ´̧V~Ìi c*Š{XQ} (Temperate) ¤ /x´̧V~i c*Š{X5w !*ÇeZÇg;Å „:
Y0+ZgzV» Z(¤ /z{LL ¡~îgóó6,W:~ÒÂ6™ MhƒVZzgÒÂ6Å ZqzZá6Y0+ZgaZ™ ÃX :(Species) ) ²~„™ **X¤ /z:Å ZZlx (Sub-Groups) Y0+ZgZxà Zq- ÜZâZqƤ /z:Zzgƒ ¤ /z: ¯ ] 4 © 5 » 4 j è G
EGGIE:)¤ /z{È~(:
ā −ŠgZ)) ²(Ð Ñzqƒ™ Zz‘ŠgZ)k x(6,»ƒCX
XY0+ZgzVÆŠgxyx¹ZzgZ%s³™ **@*ā _·~W‚ム1 ¯ ] 4 © 5 » 4 j è GE
GGIEÆ£œ:XY0+ZgzVÆŠgxyZg»ðmˆl™ ** 2
!*ÇßYÅ Zëá cXZká c~Y0+ZgzVÅ ¯ ] 4 © 5 » 4 j è GE
GGIEÅ YCìX :(Taxonomy) Ø âòZká c~Y0+ZgzVÅ ¯ ]
4 © 5 » 4 j è GE
GGIEÆ´z{Zg»ð@*gõ» ÌèÎ c*Y@*ìX :(Systematics) ] 4 h 4 - ) 4 5 ½ øGHGGH
:(Taxonomic Hierachy) Ø âò» ÂÄ %ZA$:
z{¤ /z:X~Y0+ZgzVÅ )®) È~Å YCìXØ B DX)zZu:ƒy( Ø :k ' × ~„H Y@*ìXā Šg•fs 5 p!*Šá {Xaè tZ•ðZz™ŠgzìZknZkà !*Šá {¹ Y@*ìXY0+ZgzVà Kingdom k ' × :
Animal Kingdom
Plant Kingdom
Monera Kingdom
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Mycota OR Kingdom Fungi
k ' × Ã xŒVÅ ãCŠ6,gLØ ~' × h+-V„H Y@*ìX
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!*ÇeZÇg;) " 3 ð GE ‰ Pq§](
Phylum Œ Û R¯ k» ¤ /z\à " 5 Ð ê JG
Class Œ Û RWgeg» ¤ /z\¯ kOrder Œ Û RÄ» ¤ /z\WgegFamily Œ Û R 8 5 4 ø EG
E» ¤ /z\Ä
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Zq- ÜS(]zZáSpecies Y0+ZgzV» ¤ /z\) ²
¯ ] 4 © 5 » 4 j è GE
GGIEÅ ãCŠ~Z» ðLL) ²óóìX ¯ ] 4 © 5 » 4 j è GE
GGIEÅ ãCŠ~Z» ð:
¯ ] 4 © 5 » 4 j è GE
GGIEÅ @*gõ:ZgT-**ã# å̂XZgTäY0+ZgzVÅ ¤ /z{È~» ªÄŠ c*XZkäY0+ZgzVà &¯ w~„H X :(Aristotle) ZgT
(Human Beings) XZK̈y 3 (Animalia) XYâg 2 (Plantae) X7Š} 1
) ²Å S:]» E+™ {H XZkÆ´z{w4VÆqÑ‹i0+Ï Æ!*g}~Ì ’ k,H X 350 ZkäZK [~YâgzVÅ Z1¢y /ZÎx:óó» ²!~F,ÀH X (de Animia) Y~¤ /z{È~6,ZgTÅ Â [LLe~Z & 4 - . 5 é G
EGG 1172 Zkä :(Avveroes) Z #è EE Lg”
(Andrea Caesalpino 1519-1603AD) Zhg c* ] 4 h
ÿ G & 4
3 ð FGE
¤ /z:~„H XZzgZy¤ /z:» **x 8 2 . ç EGEZg3 X 15 7ŠzVÃ
(John Ray 1627-17-5 AD) Yyg}',¤â~â 8 ç X L ¡]Yyg}ä7ŠzVÅ ¯ ] 4 © 5 » 4 j è G
EGGIE6,» xH ƒZ» xá ù™ zZ c*X
(Augustus Rivinus 1652-1723 AD) W ± h 4 øY Hg~zZb
óó» ƒy”gs™ zZ c*X (Order) ̀ðâ 8 ç X Lm@*]X¯ ] 4 © 5 » 4 j è GE
GGIE~LLWgeg
(Tounefort 1656-1708 AD) Igã¯g^óÆØ ”gs™ zZñX (Species) óZzgL) ² (Class) Û Zúâ 8 ç X Lm@*]X¯ ] 4 © 5 » 4 j è G
EGGIE~L¯ k
(Carlous Linnaeus 1707-1778 AD) » gÖ É 4 5 4 ø GEG
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GGIEÅ ãCŠXZkäxËKãS:]Æ_.) ²Å ¤ /z{È~Å Xóá ù™ zZðT~¯ ] 4 © 5 » 4 j è G
EGGIEZzgY0+ZgzVà **xŠ¶» §i ’ k,H Š HìX Systema NaturaeL
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!*ÇeZÇg;) " 3 ð GE ‰ Pq§](
tƒ Ð6,Z**ÄìXZkÄÆ_.Y0+ZgŠzk ' × ~ Šzk x¯ ] 4 © 5 » 4 j è GE
GGIEÄ:(Kingdon Animalia) Xk xZ & 4 - . 5 Ò 5 é G
EGG
G2 (Kingdom Plantae) Xk xö‹ 1
ZkÄÅ ãCŠY0+ZgzVÅ pgZu »g™ äÅ &¢A 6,ìXWIR,Z~à k xö‹~g3 Š HZzg ‘zR,Z~à k xZ & 4 - . 5 Ò 5 é GEGGG~g3 Š HXZkÆ´z{ Ù c* Z5Zzg¡ðÅ ¯ ] 4 © 5 » 4 j è G
EGGIEªC Ù ~xŒVÅ ãCŠ6,k xö‹~Å ˆ X
Y0+ZgZKpgZu pŠ»g:™ à ‘zR,Z~: Y0+ZgZKpgZu pŠ»g™ à WIR,Z~:óó?m,H XZkk xÄ~ Ù c* (Protista) Y~Zgê«äY0+ZgzVÆnZq- ŠZk xLL6,z $ k 5 é HH 1866 &k x¯ ] 4 © 5 » 4 j è G
EGGIEÄ:
à Ì6,z $ k 5 é HH~g3 Š H²¡ðà k xö‹~„gŠ c*
k x¯
] 4 © 5 » 4 j è
GEGGIEÄ”gs™ zZ c*XZkÄÅ ãCŠŠg`fspZm6,ìX 5 Y~gZ',^zK ä 1967 0*õk x¯
] 4 © 5 » 4 j è
GEGGI
EÄ:XpgZu Æ ”w c*»g~Æ §j 2 (Cellular Orgnization) X+°Wgk H,̂c 1 (Fungi OR Mycota) X¡ð c*ârN* 3 (Protista) X6,z $ k 5 é HH 2 (Monera) Xñ .Z 1 k ' × : 5
(Animalia) XZ & 4 - . 5 Ò 5 é GEGGG 5 (Plantae) Xö‹ 4
k ' × Å S:]: 5:(Kingdom Monera) Xk xñ .Z 1
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] 4 - ā ö EG
©™ MhXk xñ .Z~ŠzZZlxÆY0+Zg
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7ƒDXZzgZ ' - . ç GE-7¯DX (Sex Organs) :Z,Y0+ZgX~mWg · . ç Y EE ‚Š{R+°Y0+Zg -ã+°Zzg‚Š{R+°Y0+Zgá ïX
6,z
$ h 4 øHHÅ
Zl
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IG
:(Algae) XZ5 2t7ŠzVÆxËY è ZZyÆŸ]~−zZwZzg³ gz…ñŠƒDXZ5-ã+°Zzg‚Š{R+°Y0+ZgX
(Ulva) †µzzñ**kÔzZßz¾ ÔZßZX¼ Z,6,z $ h 4 ø
HHÌ¡ðÅ §bƒDX 3
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!*ÇeZÇg;) " 3 ð GE ‰ Pq§](
:(Kingdom Fungi OR Kingdom Mycota) k xârN* OR k x¡ð
B @*ìX ârßY XZyÅ ¬xVB ² ā )
4 5 é EGVX¡ð» _· (Decomposer) - P -S- R+°Zzg ‘zR,Z’ Y0+ZgXi c*Š{F,¡ðe~ì ig:(Kingdom Plantae) k xö‹
- P -S- R+°WIR,Z~)7Š}(á ïXR+°mWg · . ç Y EEgnp ZzgÑ̀‚¡~Z ' - . ç GE-¯DX
:(Kingdom Animalia) k xZ & 4 - . 5 Ò 5 é GEGGG
‘zR,Z~R+°XZy~−zZw7ƒCXYâgzVÃ ' × h+Šz¤ /z:~„H Š Hì %gl,|Å A~zZáYâg :(Invertebrate) )NgtYâg X2 gl,|Å A~zZáYâg :(Vertebrate) NgtYâg X1
:(Virus And Kingdom) zZ],kZzgk xÐZ~.H Š HìX± iC Ù XzZ],k:Â6,z P -S- ìZzg:„- P -S- Y è Zy~+°Wgk H,̂c7ƒCX Venome zZ],kÑH¼ â 8 ç X L§»]zZ],kà "Yy¦g™ DY è :
Xti0+{ ö!*yÆ´z{} Ì›zú70*D 4 XZy~wÐ 1²x» ¿7ƒ@* 3 XZy~6,zIöix7ƒ@* 2 XZy~+°Wgk H,̂c7ƒCX 1X™ ·0YäÅ {¤Å ¯6,Z¹"Yy¦gH Y@*ì 5¼ â 8 ç X L§»]zZ],kà YyŠZg¦g™ DY è :
6,Œƒ@*ì RNA Zzg DNA Xt 1XZy~ñŸ)e~XZ+XZ}~p~(ƒCì 2XtâjwÐZW,Jw™ D 3Xt cZ‚V$ZzgŠz u}Y0+ZgzV~Fg c*V;DX 4Xt Üsi0+{û~Y™ „Â6™ DX 5¼ â 8 ç X L§»]Æ_.zZ],kY0+ZgZzg"YyÆŠgxyXZknzZ],kÃ Ë Ìk x~7g3 Š HX
:(Binomial Nomenclature) !*ðâ $ 4 5 ÿ JGâð ® Í - ? ç G FSpecies XŠz uZ**x genus pŠz**xXª**x Binomial Y0+ZgzVà ‚³ **xŠ¶» §i!*ðâ $ 4 5 ÿ JGâð ® Í - ? ç G FB @*ìX!*ðâ $ 4 5 ÿ JG
» gÖ Å 5 4 5 4 ø GEJGä« %û”gs™ zZ c*Zzg« %ûZ(gÌ™ zZ c*XZkÑÆnZkäÑHZÖp» ZEwH X
:(Rules & Regulations) ZßwzçZ*;BИ z‰Ü **xÆnâq X Homo sapiens N*U$H Y@*ìX‰ (Italics) X‚³ **ñVà Àâ dJ– Y@*ìXªZß 1
Homo sapiens‰Æ**xà (,}wsÐ ÑzqH Y@*ìX²) ²Æ**xà ågLwsÐ ÑzqH Y@*ìeìtºmZÌ„Y V:ƒX (Genus) X 8 5 4 ø EG
E 2
Escherichia Coli X‚³ **xà Z# « %ûZEwH YñÂå **x– Y@*ìpŠC Ù ZñYäÅ ßg]~**x» Ö Y@*ì‰ 3E. coli à Šz!*g{-V– YñÇ
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!*ÇeZÇg;) " 3 ð GE ‰ Pq§](
!*ðâ $ 4 5 ÿ JGâð ® Í - ? ç G FÅ ZÌ:Onion ‚³ ïÆŠzgZy¬x**ñVÆZEwйÐ)b aZƒD¸X¹Ð´̧V~Zq- „Y0+ZgÆZ**xƒD¸X†
à ZgŠz~\ië X0*Î yÆZ´̧V~ZÐo ZÔzZËZzg!*ËÆ**ñVÐågZY@*ìXZÏ §bŠz u}̃´ ~ZkÆZ**xóìX Allium Cepa X‚b~\i» **xL
!*ðâ $ 4 5 ÿ JGâð ® Í - ? ç G F~Zq- „**xÓxi!*âVZzgÓxŠ*~ZEwƒ@*ìXTÅ zzÐïÆŠzgZy)]ÐXYYìX
(Extint species) **a) ²:Z+) ²Š*~} ÌñŠ:ƒX**a) ²B CX
0*Î y~YâgzVÅ **a) ²: èÔN*ÂÔÎ[C Ù yÔZ&++1¢ JÔ» ÑC Ù yÔ 3 4 5 ½ ð XGEY w
(Deforestation) Í]» {Ø:ÍCi}à )ÍC¯äÆnŠg½VÅ É ðÍ]» {ØB CìX
Í]Æ{ØÆZW,Z]:Xè~0*ãZzgc~&Å lZgÍ]Æ{ØÐOW,ƒCìX 1XŠg½VÅ ¶ iF̂É ƒ » !*)̄ kìX 2XÍ]» {ØR,Z $ k 5 é E F],cÆ¿Ã Á ™ @*ìZzgZkzzÐ!*ŠwÁ ‘WZzg!*g/Á ƒCX 3XŠg c*ƒ VÅ §sÕzZàèÐ0*ã» gZ3ȃY@*ìXc[» :L áCìX 4XÍ]Æ{ØÐâjwÆÂZiy~yZ!WYCìX 5
Composed By:RASHID-SAHIL
14/9-R KhanewalMob:0346-3985843
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(Cytology) ‚ç ßY OR (Cell Biology) −!*ÇßY(Cytology)
D c*_·X 7 Ò 0 î E MGÅ ‚|# Zzg 7 Ò 0 î E MGÆZbZY» _·‚ç ßYB @*ìX pLogos p 7 Ò 0 î E MGX Kytos :(Cytolgy) ‚ç ßY
:(Cell) −)3(:(Robert Hooke) gZ',^H (Cell) óXp # {Ô{:X',¤â~‚0ZygZ',^H ä» gu » x @{H ÂZkägL{äŠA XZy{âVà Zkä− Cella ÑHÂL
ó~á ù™ zZ c*X Hooke's Micrographia Y~ZKÂ [L 1665 » **xŠ c*XZkäZCîC» x
:(Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek) Z " 5 4 - ö GEHEzZyCyH ;C» â 8 ç X L ¡]XZkägZ',^H ƈi0+{Ÿ]» x @{H Zzg@*Ñ[ÆnñŠi0+{ûª Ù c*Ô6,zIizZà ZKâMzj\ÆnŠ¬ X
g3 X (Animalcules) ZkäZy» **xZ & 4 - ) Ó ½ 3 ð GEGG²
:( J . B de-Lamarck) å & 4 5 4 i ï EG FHHe~úgu Y~Zkät ìw7H åā Ÿ~i0+Ï 7ƒCZ# J- ā ZkÆ{Ÿ]6,Œ:ƒV c*Zyà Ÿ]ä:¯ c*ƒX 1809 Û Z $ k 5 4 g ö
EGGâ 8 ç X L ¡]X
:(Robert Brown) gZ',^',Zƒ yY~«!*g7Š}Æ 7 Ò 0 î E MG~E ® Ó 4 øGŠg c*ÄH X 1831 ',¤â~â 8 ç X Lm@*]X
(Schleiden & Schwann Cell Theory) −¹g~ / ] Ò 5 å IGHyZzgØZyY~Zkä7ŠzVÆAi» _·™ Æ−¹g~» ªÒyŠ c*ā Óx7Š}:LZ,Z ÐZŠ~û» ù·ā å îg6, 1838 ] Ò 5 å IGHỳðâ 8 ç X Lm@*]X
WiZŠƒDóXY~ ( Ÿ 5 å GGHgØZyäÒyŠ c*ā :LYâgÌZ ÐZŠ~ûБWóX 1839−¹g~à Z’Zð̂~ ] Ò 5 å IGHyZzgØZyä7H TÆ_.ÓxY0+Zgi0+{Ÿ]жƒDX
:(Rudolf Virchow) gez³zga(Omnis Cellula e cellula) Y~−¹g~~ZëZŸ†H XZkäÒyŠ c*ā LÓxû¬ÐñŠûБWX 1855 ̀ðÉX
:(Louis Pasteur) ßõ 0* ˜Y~ßõ 0* ˜äZk ìwà Š!*Cîg6,U*"$™ Š3 c*X 1862
:(Rules Of Cell Theory) −¹g~ÆZßwXÓxY0+ZgZq- c*Zq- ÐiZZ+ûжƒDX 1X−ÓxY0+ZgzVÅ ãCŠ~Z» ðìX 2X−Y0+ZgzV~‚|# ZzgZdwÅ ãCŠ~Z» ðìX 3
Xû¬ÐñŠûÅ „ÐzŠ~WDX 4
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(Cytology) ‚ç ßY OR (Cell Biology) −!*ÇßY(Cytology)
0*g
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(Cytology) ‚ç ßY OR (Cell Biology) −!*ÇßY(Cytology)
pŸ Skeleton p 7 Ò 0 î E MGX Kytos :(Cytoskeleton) ‚ç ] ½ 5 Ó 4 è GHE
‚ç ] ½ 5 Ò 5 4 è GGHE−» Zq- ZëZzgë{zìXt−Å Ã̂ ¯@*Zzg',Œ Û Zgg‚rìX‚ç ] ½ 5 Ó 4 è GHEF §bÆ#ñÐï™ áCìXX~Šz#ñi c*Š{XâMz#ñ 2 XâMzkç² 1 ZëX
âMz#ñ âMzkç²6,z”жƒDX (Actin)* âMz#ñZ & » 4 è GHE 6,z”жƒDX (Tubulin) âMzkç²kçÞ
tâMzkç²ÐÌi c*Š{!*gq- ƒDXt3à p̂s™ ä~把ïX
tûÅ Ã̂ ',Œ Û Zggnp X¶ŒZzg _ 5 Ò 5 é GGÅ ‚|# » (,ZzÌâMzk粯DX
pÃqX™ y ActisX*Actin*−~ñŠgK‚ 8 5 4 è
EGGºmZdw uZxŠ,X−Wg ± 4 5 Ô . ç
Y EGGEB CXZëWg ± 4 5 Ô . ç Y EGGEÅ , Šg`fsìX −Wg ± 4 5 Ô . ç
Y EGGE:Y~Šg c*ÄH X 1831 ÆXE ® Ó 4 øGÃ gZ',^',Zƒ yä (Nut) E ® Ó 4 øGÑHÂìTÆpZyz^ :(Nucleus) XE ® Ó 4 øG 1
E ® Ó 4 øGD~ÔÍ wÔhwúZzgîwú^ƃDXE ® Ó 4 øGYâgÆ−ÆŠgxy~ñŠƒ@*ì²7ŠzV~zà wÅ ñŠÏ Æ!*)̄ Zq- E ä Zew\ë X OR Y+$ƒ@*ìXE ® Ó 4 øG- P -S- −~ƒ@*ì²6,z P -S- −~7ƒ@*Xte.Þ M+~¦8ƒ@*ì&E ä M+
6,Œƒ@*ìXEè öix~ŠzZqÐ i~ RNA :E ä M+~ŠZäŠZg(wâùƒ@*ì&Eè öix¹ Y@*ìXt0*ãÔ6,z”Zzg Eè öixX™ zñÎx 2 XEè Ö 1 ‚ 8 5 4 è
EGG0*ðYC
:)¦(XEè öix~ŠzEè Ñð0*ñYDXEè ÖÍ ŵƃDXt }g8 - » ´‘ìXtgZÆÎï Eè Ñð )zZu( Eè Ö:Zzg6,z”6,Œƒ@*ìX RNA
pŸXgÄ ZgŸ soma pg8 - X Chroma ™ zñÎx:tŠJ§ ú‚ 8 5 4 è
EGGƒCXt−ezn,yÆŠzgZy ÃWDpZ# −ezn,y:ƒg„ƒÂt!*gq- ŠJ§ ú‚½VÅ ^~ƒDΙ zâH
Zzg6,z”Ðï™ ‘WX DNA ¹ Y@*ìX™ zñÎ' × (Chromatin)
pŸ Soma XRNApRibo :(Ribosomes) gZÆÎ' × X2Y~Z ¼zyâMzj\Å æŠÐ‚ç öix~ŠZäŠZg‚½V» x @{H ZzgZy‚½Và âMzÎ' × 1941ä(Claude) ƒ Ь¯ e}
Y~gZÆÎx» **xŠ c*Xt‚ 8 5 4 è EG
G c*‚ç öix~WiZŠZ: ¾C 1958ä (Palade) ¹ Xˆ~ŠZäŠZg‚½Và öe} (Microsomes)Ðï™ ‘WXgZÆÎ' × Æ¤ /Š M+7ƒCX (RNA) WgZ+Z} 50% 6,z”Zzg 50% c* QZhzöiî gÃ̈ Ý÷ Ba~ƒCXgZÆÎ' ×
ó̹ Y@*ìX (Protein Factories) gZÆÎ' × z{ǘV6,z " 2 . ç HGEEÅ »gƒCZkngZÆÎ' × Ã L6,z” 1m,
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13/59
(Cytology) ‚ç ßY OR (Cell Biology) −!*ÇßY(Cytology)
(Granules) pŠZä Chondrion pŠJ§ X Mitos :(Mitochondria) Xâç à &+g c* 3Y~̀ð‚ç ß¡LŠZó 1897 ó¹ X (Bioplasts) Y~âç à &+g c*à Šg c*ÄH ZzgL!*Çö† 1886äAltman ƒ Ь
äZÐâç à &+g c*» **xŠ c*Xte.Þ M+~nƒð‚ 8 5 4 è EGGXt‚ 8 5 4 è EGG Üs- P -F~0*ðYCXZkÅ Ûzã M+ûZgƒC (Benda)¹ Y@*ìX (cristae) ~¹Ï (
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14/59
(Cytology) ‚ç ßY OR (Cell Biology) −!*ÇßY(Cytology)
eD Î' × . Ç 5™ . Ç 5!*em, - XÇ 5Z6, 6
(Golgi Apparatus,Golgi Bodies,Golgi Complex , Dictyosomes)äŠg c*ÄH X ² - . 5 Ò ð GGÇ 5Zq- Z¤ß~‚ Û cåXZkä–”ú‚½V» Zq- ÃL Šg c*ÄH (Camillo Golgi) Y~ ² - . 5 Ò ð GGÇ 5 1898 Ç 5!*em,Ã
¹ Š HX¹Ð ÃãZkÃL ~Zq- Šz u}ÆZz6,e ƒÅ ßg]~ƒDX Ãã» tå ÃL Ç 5Z6,B @*ì (Cisternae) & Ãã
t7ŠzVZzgYâgzVÆû~0* c*Y@*ìXÇ 5!*em,à Z**xŠ‰ā Šg•fs(Dictyosome) XeD Îx 4 (Golgi Complex) XÇ 5™ 3 (Golgi Body) XÇ 5!*e~ 2 (Golgi Apparatus) XÇ 5Z6, 1
(Golgisomes) XÇ 5Î' × 6 (Lipochondria) Xjà &+g c* 5ÐWäzZáâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²~p~™ ÆZ7gKgK M+~nƒð2V~g™ **ìXt¼VÇ 5zm, $ ¹ Î æ GEB CX Rough E.R Zk» » x
pŸ soma X (Splitting) pZµ ƒY** Lysis :(Lysosomes) XÑ $ i ð JÎ' × 7(Enzymes) Y~Ñ $ i ð JÎ' × Šg c*ÄGXtŒ M+~aeƒñWg ± 4 5 Ô . ç
Y EGGEX~ !ZW,gpp zZáeZð 7 4 h 4 ð EGH{ %} 1955 ™ tg´e~e-zäƒDpgZu ZzgZgâŠzVÅ Cd$» g~~把ïX
kç²6,Œƒ@*ìXC Ù 9 t ÜsYâgzV~0* c*YäzZÑWg ± 4 5 Ð ö Y E
GìXtYgúWg ± 4 5 Ô . ç Y EGGEXZq- ç-w :(Centrioles) X ç-² 8
âMzk粃CX 3 k[~ë X (Centrosome) YâgÆ−~E ® Ó 4 øGÆŒ Û d$Šz ç-²0*ñYDXŠzâV ç-²Ã ù¦îg6,Zq- çzÎx çzÎx:
t−ezn,yÆŠzgZy¶wà $¯DX
p{àX Vacuus ÑHÂ: :(Vacoules) zà ²tŒ M+~aeƒDXt(wâùÐ ½}ƒDX‚ç öix~¹ÐgLzà ²ƒDX7Š}Æ−Æ!*Úƒä6,Óxzà ²0*ã_.[™ ÆW:~æƒYDZzgZk §bZq- (,Zzà w0Y@*ìX
Zzg & À . 3 ï FY EHfí{™ DXZkÆ´z{iC Ù Yâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²Ìfí{gnp @*ā !~pg (Sugar) t−à ڃ Å qª~',Œ Û Zggnp Xt0*ãÔ]
YâgzVÐXYnX
6,z P -S- Zzg- P -S- û~ Û t:- P -S- û 6,z P -S- û
XE ® Ó 4 øGzZãƒ@*ìX 1 XzZãE ® Ó 4 øG7ƒ@*X 10*ñYDX E.R Xâç à &+g c*XÇ 5Z6,Zzg 2 70*ñYDX E.R Xâç à &+g c*XÇ 5Z6,Zzg 2
XgZÆÎ' × (,}ƒDX 3 XgZÆÎ' × - P -S- ûÅ ÚgLƒDX 3X−zZw+ßi c*» & 4 è
JHEÅ µƒCìX 4 X−zZwƒ[+z† & » 4 è J
GEÅ µƒCìX 4
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15/59
(Cytology) ‚ç ßY OR (Cell Biology) −!*ÇßY(Cytology)
pyX Diffundere ÑHÂ :(Diffusion & Facilitated Diffusion) eAjyZzg ¢ 4 k 5 Ð ö E
GG & 4 5 å HGHHeAjyâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²» i c*Š{Zg‚izZá´‘ÐÁ Zg‚izZá´‘Å §sw• ™ **LeAjyóB @*ìX
e¤ /~¤ /i+ÐZz6,ƒ 273 e¤ /~ú y c*t 0 ûÆZ0+gZzg− M+ÆWg0*gâŠzVÅ w• » Zßà §ieAjyB @*ìXZ,â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²X» ŠgzwZg]w• ~gTXi c*Š{â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²i c*Š{ÐÁ Zg‚iÅ §sw• ™ D@*ë¼ â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²Á Ði c*Š{Zg‚iÅ §sÌw• ™ DX
!eAjyÆfg)„ƒ@*ìXeAjy Zzg µzV~u V» nŠ (Gills) » g0eZðW‚ [+ZzgWx eAjyÆfg)− M+Ц /gDX1 ~à ðÂZ**ðya7ƒCX
¼ â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²#Ö Zzgeg`Å zzÐ− M+ÆWg0*geAjy7™ 0*DXt» x :(Facilitated Diffusion) ¢ 4 k 5 Ð ö E
GG & 4 5 å HGHHeAjy− M+~Ð R,Z¡ĝ6,z " 2 . ç HGEEÅ æŠÐH Y@*ìX®Z
LLZ¤ /R,Z¡g^6,z”Ë â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GGwà i c*Š{ÐÁ Zg‚izZá´‘Å §sYä~把}ÔZ+eAjyà ¢ 4 k 5 Ð ö EGG & 4 5 å HGHHeAjy¹ Y@*ìóóXZkeAjy~Ìà ðÂZ**ðya7ƒCX
pŠd Osmos -**ã :(Osmosis) ZzÈ‹LL0*ãÆâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²» ½6,òZ " 5 ÿ GE M+Ð* g™ Á Zg‚izZáÎC×Ði c*Š{Zg‚izZáÎC×Å §sY**LZzÈ‹óB @*ìóóX
ZzÈ‹ÆZßwà KÆnN* & 4 o - ö EGH» ÃtŠ¬ Y@*ìXN* & 4 o - ö
EGHÐ %ZŠLLŠz²Ñ]~ÎCFÅ pÐ ƒ lZgóóìX :(Tonicity) N* & 4 o - ö EGH
pi c*Š{ Hyper p;ƒ Ô Tonic Xi c*Š{ÎC^X HYPERTONICX1
pÁ Hypo p;ƒ Ô Tonic XÁ ÎC^X HYPOTONICX2p',Z', Isos p;ƒ Ô Tonic X',Z',ÎC^X ISOTONICX3
LL−ÆZ0+gzã0*ãÐ−zZw6,!*C Ù Å §s7,äzZáŠ!*ƒ à R,¤ /6, b¹ Y@*ìóóX :(Turgor Pressure) R,¤ /6, b¹ Y@*ìX (Turgidity) Zkqª~−~Úƒ WY@*ìX&Úƒ Å qª
pe¡7,Y** Lysis pßg]X Plasmo :(Plasmolysis) öiñÑ $ l ç JE
LL−Ð0*ãÆZyZ`Å zzЂç öix−ÆZ0+giY@*ìX‚ç öixÆZk §biäÅ qªöiñÑ $ l ç JEB CìóóX
: (Osmosis & Gaurd Cells) ZzÈ‹ZzgÇ geû7ŠzVÅ Ûzã¢Å µ :(Epidermis) Z3egéhwú 7 Í / õ EG7ŠzVÅ Z3egé~ñŠ:wРƤ /Š¦ƒDZzg7Š}Å ™«™ DX :(Gaurd Cells) Ç geûŠyÆz‰Ü ‰ à i¯DXZknz{ZLZgŠ¤ /ŠñŠZ3egïûÅ Ú; †N*7- ƒDX
Z3egé~ñŠgLgLÎgZc:wÐ B DX~Ð0*ã» ZyZ`ƒ@*ìX :(Stomata) :wÐ
z{¿T~gLâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²Ã 0*ãÆ6, bÅ æŠÐ½6,òZ " 5 ÿ GE M+Ð* ZgZY@*ìLL 7cóóB @*ìX :(Filtration) 7c
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8/9/2019 9th Biology Urdu Notes (Iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com)
16/59
(Cytology) ‚ç ßY OR (Cell Biology) −!*ÇßY(Cytology)
:(Active Transport) ZÐ R,Z¡g^Å ßg]~ÂZ**ðyaƒC ATP LLâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²» ZLÁ Zg‚izZá´‘Ði c*Š{Zg‚izZá´‘Å §sw• ™ **LZÐ R,Z¡gó̂B @*ìóóXZk¿~
ATP- Adinosine Triphosphate ìXÅ ßg]~yaƒäzZàZ3,Y6,z " 2 . ç HGEEZEw™ CX ATP t¿6,z”Æfg) uZxŠ c*Y@*ìXZzg ¹ Y@*ìX (Carrier Proteins) Zy6,z " 2 . ç HGEEà P J6,z " 2 . ç HGEE
p3 Kytos pZ0+gX Endo :(Endocytosis) Zhz‚ç ‹z{¿T~−ZK M+à Z0+gzã §sñh™ i c*Š{#Ö zZáâŠzVà Á_ìXZhz‚ç ‹B @*ìX
(Pinocytosis) X0*Å‚ç ‹ 2 (Phagocytosis) X ¢ 5 ½ ð EGY
‚ç ‹ 1 ZkÅ ŠzZlx
p 7 Ò 0 î E MG Cytosis p3 **X Phagein :(Phagocytosis) ¢ 5 ½ ð EGY ‚ç ‹ X1Zk¿~̂kâŠzVà ‚)3 c*(Y@*ìX
p 7 Ò 0 î E MG Cytosis pÁCX Pinein :(Pinocytosis) X0*Å‚ç ‹ 2Zk¿~âùâŠzVà ¢zVÅ ßg]~Z0+g‹ c*Y@*ì)\Y@*ì(X
p 7 Ò 0 î E MG cytosis p!*C Ù X Exo :(Exocytosis) Z; ‚ç ‹Zk¿~i c*Š{#Ö zZáâŠzVà −Ð!*C Ù ïwŠ c*Y@*ìX
YâgzVZzg7ŠzVÆAi::p & 4 5 é E NEE Texere ÑHÂ: :(Tissue)A
LLû» ¤ /z\Zq- ‰ƒDZzgÓxûZq- „÷ uZxŠïóóX c*LL¹‚g}ûW:~ï™ A¯DóóX
(,~ZlxŠg`fsX 4 YâgzVÆAi:X3,zkA 4 XEA 3 X ´ 4 5 » 4 3 ð
EGHGA 2 XZ3 ( Ÿ 5 Ò 5 ÿ G
GGA 1
tŸÅ Ûzã §sñŠƒDXZ,A~ûŒ Û d$Œ Û d$ƒDXt{à»V :(Epithelial Tissues) XZ3 ( Ÿ
5 Ò 5 ÿ
G
GGAi (1)Å Z0+gzãµÌ¯DXZkAà Šg`fsZlx~„H YYì
t¡ûÅ qV6,ŒƒDXtŠwZzg¤z $ h Î æ GE~ñŠƒDXtA¢ a ?à ZL :(Squamous Epithelium) X ] ¼ - . ø GZ3
( Ÿ 5 Í - ê G
GG (i)
Z0+gЦ /gäŠêìXk ^ÆûÅ µƒCìX¤ /ŠzVÅ **CVZzggLU i~ñŠƒDXtA :(Cuboidal Epithelium) XY !*[+wZ3
( Ÿ 5 Í - ê G
GG (ii)
¯DX (Secretions) gî{tKF,}ûÅ µ6,ŒƒDXteZ
# - C 4 h 4 ð JGEGHJ wZzgÇ w›g~ñŠƒDXtZ «Z Z :(Columnar Epitheliam) X» Å - . ç EZ3
( Ÿ 5 Í - ê G
GG (iii)
¯@*ìX (Secretions) 6,Œgî{
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17/59
(Cytology) ‚ç ßY OR (Cell Biology) −!*ÇßY(Cytology)
Zk~ _ 5 Ò 5 é GGzZáKF,}ûñŠƒDXtZL _ 5 Ò 5 é GGÅ w• Ðñ¾ :(Ciliated Columnar Epithelium) X'Z " 5 å GHH» Å - . ç EZ3 ( Ÿ 5 Í - ê G
GG (iv)
à !*C Ù ŠjìX (Mucous)
ZK̈ãn{~ñ¾ U iûƒDñ¾ {g`™ DXtZq- gî"$ìn}Å Š-Zgà µ 4 n . ç Y GHu kÆ !Z!ZW,ÐXCìX ñ¾ :t¡ûÅ qV6,Œƒ@*ìXtìZzgZÁ ¢ 5 ½ ø
EGY
Å Z0+gzãŠ-Zg :(Stratified Squamous Epithelium) X 7¨Ã[+ ] ¼ - . ø GZ3
] ¼ - . ø G (v)
~¢Å ÛzãR6,ñŠƒ@*ìZzgZk» » xZLÐZ0+gzã §sñŠAiÅ ™«™ **ìX
(Cartilage) tAhäZzgmaZ™ DXZkAÅ ¬xVBA~ÔpyZzg» g " 5 Í -
÷ HGGE :(Connective Tissue) X ´ 4 5 » 4 3 ð
EGHGAi (2)A-VÆ) gzVÔ Ûzã» yÔ**u ZzgR,− ~0* c*Y@*ìX (Cartilage) X» g
" 5 Í - ÷
HGGE
tEEûƳ²6,Œƒ@*ìXà Eà $ië XZkAÆû~iäÅ &¢A ƒC :(Muscle Tissue) XEA (3)ìXEAiÅ Zlx:
t¦EŠJg~ŠZgZzgYgúû6,ŒƒDXtŸ~A-V÷ Ba}ƒDX :(Skeletal Muscles) X ] ½ 5 Ó 4 5 ÿ GGH¦ (i)tZL» xÆÒpÐ )ZgZŠ~XtZ & Í - ) 4 2 . ç GGGEH~J wÔV:Zzg¤z $ h Î æ GEÅ Š-ZgzV~ñŠƒDX :(Smooth Muscles) XÈB¦ (ii)
Zy» » xZâŠzVà w• Šbì†%O[ÔpgZu Zzgpyz ){XtŠJg~ŠZgû6,ŒƒDXtá cŠZgƒDXtŠwÅ Š-ZgzV~0*ñYDXZzgŠwÅ :(Cardiac Muscles) X» geq- ¦ (iii)
Š PÁ aZ™ DX6,ŒƒD (Neurons) tAŸ~¥â]ÆnŠ!» Zq- Âx¯@*ìXtA3,zûªEgZ4, :(Nervous Tissue) X3,zkA (4)
ÔŠârZzg3,zi~ñŠƒ@*ìX (Spinal Cord) Xt3,zZ ! 5 Ò ø FÅ ^~â]àäÆnºmƒDXtA 3F» ge
7ŠzV~AiÅ Šz(,~ZlxX :(Plant Tissues) 7ŠzVÆAiXá ƒ &+Ai 2 XÓAi 1
tAi ÜsZq- nÆû6,ŒƒDXZkÅ ŠzlxX :(Simple Tissues) XÓAi 1tAiZ,û6,ŒƒD„ƒäÅ &¢A gnp XZyÆûÅ S:]Šg` :(Meristematic Tissue) X ÷~ ] 4 - ) 4 5 ë HGGHAi (i)
fsXt¡−zZwgnp (3) Xzà ²‚,̂~gLƒD c*ñŠ7ƒD (2) X−~(,ZE ® Ó 4 øGƒ@*ì (1)
XZkAiÆûÆŠgxy{àÇ7ƒ'X (4)ZkÅ ' × h+ŠzZlxX
tazVZzgàVÆ uzV6,0*ñYDXZy~ezn,yÆ¿Ð7Š}Å Mð~ZŸ† :(Apical Meristems) )Z³(Z3À ÷~ ] 4 - , ç HGE
ƒ@*ìZ+›zúÃ 6,Z Î~›zúë X
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8/9/2019 9th Biology Urdu Notes (Iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com)
18/59
(Cytology) ‚ç ßY OR (Cell Biology) −!*ÇßY(Cytology)
tAàVZzgazVÆZ §Zs6,0* c*Y@*ìXtAezn,yÆ¿~7Š}ÆZ|;ƒ » :L :(Lateral Meristems) )[( {w ÷~ ] 4 - , ç HGE
‘WZ+›zúCg~¤ /zBB CìX {w ÷~ ] 4 - , ç HGEÅ ' × h+ŠzZlxX
tj & Ð ê JZzgiZ " 5 Ð ê JGAÆŠgxy0*ðYCìX :(Vascular Cambium) z $ h ½ ð G° ² - ) 4 - ê GEG (a)t ÛzãZ §Zs~ƒCìXZkÆû» gu Å µ¯CìX :(Cork Cambium) » gu
² - ) 4 - ê GEG (b)
tAi ÷~ ] 4 - ) 4 5 ë HGGHAiÐï™ ‘WXZkÆû„ƒäÅ &¢A 7gnp X :(Permanent Tissues) 6,â " 3 ï EEHAi (ii)tûÅ Zq- µ6,ŒƒDX :(Epidermal Tissues) Z3egïAi (i) 6,â " 3 ï EEHAiÅ Zlx:
aƤ /ŠñŠZ3egïAi0*ãZzgn*]à _.[™ DXZ3egïAi~Zû0*ñYDŠz u}ZdwÆnºmƒDXB CìXtàVZzgêVÐ0*ãÅ ógzÇ ìX (Cuticle) {g`™ DXY HÅ µY ç (Cutin) tAiãZzgíƤ /ŠY H
tÓAi cy» [û
БW
Xtû
Í wƒD1 ˜VÐtŠz u}û÷
Ba
}ƒD :(Ground Tissues)
¤ /Zƒ
&+Ai
(ii)
ë ˜V̄I ] 4 - ā ö EG ©ƒCìX² (Mesophyll) z;VСƒYDXZyÅ 6,Z Î~−zZw!*gq- ƒCìXZyûà êV~ öz…Šz u} ”V~tgä],cZzg6,z " 2 . ç HGEEÅ »g~» » x™ DX
t7Š}~EZzg¢ïaZ™ DXZkÅ ' × h+ŠzZlxX :(Support Tissues) X7gÂi (iii)tZ3egéÆnàVÆ» gLÔYßVÆ & 4 5 Î æ FGHEZzgêVÅ çg[~ñŠƒDXZyÆû :(Collenchyma Tissue) Xà ޻ [A (a)
EƒDXZyÅ 6,Z Î~−zZw )ûZg §jÐñKƒCìXZy» » xZyWg · . ç Y EEÃ –gZŠbìX~t0* c*Y@*ìX
tAZ,ûÐï™ áCìXÅ ²g~zZw )EZgƒCìXZy−zZ²Å ñÅ zzZq- :(Sclerenchyma Tissue) X ^ ¹ Ô . ç Gy» [A (b)
ZlxX 3 ¹ Y@*ìX!*Úû %Š{ƒDXZkAÅ ' × h+ (Lignin) ìX& É » 4 è Y
EE (Organic Chemical) Wg µ 4 5 ë Y GE¡ tEZzgÞŸ]XZyÆ) g}Zq- Šz u}à eJ|ƒDX0*ãZq- Њz u}R, & ½ 5 å GGHi~Zz6,Å :(Trachieds) )Z³(R, & ½ 5 å GGHi
§sw• ™ @*ìXt %Š{ûƒDXtZq- Šz u}Ðï™ k[ú‚|# ¯DXZyÅ :(Vessels Cells OR Elements) Á Ü OR z $ h Î æ GEû )[(
²g~zZwñKƒCìXtZq- Zq- ™ Æ ) }ƒñƒDZzgL ¤ /z:Å ^~ƒDXtZy ”Và ¢ïZzgÚƒ Û Zë™ D :(Sclereids) ^ ¹ Ô . ç Gi+i )`(
X~t0*ñYDX
tZ(AìT~Zq- Ði c*Š{ZlxÆûñŠƒDXt Üsz $ h ½ ð G°7ŠzV~ :(Compound Tissues) Xá ƒ &+Ai 20* c*Y@*ìXZyÅ VBiZ " 5 Ð ê JGZzgjìAiX
tAazVÐ0*ãZzgi”{âŠzVà i}Ð_.[™ Æ7Š}ÆZ ”VJ- àDXiZ " 5 Ð ê JGA7Š}Æ :(Xylem Tissue) XiZ " 5 Ð ê JGA (i)ŸÃ –gZŠêìX
ZyAi» » xŸÆZ ”V~Wg µ 4 5 ë Y GEâŠzV» à**ìXZy~ŠznÆûƒDX :(Phloem Tissue) XjìA (ii)tûEƒDX¹Ï±k[ûï™ D±k),¯DX :(Sieve Tube Cells) X±k[û (a)
tû±k[ûÆn6,z " 2 . ç HGEE»g™ DX :(Companion Cells) X ² .
5 4 5 4 è FGEGEû (b)
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(Cytology) ‚ç ßY OR (Cell Biology) −!*ÇßY(Cytology)
¿ÎZÑ]zZ!*]:
ÎZw:ƒ[+z† " 5 » 4
è
J
GGEH ì?tZâÅZŒZzgؤ /» ¯ƒZ7 Ê - , ç GìX6,z P -FÅ −zZwZÏ¡ еƒCìX Z[:ÎZw:™ zñÎ' × ¾ БW?
6,z”БWX (Histone) Zzg 4 h 4 ð XHy DNA ™ zñÎ' × Z[:ÎZw:ZK̈ãŸ~X ZlxÆû0*ñYD?
ZlxÆûÐ
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X200
Z¨KãŸ~ Z[: ÎZw:Ç 5Z6,ÆZ**x ’ k,™ ,??)',ZñZŸ°¥â](
(Golgi Complex) XÇ 5™ 3 (Golgi Body) XÇ 5!*e~ 2 (Golgi Apparatus) XÇ 5Z6, 1 Z[:(Golgisomes) XÇ 5Î' × 6 (Lipochondria) Xjà &+g c* 5 (Dictyosome) XXeD Îx 4
Composed By:RASHID-SAHIL
14/9-R Khanewal
Mob:0346-3985843 r
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20/59
(Cell Cycle) −‚¡¬ÐñŠ‚½VZzgY0+ZgzVÜ5‚ 8 5 4 è
EGGZzg6Y0+ZgaZ™ ä» ¿ÔÂ6B @*ìX :(Reproduction) Â6
Zq- −Æ™ zñÎ' × 6™ zñÎ' × ¯DXZk §bûÐ6û‘WXûÅ g Tzë à −ezn,yë X
:(Cell Cycle & Phases) −‚¡ZzgZkÆ %ZiÆfg)ZL‰6û¯@*ì (Mitosis) ZyÓxzZu]» ŸX~Zq- −aZƒäгâðI‹ :(Cell Cycle) −‚¡B @*ìX (Cell Cycle) −‚¡
Šz(,} %ZiŠg`fs :(Phases Of Cell Cycle) −‚¡Æ %Zi(Mitotic OR M-Phase) XâðIS- | c*Z* | 2 (Interphase) XZ Ú | 1
:ZkŠzgZy−ZLW\à ezn,y)„(Æn»g™ @*ìXZk %µÆŠzgZywÐ 1́ u¤ /xV ²z`6,ƒC (Interphase) XZ Ú | 1 %Zi 3 Z Ú |Æ
|Ð Ñzq™ @*ìZzgZk %³~ZLn6,z " 2 . ç HGEEÅ Û Zb(,J@*ìXâç à &+g c* G1 (:−ZC−‚¡ gap )ªÜ: :(G1 Phase) |1Y (i)Æ (Duplication) ~™ zñÎ' × Å Ü (S Phase) gZÆÎ' × Å ®ZŠ~ZŸ†ƒ@*ìXZk %µ~Z,Z «Z ZÅ »g~ƒCìZŒ %µ Zzg
n ¢zg~X( Synthesis :)»g~: (S Phase) Zö | (ii)̹ Y@*ìXZk |~™ zñÎ' × Å » \V»gƒCXZk §bC Ù ™ zñÎxÆ0*kZq- Å OñŠz à (Synthetic Phase) Zk %µÃ _ 5 4 - £ 4 5 ë G
EGGH |
0YDX (sister chromatids) ™ âQ+i(gap :)Šz uZÜ: (G2 Phase) |2Y (iii)
¯äÆn ¢zg~XZk %µÆ−̂ezn,y |~ŠZ4ƒ@*ìX (Spindle Fibre) Zk %µ~−Z+6,z " 2 . ç HGEE»g™ @*ì¶wà $~„ƒY@*ìX (Daughter Cells) eZR,û 2 Å Tyâç ‹ìT~− (Division Phase) ezn,y |
|0 :Z,ûX~x c*¬gèîg6,„» ¿gu YñZ7pZËÏ Å qª~ŒY@*ìX−Å i0+Ï » t %³Y (G0 Phase) |0YB @*ìX (G0 Phase)
:(Mitotic Phase OR M-Phase) XâðIS- | c*Z* | 2tZq- ¿ %³ìXtZ Ú |÷ BW@*ìT~−ZLW\à ezn,yÆn»g™ @*ìX
ätx @{H ā „ƒD−~E ® Ó 4 øGp=VÆ (W. Flemming) Y~̀ð!*Çß¡zZ−g ¡ Í - . 5 ë E
GEY 1880 :(Mitosis) âðI‹B @*ìX (Mitosis) Zq- ŸÐ* g@*ìXtŸâðI‹
~„ƒY@*ìZzg™ zñÎ' × Å (Daughter Cells) ŠzeZR,û (Parent Cell) Zzg−ezn,yìT~W!*ð− (Nuclear) âðI‹E ä (Somatic Cells) ®ZŠZ℃CìÎā W!*ð−~ƒCìXâðI‹ Üs- P -S- û~ƒCìXR+°Y0+ZgzV~âðI‹Îzû
~ƒCìXZkezn,yà Îz−ezn,y̹ Y@*ì²6,z P -S- û~âðI‹Å §bZq- −ezn,yƒCì&!* I~ ¢ j è EIE¹ Y@*ìX
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(Cell Cycle) −‚¡:(Phases Of Mitosis) âðI‹Æ %Zi
âðI‹Ã Šz %Zi~„H Š Hì(Cytokinesis) X‚ç » " 5 4 l ç JEGE 2 (Karyokinesis) X P -» " 5 4 l ç JEGE 1
Zk %µ~E ® Ó 4 øGÅ „ƒCìXt %³ P -» " 5 4 l ç JEGEB @*ìX :(Karyokinesis) X P -» " 5 4 l ç JEGE 1:(Phases Of Karyokinesis) P -» " 5 4 l ç JEGEÆ %Zi
Zk %³~Šg`fsp´VƒC :(Prophase) X6,z | (a)X™ zñÎx!*‡°{̂~WY@*ìXZzg™ zñÎxñN*ƒ™ {m‚½V~$+wY@*ìZq- Šz u}ÐnƒCX 1
ƒYDX (Intermix) XE ® Ó 4 øGZzgE ä M+ZbZY~„ƒYDZk §b‚ç öixZzgEè öixW:~£ ç 2(Kinetochore) X Ù zâQ+zZãƒYDXtZq- „ çz ÞÐa}ƒDX çz Þ~6,z”еZq- ‚|# ƒCì» ðnà g 3
B CìXZk£x6,¶wà $iaDXÅ §s−YDX (Opposite Poles) XC Ù ç-wŠz~„ƒ™ ŠzeZR, çzÎx¯@*ìXŠzâV çzÎ' × −Æ#³̈ 4
XŠzâV çzÎ' × ‚ç öix~ñŠkçÞ6,z " 2 . ç HGEEà h™ âMzk粯Dζwà $i¹ Y@*ìX−~“WzZà¶wà $iÆå ÃL 5ë X (Mitotic Spindle) à âðIS- ¶w
Zk %³~Šg`fszZu]z̧q5+ k,ƒD :(Metaphase) XwÐ | (b)X™ zñÎ' × ñLZzg!*ÇzZãƒYDX™ zñÎ' × ¶wà $iÆfg) çz Þ÷ BaYDX 1
~F,KM ŠïXZzgZq- wÐ |P¯D (Equator) c*™ zñÎ' × pŠÃ −Æ 8û E LZ2Z (Chromatids) X™ âQ+i 2X ç-²ðhZ‚̈Å §sw• ™ DZzg¶wà $i#³‚zZáà $iÐaYDX 3
t ¿ %³ìT~Šg`fsp´VƒC :(Anaphase) XZb | (c)X¶wà $ çzÎxÅ §sc Ñzq™ ŠêìZk¿ ƒ ÆË~ Ù zâQ+e{ƒ™ #³̈~−YDX 1
Ù zâQ+Z[™ zñÎ' × B N ÐXX#³̈~îÆ™̂ zâQ+iÆŠz¤ /z: ç-²Æ¤ /ŠªC Ù ƒDX 2
t %³6,z |» Z« %³ìXZk %³~Šg`fsp´VƒC :(Telophase) X÷ | (d)X™ zñÎ' × EZzg )zZã0YDX 1XE ® Ó 4 øGZzgE ä M+Šz!*g{ªC Ù ƒYCìX 2X™ zñÎ' × Šz!*g{™ zâHÅ ^Z(g™ feX 3
Zk §bE ä ezn,yå ƒYCìp−ezn,yÃ å ƒäÆnZq- Zzg %³Ð¦ /g**ƒ@*ìX
‚ç öixÅ „Ô‚ç » " 5 4 l ç JEGEB CìX :(Cytokinesis) X‚ç » " 5 4 l ç JEGE 2YâgzV~‚ç » " 5 4 l ç JEGEè óÆfg=ƒCìXz{£x˜V P -» " 5 4 l ç JEGEÆŠzgZywÐ |PƒC¶ÔZq- L~kì YâgzVÆû~‚ç » " 5 4 l ç JEGE:
B CìXt L~' × h+ ~ƒYCìZzgW!*ð−Šz~„ƒY@*ìX (Cleavage Furrow) è ó Û z
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(Cell Cycle) −‚¡7ŠzVÆû~‚ç » " 5 4 l ç JEGE:
‚ç » " 5 4 l ç JEGE» ¿7ŠzV~ZìXÇ 5!*em,Ðå3zZà¼V)zm, $ ¹ Î æ GE(−ÆŠgxy~¦ƒYCZzgW:~惙 M «~nZq- e‹ë X−P!*C Ù Å §s(,fìÂZk~' × h+zm, $ ¹ Î æ GEæƒYD (Phragmoplast) Û & À . ð G
Y ö† OR (Cell Plate) ¯C&−P
‘WX~ (Daughter Cells) XZzg−PÅ M «− M+÷ BïYCZzg−P» ñZŠ−zZw÷ BYMìXZk §bŠzeZR,ûC Ù Zq- ZK− M+Zzg−zZwg‚rìX
:(Significance Of Mitosis) âðI‹Å ZÌXâðI‹~W!*ð−Æ™ zñÎ' × ŠzŠ ºû~„ƒYDX 1X‚ç öixÌ',Z',„ƒY@*ìX 2X™ zñÎ' × Å ®ZŠ',Z',gSìX 3
XâðI‹ûÅ p~~把êìX6,ZäûÅ (6û‘WX 4X"‡1âðI‹ ã » !*)̄ kìX 5
ZLÅ ñƒñ!*izŠz!*g{0*©8ìX Sea Star X¼ Y0+ZgZLŸÆ ”Và âðI‹Æfg)Šz!*g{¯feX‰ 6
:(Errors In Mitosis) âðI‹~™VƒYñÂû„ƒ** (Mutation) ~ñŸ (Genes) ñŠƒDâðI‹6, N zwgnp pZ¤ /Zy 8 2 . ç EGEE (Genes) Óxû~Z, 8 2 . ç EGEE
B CX (Tumors) Yg~gnp XZk"‡1„Å zzÐgÎ1V0YCXtgÎ1Vk %i(Malignant Tumor)
X ! 5 Ò
5 ë G
G
Y " 3 ï
EEH
k %2 (Benign Tumor)
X!X**ík %
1
Å ŠzZlx(Tumor)
k %(Benign Tumor) Z,k %iŸÆŠz u} ”V~:́ ÉZÏ(g˜Vz{‘WÔ!**í : (Benign Tumor) X!X**ík % 1B DX
Z,k %i4,Šq- ÆAi6,ú™ ,ZzgZLZÝ£xЊzg−YN Ô ! 5 Ò 5 ë GGY " 3 ï EEHk %i c* ã kk % :(Malignant Tumor) X ! 5 Ò 5 ë GG
Y " 3 ï EEHk % 2¹ Y@*ìX (Metastasis) B DXZk¿Ã Fg~» Al (Malignant OR Cancerous Tumors)
pÁ ™ Šb c*gN*™ ŠbXòZz‹~™ zñÎ' × Å ®ZŠÁ ƒYCìX Meioun -**ã :(Meiosis) òZz‹Y~ 1905 ~x @{H XZkx @}à (Ascaris) äƒ Ð¬òZz‹» Z ] ¿ . ç Gk E. van Beneden
» **xŠ c*X Meiosisä (J.E Morre) ZzgZXZ~ñg} (J.B Farmer) ZX!Ãg %̹ Y@*ìX (Gametogenic Division) òZz‹Ã ² - ) 4 3 ð
Y GGH 7 4 5 ë EGEezn,y
Š º−aZ™ }ÔòZz‹B @*ìóóX (Haploid) 4 5 Õ ä X F[+ 4 −„ƒ™ (Daploid) LLZ(¿TÆŠzgZyZq- - P -S- eöàZ,ûX~™ zñÎ' × hzVÅ ^~ƒVÔeöàB DX :(Daploid:2n) eöàZ,ûX~™ zñÎ' × hzVÅ ^~7ƒDX™ zñÎ' × Å ®ZŠWŠSƒYCìÔ 4 5 Õ ä X FàB DX :(Haploid) 4 5 Õ ä X Fà
òZz‹Å »g~Æ %Ziz,„‰âðI‹Ð¬Z Ú |~¸X :(Phases Of Meiosis) òZz‹Æ %Zi
X II- ZzgòZz‹ I- òZz‹~̃CXZ Ú |ƈŠz(,} %ZiòZz‹ G2 Phase Zzg S PhaseXG1 Phase
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(Cell Cycle) −‚¡~Šz %Zi P -» " 5 4 n . ç JEGGEZzg‚ç » " 5 4 n . ç J
EGGEX I òZz‹ :(Meiosis I) I òZz‹Æ P -» " 5 4 n . ç JEGGEÆŠg`fs %Zi I òZz‹
(Telophase I) I X÷ | (iv) (Anaphase I) I XZb | (iii) (Metaphase I) I XwÐ | (ii) (Prophase I) I X6,z | (i)tòZz‹» MF,+ %³ìXZk~ƒäzZàp´VŠg`fsX :(Prophase I) I X6,z | 1
B @*ìX (Bivalent) XW!*ðƒñßÈ ™ zñÎ' × hzVÅ ^~Zq- Šz u}ÆŒ Û d$WYDZzg™ zñÎx» C Ù hZ!*ðz & Ó 4 3 ï GGEH 1¹ Y@*ìX (Synapsis) Zk¿Ã ‚ð " 5 4 m ø
EG F
̹ Y@*ìX (Tetrads) ™ zâQ+iƒDÎ 6i+i 4 XC Ù !*ðz & Ó 4 3 ï GGEH~ 2ZK»V6,Zq- Šz u}ÐaYDXZya~ƒð»Và (Non-sister Chromatids) **y Ù zâQ+i 2 XƒñßÈ ™ zñÎ' × Æ 3
ë X (Chiasmata) H iwÐ
ë X (crossing Over) XƒñßÈ ™ zñÎ' × Æ**y Ù zâQ+iW:~ ”V» nŠ!™ DZk¿Ã ™ ZZzzg 4X™ zñÎ' × ' × h+iDX 5XEè ÖZzgE ä M+¸T$ƒYCìX 6X ç-²−Æ#³̈~Y™ ¶wà $¯DX 7X¶wà $i™ zñÎ' × Æ¶wà $i÷ BZzgŠzâVZ §ZszZá**y» " 5 4 3 ð JEGHà gà $iZq- Šz u}÷ BaDX 8
Zk %³~Šg`fsp´VƒC :(Metaphase I )I XwÐ | 26,F,KM ŠïX (Equator) X™ zñÎ' × pŠÃ ¶wÆ 8û E LZ2Z 1
X¶wà $i çz Þ÷ Ba** ÑzqƒYDX 2Zk %³~ƒäzZàp´VŠg`fs :(Anaphase I ) I XZb | 3
X¶wà $ii™ gLƒYDZzgË~C Ù h}Æ™ zñÎ' × Zq- Šz u}ЊzgŒ X 1ÃL ‘WX (Haploid) XZq- ™ zñÎxC Ù h}~ÐZq- §s… ìZzgŠz 4 5 Õ ä X Fà 2
X™ zñÎxÆ0*kŠz Ù zâQ+iñŠƒDX 3Zk %³~ƒäzZàp´VŠg`fs :(Telophase I ) I X÷ | 4
X™ zñÎ' × å îg6,#³̈Å §s−YDX 1Å ^Z(g™ feEƒDX (Chromatin) X™ zñÎxŠz!*g{Á ™ ™ zâH 2
XEè ÖZzgE ä M+Šz!*g{ªC Ù ƒDX 3X¶wà $i» Yw¸T$ƒY@*ìX 4
YâgÆ−~− M+ÆŠ¶Zzg7Š}Æ−~5−zZw“WÆË~ŠzŠ º−‘WX :(Cytokinesis) ‚ç » " 5 4 n . ç JGEGE X5teg %ÖV6,Œƒ@*ìX :(Meiosis II ) II òZz‹
(Metaphase II) II XwÐ | (ii) (Prophase II) II X6,z | (i)
(Telophase II) II X÷ | (iv) (Anaphase II) II XZb | (iii)
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(Cell Cycle) −‚¡Zk %³~ƒäzZàp´VŠg`fs :(Prophase II ) II 6,z | X(i)
XE ä M+ZzgEè Ö¸T$ƒYD 1X™ zâHi™ gN*ƒY@*ìX 2
X ç-²̈Å §s−YDZzg¶wà $¯D 3Zk %³~ƒäzZàp´VŠg`fs :(Metaphase II ) II wÐ | X(ii)
X™ zñÎ' × ¶wà $i÷ BaYDX 16,F,KM ŠïX (Equator) X™ zñÎ' × pŠÃ 8û E LZ2Z 2
Zk %³~ƒäzZàp´VŠg`fs :(Anaphase II ) II Zb | X(iii)X çz ÞiI^YDX 1
X Ù zâQ+
ie{ƒYDXZ[ Ù zâQ
+ià Ù zñÎ'
× ¹ YñÇ XtÞZzg
EƒD
2
Zk %³~ƒäzZàp´VŠg`fs :(Telophase II ) II ÷ | X(iv)X™ zñÎ' × Šz!*g{Á YDX 1XE ä M+ZzgEè ÖŠz!*g{ªC Ù ƒDX 2
Š º 4 5 Õ ä X Fàû‘WX 4 X−Å ezn,yÐ 3ƒCìX (Haploid) XŠ ºû~™ zñÎ' × Å ®ZŠ 4 5 Õ ä X Fà 4
:(Significance Of Meiosis) òZz‹Å ZÌXòZz‹±Šg±™ zñÎ' × Å ®ZŠÃ xgBb ìX 1XòZz‹) ²Ã Z‹ YV~zgZ( pZ]aZ™ ä» ñµ Û Zë™ CìX 2XZK̈y~eöà ² - ) 4 3 ï
Y GGGHægûòZz‹Æfg) 4 5 Õ ä X Fà
² - . 5 4 øY
GGH¯DX3,ZzgâŠ{ï™ eöàiZ " 5 ½ ð JGY
^¯DT~!*g!*gòZz‹ƒCìX 3Zk §bz{Zq- 6ZK̈y~%0*Y@*ìX
:(Errors In Meiosis) òZz‹~™VÆŠzgZy Ù zâQ+iZµ Zµ II ~™ zñÎ' × Zµ Zµ ƒ™ #³̈Å §sYDX²Zb | I Zb | :(Disjunction) ekÇ
ë X (Non-Disjunction) B @*ìX‰Zz‡]teÏ **gï7ƒCZk¿Ã **yekÇ (disjunction) ƒDt¿ekÇ0YDX~™ zñÎ' × Å ®ZŠ**gïÐi c*Š{ c*Á ƒYCìX† (Gametes) Zk¿Æ!*)̄ Z,
² - . 5 4 øY
GGH
™ zñÎ' × ƒYDX 47 c*45 ZK̈y~:(Apoptosis & Necrosis) Zx$Zê‹Zzgm z‹
tûÅ ñ]ÆŠz¿X
Zk¿~−Å ñ]6,z¤ /ZxÆ_.ƒCìXZx$Zê‹Zkz‰Ü ƒCìZ# −n{ƒŠ HƒX :(Apoptosisi) Zx$Zê‹ X1
Zx$Zê‹ÆŠzgZy−iY@*ìXZk» ™ zâHiY@*ìZkÆ´z{E ä M+Ì»ƒYCìX− M+"‡°{%+i¯Cì
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(Cell Cycle) −‚¡¹ Y@*ìX (Apoptotic Bodies) Ã Zx$ZêS- !*em, (Blebs) B DXZy & Ò 2 . ç EGEE (Blebs) t%+i & Ò 2 . ç EGEE
ÆŠzgZyZx$Zê‹ÆìX† (Development) Y0+ZgÅ e-C;ðVZzg0*ƒ VÅ ZÄ_VW:~a~ƒCXZèVÆûZx$Zê‹Ð¦ /gDZzgZÄ_VZµ Zµ ƒYCX
:(Necrosis) m z‹ X2¹ Y@*ìX (Necrosis) qŠU*]Æ!*)̄ AiZzgûn{ƒYDXûÅ ZkqŠU*Cñ]Ã m z‹
m z‹Å z;]~inÔZ $ © 5 ½ j è EE
GIEZzg ã á ïXAn{ƒY@*ìz{ZLŒ Û R− c*Aà Ìn{™ YìX
Composed By:
RASHID-SAHIL
14/9-R Khanewal
Mob:0346-3985843
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26/59
(Enzymes) Z «Z Zpp~ Metabole -**ã :(Metabolism) wÐ 1²x
LLz{Óx!*Ç6 ðg~Z ¶ Y0+ZgzV~i0+Ï Å ’ÆnƒgìƒVXwÐ 1²xB DóóXwÐ 1²xY0+ZgzVÅ ‚½Và ‡ìgpp Ôâj1Cp=V» Z[Š¶Zzg›zúƇ.Þ ¯@*ìX
:(Types Of Metabolism) wÐ 1²xÅ Zlx(Anabolism) XZb1²x 2 (Catabolism) X ´ 4 5 é GH1²x 1 wÐ 1²xÅ ŠzZlx
pÂh** Katabole -**ãÂ: :(Catabolism) ´ 4 5 é GH1²x X1B DX ´ 4 5 é GH1²xÆŠzgZyÂZ**ð» ZyZ`ƒ@*ìT~м ÂZ**ð (Catabolism) Z,g~Z ¶ X~â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²Å Cd$Å YCìX ´ 4 5 é GH1²x
Zb1²xÆnZEwƒCìXp¦X Bolein p(,J**X Ana Šz-**ãZÖp: :(Anabolism) Zb1²x X2
B DX (Anabolism) Z,g~Z ¶ X~â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²Ã hZY@*ìXªâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²Å yÅ YCìXZb1²xp ”{ Enzymos -**ãÂ: :(Enzymes) Z «Z Z
B CóóX (Enzymes) LLZ+6,z " 2 . ç HGEE!*Çߊg~Z½ à !™ CppŠË p~Ð7¦ /g'XZ «Z ZZEwÅ ¶X (Friedrich Winhelm Kuhne) Y~ Û i+gu zy 4 5 Ð ê XGà ä 1878 Å Z˜bƒ Ь (Enzyme) Z «Zì
B @*ìX (Enzymology) Z «Z Z» _·Z «Z ' . ð JßY :(Enzymology) Z «Z ' . ð JßYÃ Á ™ ŠïX (Activation Energy) Z «Z Zg~Z½ Å ZÐ cZ3,Y
B DX (Substrate) z{â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²X6,Z «Z ZZW,Z0+ZiƒDX ] 4 n . ç EHf$ :(Substrate) ] 4 n . ç EHf$(Activation Energy) z{Á ÐÁ ÂZ**ðË g~Z½ ÆW¸iÆn ¢zg~ƒXZÐ cZ3,Y :(Activation Energy) ZÐ cZ3,Y
B CìXZkZ3,YÅ ¢zg]g~Z½ Æ Ñzqƒä~g» z^» » x™ CìXà Á ™ ŠïX (Activation Energy) Z «Z ZŠg`fs §hVÐZÐ cZ3,Y
X ] 4 n . ç EHÅ p̂s™ ŠïTÐZ3,YÅ ¢zg]Á ƒYCìX 1X ] 4 n . ç EHf$à Šg„ ‚Zzg£x6,ÑD@*ā z{¿™ à 2Xâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²6,ñŠegbÅ „~ñeZwŠïX 3
:(Characteristics Of Enzymes) Z «Z ZÆpZmƒCXtZâÅZŒiÅ ¦SZzgDi îzVƶƒñƒDX (Globular Proteins) XtÍ ŵÅ 6,z " 2 . ç HGEE 1
â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²¯CX (3-Dimensional) ti î, (
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(Enzymes) Z «Z Z¹ Y@*ìX (Co-Factors) ¼ Z ÙZ Zà » x™ äÆn**y6,z”â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²Å ¢zg]ƒCìXÎà X 1i :(Co-Factors) à X 1i
ÌX Organic ̃MhZzg Inorganic à X 1ià X 1iZ «Z Z÷ B¢ïÐÈñƒñƒVÂ6,Z d - £ 4 5 ë GGH¤ /z\B DX Organic Z¤ / :(Prosthetic Group) 6,Z d - £ 4 5 ë GGH¤ /z\
ë X (co-Enzyme) Wg µ 4 5 ë Y GEà X 1iZ «Z Z÷ B $ zgh¯DXZ¹Ã XZ «Zì :(Co-Enzyme) à XZ «ZìX (Folic Acid) Zzḡ´ ZŒ (Riboflavin) á ïXX~gZÆ̧y (Vitamins) à XZ «Z ZÅ VßV~¼ §&
Z «Zì» Ñ§ ase p¶K3X Amylon -**ã :(Uses Of Enzymes) Z «Z ZÆZEÑ]B DXZ¹CgzKZzggz²¯äc ZEwH Y@*ìX Amylase à ‚Š{ؤ /~ÂhD (Starch) XZ,Z «Z Z¶K3 1
XZ «Z Z¶K3à Âh™ Zk» Ç hJ6Á ™ Šï» ½Å »g~~把êìX 2à À zV6,Ñ6,z " 2 . ç HGEEÆŠÆZ@*gäÆnZEwH Y@*ìX (Protease) X6,zKZm, 3
:(Factors Affecting The Rate Of E. Action) Z «ZìZ½ Å gëg6,ZW,Z0+ZiƒäzZá 1i(Substrate Concentration) X ] 4 n . ç EHf$ ´ 4 k 2 . ç
EEHc 2 (Temperature) XŠgzwZg] 1(pH) X !ZšM 3
:(Temperature) XŠgzwZg] 1B @*ìX (Optimum Temperature) Z «Z ZºmŠgzwZg]6, !gëg~л x™ @*ìtŠgzwZg]Z «Zì» oƒ F,+ŠgzwZg]
óe¤ /~v¤ /i+ìXŠgzwZg]Æ(,"ÐZÐ cZ3,Y~ZŸ†ƒ@*ì 30-50L Optimum Temperature ZK̈ãŸ~Z «Z Z»
aZƒCìg~Z½
Å gëg !™ CìX(Kinetic Energy)
Tл & 4 5 4
5 ë
JGE
GH
Z3,YZ¤ /oƒ ŠgzwZg]~ZŸ†ƒYñÂZ «Z ZÆâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²~ :(Denaturing Of Enzymes) e~ o8 - WsZ «Z Z
(Denaturing Of E) aZƒY@*ìTÅ zzÐZ «Z ZÅ Í w‚|# ‡ì7gSXZkqªÃ e~ o8 - WsZ «Z Z (Vibration) Zg¬l¹ Y@*ìXe~ o8 - ÆË~Z «Z ZZ½ Å gëgÁ ƒYCìZzgZ½ gu ÌYìX
Ë g~Z½ ~ ] 4 n . ç EHf$ ´ 4 k 2 . ç EEHc~ZŸ±Ðg~Z½ Å gëg(,|YCì :(Substrate Concentration) X ] 4 n . ç EHf$ ´ 4 k 2 . ç EEHc 2pZ¤ /Z «Z ZÅ ´ 4 k 2 . ç
EEHcxƒZzg ] 4 n . ç EHf$Å lZg(,JðYñÂZq- {m£x6, ] 4 n . ç EHf$Å lZg~ZŸ±Ðg~Z½ Å gëg~' × h+ZŸ†7ƒÇ X ] 4 n . ç EHf$Å i c*Š{ P cÅ zzÐZ «Z ZÅ ÓxZÐ ‚Q %æ F NƒYCXZzg' × h+â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²Ã ZÐ ‚Q7ï0*'XZkqªÃ ZÐ ‚QÅ
ë X (Saturation) Z|Y c* d - B ð G Fgc(Potential Of H+ Ion) :pH
ë X (Optimum pH) pH ~ !gëg~л x™ DXZkuà Z «Z ZÅ oƒ (Narrow Range) Å ßu pH ÓxZ «Z Z
g‚rìXZku~¶ c*i c*ŠCZ «Z ZÆ» xà W×™ Šîì c*gzu ŠîìX† (Optimum pH) pH C Ù Z «ZìZKºmoƒ
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(Enzymes) Z «Z Z:(Mechanism Of Enzyme Action) Z «ZìZ½ » }4,x
Z «ZìZ½ Æ}4,xÅ zŸs# ÆnŠzZëâewŠg`fsX
äZq- Gz£7H TÆ_.: (Emil Fischer) Y~Z ' )
ÿ G d 1890 :(Lock & Key Model) Ñu ZzgÅ âew XZ «ZìZzg ] 4 n . ç EHf$Å ZDwºmƒCXZzgŠzâVZq- Šz u}~ŃYD 1~psƒY@*ìX (Product) ¯DZzg ] 4 n . ç EHf$ Q6,ze– (E-S Complex) XZq- Šz u}~ŃäÆẐ «Zì ] 4 n . ç EHf$™ 2
tâew c* Gz£‡ &ÿ E LJw7X
:(Induced Fit Model OR Hand & Gloves Model) íZzg ‰ iâew OR Z&+-̂ÅâewäÑu ZhÅ âew~p~Å ?m,Š~ZzgZ&+-̂Åâew7H X (Daniel Koshland) Y~Z %O !*Çß¡e " 5 4 5 ÿ JGEGà ] Ó 4 5 å IGEH 1958-1959
ZkÆ_.:XZ «Z ZEZgZxƒDX 1XZyÅ ZÐ ‚V$Z# ] 4 n . ç EHf$ÐQìÂp̂s™ gìX 2tâew‡ &ÿ E LJwìXZkâewÅ gzÐZÐ ‚V$"E7ìXZÐ ‚V$ZL» xà ™ äÆnoƒ qª~eRYCìX
:(Specificity Of Enzymes) Z «Z ZÅ HC Ù Z «ZìË ºm6 ðg~Z½ ~á ïƒ@*ìX
:(With Respect To Substrates) Xäp ] 4 n . ç EH 1 ] 4 n . ç EHÆÒpÐ{mZ «Z ZƒDX‰ā
¶K36,¿7™ @*É6,z " 2 . ç HGEE~ñŠƒ[+i!*&+ià Âh@*ìX (Protease) 6,zKZm,ìXTÐtI^Y@*ìX (Amylase) ¶K3» ºmZ «ZìZZð 9
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GHZŒi (Lipids) Üs Å 5 å FHi (Lipase) Ñð m:(With Respet To Shape Of Active Sites) äpZÁ ‚QÅ ^
Å ZDwæ¢ apƒCX{m ] 4 n . ç EH÷ BŃCX Active Sites ZÁ ‚QÅ ^6,ÌZ «Z ZºmƒDXÐ
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Composed By:
RASHID-SAHIL
14/9-R Khanewal
Mob:0346-3985843
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(Bioenergetics) !*ÇZ ² 7 4 5 ½ ø EGH
:(Bioenergetics) !*ÇZ ² 7 4 5 ½ ø EGH
ë óóX (Bioenergetics) LLY0+ZgzV~Z3,YÆ©]ZzgZ3,YÅ p=VÆ_·Ã !*ÇZ ² 7 4 5 ½ ø EGH
̹ Y@*ìX (Biochemical Thermodynamics) !*ÇZ ² 7 4 5 ½
ø EG
H
à !*Ç¡ êñeZÑd ƒCì (Potential Energy) ~7 " 5 4 h ÿ HGEIZ3,Y (Bond) Y0+ZgZK»g”{pgZu c*3 ðƒðpgZu ÐZ3,YqÝ™ DXZkpgZu Æh
â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²Æ!*&+i~7 " 5 4 h ÿ HGEIZ3,Y ATP Å (,~ lZg» ZyZ`ƒ@*ìXZkZ3,YÅ ¼ lZg (Kinetic Energy) Zy!*&+iÆIUл ð & 4 5 ë EGHZ3,Y~ps™ 1Y@*ìX (Kinetic Energy) Å ^~fí{ƒYCìX7 " 5 4 h ÿ
HGEIZ3,Yà i0+Ï ÆZdw uZxŠ¶c Šz!*g{» ð & 4 5 ë EGHZ3,Y
:(Oxidation-Reduction Reactions & Bioenergetics ) W ± k 5 å GHcXgi+̈ g~Z ¶ Zzg!*ÇZ ² 7 4 5 ½ ø EGH
W ± k 5 å GHcB @*ìX (Lose) ZVÐZ ¼Z4,» Â_ :(Oxidation) W ± k 5 å GHc ™ **gi+̈ B @*ìX (Gain) ZV» Z ¼Z4,qÝ :(Reduction) g~ë
:(Oxidation-Reduction Reaction) W ± k 5 å GHcXgi+̈ g~Z ¶ 6 ð¬5]ÆŠzgZyZÜVÆŠgxyZ ¼Z4,» nŠ!ƒ@*ìXZ,¬5]W ± k 5 å GHcgi+̈ g~Z ¶ B DXtŠz §bÆ6 ð¬5]» ù·
Xgi+̈ 2 XW ± k 5 å GHc 1 Z ¼Z4,Z3,Y» fg=ƒMhX
ZV÷ B¢om¯DpZ3,Y» ZYfg=7ƒD 02 XZ ¼ZyZ# Wx ~ñŠƒDÂz{ 1 Vw
XZ ¼Zyà Z# Wx Њzg‹ c*Y@*ìZzg» g0 c*;àgzX÷ BhZY@*ì¢oģ700*@*ZknZ ¼zyŠz!*g{Wx Å §s 2 VwYDZkŠzgZyZ3,Y{g`ƒCìX
:(Redox Reactions In Living Organisms) Y0+ZgzV~gi+z¾ g~Z ¶ Z ¼Zyg‚rìXZq- â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GGwZ# Zq- ;àgzXZVgh@*ì 1 6,zN*yÔ 1 ƒ@*ìX;àgzXZV: ! gi+z¾ ¬5]ÆŠzgZy;àgzXZ Å» nŠ
ŠgZÝz{Zq- Z ¼Zygh@*ìZzgZ# à ðâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GGw;àgzXZVqÝ™ @*ìŠgZÝz{Z ¼ZyqÝ™ @*ìX
:(ATP - The Energy Currency Of The Cell) Z}K8X 7 Ò 0 î E MGÅ Z3,Y™ ´
ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate Z}XKX8XZi+ēR,Zðѹ Y@*ìX ATP ÓxûÅ (,~Z3,YZq- Eè N*àì&z{¯zKZ» ×VE ® Ò 5 ë GZŒÆâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²¯CXEè N*àB CX :(Nucleotide) Eè N*à
Zq- Eè N*à&‚Š{á ƒ &+iÆYÐáCìX :(Structure Of ATP) Å ‚|# ATPìX (Nitrogenous Base) XtZq- e.Þ g8 - zZà** >z 8 5 4 ø EG
EZ‚k (Adenine) XZi+2 1
ìX (C5H10O5) ¹ Y@*ìXgZÆi» ÃgñÑ (Pentose Sugar) » g06,ŒØ¤ /ìZknZÐâiؤ / 5 Xt (Ribose) XgZÆi 2
ìX (H3PO4) XtÃ`gu ZŒ (Phosphate) XÑ 3
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(Bioenergetics) !*ÇZ ² 7 4 5 ½ ø EGH
ÆZdw: ATPÅ »g~ RNA , DNA , ProteinsX1
Å F,− (Nerve Impulse) X3,zZ ! 5 Ò
ø F 2XZÐ R,Z¡g^~Zë™ ŠZg 3XZ; ‚ç ‹ZzgZhz‚ç ‹ÆnZ3,Y» fg= 4
à Šg c*ÄH X ATPä(Karl Lohman) Y~» gwß} 1929 Å Šg c*Ä: ATP
p»g™ ** synthesis pgzÝX Photo :(Photosynthesis) ¯I ] 4 - ā ö EG
©LL !7ŠzV» » g0eZðW‚ àZzg0*ãÐÎg`Å gzÝZzg³ gz…Å ñŠÏ ~pgZu »g™ ä» ¿¯I
] 4 - ā ö EG
©B @*ìóóXìXZk¿~Wx Zq- !*ð6,ze– Æîg6,kìX̄I
] 4 - ā ö EG
©Å )zZ]Šg`fsì (Anabolic Process) ¯I ] 4 - ā ö EG
©Zq- y~¿gzÝ
6CO2 + 12H2O -----------> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
0*ãWx ‰ Ã i³ gz…0*ã» g0eZðW‚ à
:(Intake Of Carbon Dioxide & Oxygen) 0*ãZzg» g0eZðW‚ àà Ÿ~áY**0*ãZzg» g0eZðW‚ à¯I
] 4 - ā ö EG
©~{xñZŠÆîg6,ñŠƒDX7Š}ZyâŠzVà Šg`fs §hVП~á™ WDZzgF,−™ DXè~ñŠa,0*ãà _.[™ CZzgZk0*ãà iZ " 5 Ð ê JGz $ h Î æ GEÆfg)êVJ- áY c*Y@*ìX 1
~¬YCìZkƒZ~» g0eZðW‚ àñŠ (Air Spaces) XƒZ:wÐ Æfg)í~ŠZ4ƒCìz{ öz…AiƤ /ŠñŠZ J _ 5 4 l ç FGE 2ƒCì0*ã~_.[ƒYCìZzg Q öz…û~¬YCìX
:(Mechanism Of Photosynthesis) ¯I ] 4 - ā ö EG
©» §i» g¯I
] 4 - ā ö EG
©» ¿Šz %Zi6,Œƒ@*ì(Dark Reaction OR Calvin Cycle) ú y‚¡ OR XeZgu g~Z½ 2 (Light Reaction) XÑV$g~Z½ 1
:(Light Reaction) XÑV$g~Z½ 1á ïXtg~Z½ ³ gzö† Å å^ NADPH Zzg ATP Zk %µ~ÑV$Z3,Yà ZEwH Y@*ìZzg;ðZ3,Yâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²¯ñYDX~
à Z[+i M «6,ƒDXÑV$g~Z½ Æï]Šg`fsX
X³ gz…â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²gzÝ_.[™ DXZk §bZyÆZ3,YCw~ZŸ†ƒY@*ìXZzgZ ¼Z4,» ZyZ`ƒ@*ìX 1¯DX ATP XtZ ¼Z4,Zq- u6,Ц /gDX&Z ¼zyR,Z¡g^u¹ Y@*ìXZzgZLZ0+gñŠZ3,YÐ 2
B @*ìX (Photolysis) XÑV$Z3,Y0*ãÆâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GGwà ÂhCìZzgWx {g`ƒCìXt¿0*ãÅ ¯IÑ
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(Bioenergetics) !*ÇZ ² 7 4 5 ½ ø EGHX̄IÑ $ l ç
JEÆŠzgZy“WzZá;àgzXZ ų gz…à Z ¼z4,Š}™ pŠWí0YDX 4¯äÆnZEwH Y@*ìX NADPH Å gi+̈ ™ Æ NADPH+ X³ gz…ÆZ ¼Z4,Zzg0*ãÆ;àgzXW Ùà ZEw™ Æ 5
XZq- Ã
XZ «ZììX
(Nicotineamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate)
Xæ ”ZZ[+Zi+
2eZðEè N*
àÑ NADPH
^» eg^¯@*ìX Z XY ̹ Y@*ìY è ZyÓxg~Z ¶ » Ÿ z XZkg~Z½ ÆÓxŸÃ 6
:(Calvin Cycle OR Dark Reaction) XeZgu g~Z½ ) c*(ú y‚¡ 2qÝH XZknZkg~Z½ (Noble Prize) Y~Zk» x6,â.Þ 6,Z,̂ 1961 äŠg c*ÄH Zzg (Malvin Calvin) Zkg~Z½ à qyú y
à ú y‚¡Ì¹ Y@*ìX~ƒ@*ìZknZkà (Absence Of Light) Zk %µ~» g0eZðW‚ àà ‰ à i~ps™ Š c*Y@*ìXtg~Z½ gzÝÅ °xñŠÏ
¹ Y@*
ìX (Dark Reaction)
eZgu g~Z½ ú y‚¡Æï]Šg`fsXX» g0zZáŠzá ƒ &+~ 3 X» g0zZá¬gèá ƒ &+0YD 6 á ƒ &+÷ B5 c*Y@*ìZk §b (Pentose) X» g0eZðW‚ àà âi 1
I^YDXÅ NADPH Zzg ATP ‘WXZk¿~ (Carbohydrates) X» g0zZáá ƒ &+Å gi+̈ Å YCìTÆË~» g1;[+g 3 X2
;àgzXZEwƒCìX¯äÆnZEwƒD (Glucose) X» g0zZá» g1;[+g ‰ à i 3 X3
ZEwƒCìX ATP X» g0á ƒ &+iŠz!*g{»gGYDXZk %³~ 5 X4
:(Role Of Light & Chlorophyll in Photosynthesis) ¯I ] 4 - ā ö EG
©~gzÝZzg³ gz…» ™ ŠZg¯I
] 4 - ā ö EG
©~gzÝZzg³ gz…ÆŠg`fs™ ŠZgXX³ gz…Îg`Å gzÝÃ _.[™ Æ¡ Z3,Y~ps™ ŠêìX̄I
] 4 - ā ö EG
©» Z®gZÏ¡ Z3,Y6,ìXí6,7,äzZà ' + ) é G
gzÝ_.[7ƒ0*C 1~i c*Š{ZW,gBb (Photosynthesis) ƒYCìXšZzg ucgz0VMð@*; (Reflect) gzÝ_.[ƒCì²!*¹gzÝF 1% Üs
X
:(Photo-Pigments) ¯I ] 4 - £ 4 5 ë EGGH & À . 5 4 ø FY EH X2LLZ,âŠ} ÃWäzZàgzÝà _.[™ DX̄I ] 4 - £ 4 5 ë
EGGH
& À . 5 4 ø FY EHB DóóXtâŠ}³ gzö† Å å^à Z[+i M «6,# VÅ ^~ñŠƒD
X̄I ] 4 - £ 4 5 ë EGGH
& À . 5 4 ø FY EHÅ ZZlxX~Ð PZq- Šg`fsX
tZë¯I ] 4 - £ 4 5 ë EG
GH & À . 3 ï FY EHì̄I ] 4 - £ 4 5 ë
EGGH7ŠzV~0* c*Y@*ìX :(Chlorophyll-a) ³ gz…XZ} X1
tWIR,Z~7ŠzV~0* c*Y@*ìX :(Cholorophyll-b) ³ gz…X! X2á ïX (Cartenoids) Zzg P zÐZ[+i fÔeÔdÔcÔb ³ gz…XZ}Æ´z{!*¹ &
À . 5 4 ø FY EH
ZŸ° & À . 5 4 ø FY EHB DXX~³ gz…X
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(Bioenergetics) !*ÇZ ² 7 4 5 ½ ø EGH³ gz…~ ãCŠ~îg6, ucZzgYg8 - Å gzÝ» Z + C å EEEZ[ƒ@*ìXgz0V³ gz…XZ}_.[7™ 0*DZ7ZŸ°
& À . 5 4 ø FY EH_.[™ feX
:(Limiting Factors in Photosynthesis) Å ) 4 5 ë HEY
1i ¯I ] 4 - ā ö EG
©~Z(âj1C KTÅ °xñŠÏ c*¶ wÐ 1́ g~Z½ Å gëgà Á ™ Š}X Å ) 4 5 ë HEY 1B @*ìX Å ) 4 5 ë HEY 1i:
¯I ] 4 - ā ö EG ©Æ Å ) 4 5 ë HEY 1iŠg`fsX
gzÝÅ ”](,|Yñ¯I ] 4 - ā ö EG
©Å gëgÌ !ƒYCìXgzÝÅ ”]~¶ ƒYñ¯I ] 4 - ā ö EG
©Å gëg~̶ WYCìX XgzÝÅ ”]: 1gzÝZ¤ /¹i c*Š{”h+ƒYñÂ' × h+gëg7(,fZzgxƒYCìX
ŠgzwZg]oƒ uJ- (,|YäÐ̄I ] 4 - ā ö EG
©Å gëg~ZŸ†ƒ@*ìXZzgŠgzwZg]Á ƒäÐ :(Temperature) XŠgzwZg] 2gëgÁ ƒYCìX
» g0eZðW‚ à» Zg‚i(,"Ð̄I
] 4 - ā ö
EG
©Å gëg~ÌZŸ†ƒ@*ìXtZŸ†Zkz‰Ü J- gLìZ# J- X» g0eZðÅ ´ 4 k
2 . ç
EEH
c: 3Šz u}úZïZÐÁ :™ Š,X» g0eZðW‚ [+Å ´ 4 k 2 . ç EEHc~Zq- uÐi c*Š{ZŸ†ƒYäÐ:wРȃYDZzggëg~¶ WYCìX:(Respiration) gä],c
LLZ(¿T~Y0+ZgWx Å æŠÐ ‰ à iÆâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²Ã Âh™ Z3,YqÝ™ DXgä],cB @*ìóóXûÆZ0+gZ3,YaZ™ äzZÑ¿+°gä],cB @*ìX :(Cellular Respiration) +°gä],c
!*&+iÂhäÆnZEwƒCìX+°gä],c C-H W» ¿gä],cÐx¹g‚rìXWÆZk¿~Wx ZgïÆâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²~ñŠ~pgZu Å Wx ™ Æ» g0eZðW‚ à¯ðYCìZzgWx Å gi+̈ ™ Æ0*㯠c*Y@*ìX
+°gä],cÅ ŠzZlxX +°gä],cÅ Zlx:pi0+Ï XWx zZàƒZÅ ¢zg] Bios pƒZX Aer Šz-**ãZÖp: :(Aerobic Respiration) XZ k,z,- gä],c 1
LLWx Å ñŠÏ ~ƒäzZàgä],cZ k,z,- gä],gcB CìóóXXWx Å ñŠÏ ~ ‰ à iÅ W ± k 5 å GHcÅ YCìZzgZ3,Y» ZyZ`i c*Š{ƒ@*ìX (i)
ÆŠzâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²~ÂhZY@*ìX (Pyruvic Acid) X» g0zZá0*ðgzzu ZŒ 3 ~ ‰ à iÆZq- â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GGwà (Glycolysis) X† rÑ $ l ç JE (ii)
» g0zZÑZŒì ‰ à iZzg e zwÐáCìX 3t :(Pyruvic Acid) 0*ðgzzu ZŒ
!*&+iI^YDX C-H X0*ðgzzu ZŒÅ W ± k 5 å GHc™ Š~YCìZzgÓx (iii)XZk¿~» g0eZðW‚ àZzg0*ã‘WXZzg0*ðgzu ZŒÐÓxZ3,Y» ZyZ`™ Š c*Y@*ìX (iv)ù¦g~Z½ -Vƒ@*ìX
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -----> 6CO2 + 12H2O + Energy
pi0+Ï XWx zZàƒZÅ ¢zg]7 Bios pƒZX Aer p7X An :(Anaerobic Respiration) Z+Z k,z,- gä],c X2
LLWx Å °xñŠÏ ~ƒäzZàgä],c+°gä],cB CìóóX XWx Å °ñŠÏ ~ ‰ à iÅ **å W ± k 5 å GHcƒCZk §bZ3,YÁ {g`ƒCX 1
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(Bioenergetics) !*ÇZ ² 7 4 5 ½ ø EGH ‰ à iÆZq- â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GGwà 0*ðgzzu ZŒÆŠzâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²~ÂhZY@*ìX X2
(Lactic Acid c* Å 5 ½ 5 ë GHZŒ (Ethyl Alcohol) XWx ñŠ:ƒäÅ zzÐ0*ðgzzu Å å W ± k 5 å GHc7ƒ0*CZzg0*ðgzzu ZŒZ # - £ é GGb ZÈ i 3~psƒY@*ìX
!*&+iIL %g{YDX C-H X¹Ð 4Z+Z k,z,- Å ŠzZlx Z+Z k,z,- gä],cÅ Zlx:
t¿ PZzg Ù c*~ƒ@*ìXZk¿~0*ðgzzu ZŒÃ ZÈ iZzg» g0eZðW‚ à~ :(Alcoholic Fermentation) XZÈ 7 Ó ë Û ! 5 4 5 4 j è GEHGIE (a)
ÂhŠ c*Y@*ìX(Pyruvic Acid) 0*ðgzzu ZŒ ------------> ZÈ i + » g0eZðW‚ à g~Z½ :
:(Lactic Acid Formentation) Å 5 ½ 5 ë GHZŒ Û ! 5 4 5 4 j è GEHGIE X(b)
~ !ZzgKã» x™ ä (Skeletal Muscles) t¿ŠzŠ|~ñŠ Ù c*~ƒ@*ìXZkÆ´z{t¿ZK̈yZzgŠz u}YâgzVÆ ] ½ 5 Ó 4 5 ÿ GGH¦ÆŠzgZyƒ@*ìXZk~0*ðgzzu ZŒ» â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GGw Å 5 ½ 5 ë GHZŒ~psƒY@*ìX
0*ðgzzu ZŒ --------------> Å 5 ½ 5 ë GHZŒ g~Z½ plŠÑ** Fermentum ÑHÂ: :(Fermentation) Û
! 5 4 5 4 j è GEHGIE
B @*ìóóX (Fermentation) LLZ(¿T~Wx Å )ñŠÏ ~Wg µ 4 5 ë Y GEá ƒ &+iÐZ3,YqÝÅ YñX Û ! 5 4 5 4 j è GEHGIE
:(Significance Of Anaerobic Respiration) Z+Z k,z,- gä],cÅ ZÌXi0+Ï ÆW¸i~i}6,WiZŠWx ñŠ7¶ZknY0+ZgZL» ñVÆnŠg» gZ3,YZ+Z k,z,- gä],cÐqÝ™ D¸XZzgW`Ì 1
¹ Y@*ìX (Anaerobes) Wx ƒDƒñ¼ Y0+ZgZ+Z k,z,- gä],cÐZ3,YqÝ™ DXZyY0+ZgzVà Z+Z k,z),¯ c*Y@*ì (Cheese) X Ù c*Å Û
! 5 4 5 4 j è GEHGIEЊ„Zzg ¿ 2
X‚0ZâVä Ù c*Zzg¡ðÅ Û ! 5 4 5 4 j è GEHGIEÅ &¢A à ZK̈ãÃZ+{ÆnZEwH ìX 3
XZK̈yZzg PŠz u}YâgZ+Z k,z,- gä],cÐZL ] ½ 5 Ó 4 5 ÿ GGH¦Ã Z3,Y Û Zë™ MhX 4
pÅ ** Lyein pÛkX Glykys -**ãZÖp: :(Glycolysis) † VÑ $ l ç JE
LLZ(¿T~ ‰ à iÆâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²Ã 0*ðgzzu ZŒÆŠzâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²~ÂhZYñX† VÑ $ l ç J
EB @*ìóóX ~ƒ@*ìXZk¿~Wx ZEw7ƒCX (Cytoplasm) c*‚ç öix (Cytosol) t¿‚ç Îw
äg~Z½ ÆZkŸÃ Šg c*ÄH åZknZЙ * . ç GEE‚¡ Sir Hans Krebs ',¤â~!*Ç1 :(Krebs Cycle) ™ * . ç GEE‚¡¹ Y@*ìX (Krebs Cycle)
‘WX FADH2 Zzg NADHÔATP X™ * . ç GEE‚¡~0*ðgzzu ZŒÆâ Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²Å å W ± k 5 å GHcƒYCìXZzg 1
~psH Y@*
ìX(Acetyl CoA)
X» g0zZáá ƒ &+Z
$ h 4 5 é GGH
b à XZ «ZìXZ}
2
X0*ðgzzu Z
ŒÃ ™
* . ç
GEE
‚¡~ŠZ4ƒäЬZq- 2
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(Bioenergetics) !*ÇZ ² 7 4 5 ½ ø EGH
:(Electron Transport Chain) Z ¼ZyR,Z¡g^uXt+°gä],c» Wy~ %³ìX 1XZk %³~Z ¼Z4,XZ ¼ZyR,Z¡g^u~ŠZ4ƒDX 2
Z ¼Z4,Zzg;àgzXW Ù» ZyZ`ƒ@*ìX FADH2 Zzg NADH XZ ¼ZyR,Z¡g^u~ 3
» Zq- ŸqÝ™ fe (Electron Carrier) XtZ ¼Z4,Z ¼ZyX P J 4â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GG²‘WX ATP XZ# Z ¼Z4, P JƟЦ /gDÂZ3,YÇìTÐ 5
XWy~Z ¼Z4,Zzg;àgzXW ÙWx ÷ Bï™ 0*ã¯DX 6
:(The Energy Budget Of Respiration) gä],c» Z3,YP¯@*ìX ATPX3 â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GGwZ ¼ZyR,Z¡g^u~ NADH XC Ù 1
¯@*ìX ATP Šz NADH X† rÑ $ l ç JE~“WzZÑC Ù 2¯@*ìX ATP » C Ù â Å 5 ½ 3 ð GGwŠz FADH2X3
Composed By:
RASHID-SAHIL
14/9-R Khanewal
Mob:0346-3985843
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(Nutrition) ´tLLz{ÓxZqwT~pgZu »g™ **Ô3 **Ô_.[™ **ÔZzgZ¹Z3,Yc KãâŠzV~ps™ **á ïX :(Nutrition) ´tB DóóX (Nutrition) ´t
LLz{Á Ü c*á ƒ &+iY0+ZgqÝ™ DZzgZ7Z3,YÆîg6,ZEw~ÑDXER, " 5 4 ø GEHB DóóX :(Nutrients) ER, " 5 4 ø GEH
:(Mineral Nutrition In Plants) 7ŠzV~ ÉwER,cÅ ŠzZlxX (Mineral Elements) Á ÜÅ ¢zg]ƒCìX ÉwÁ Ü 15 7ŠzVà ZKi0+Ï ',Œ Û Zggpp Æn
(Macro-Nutrients) X–GzER, " 5 4 ø GEH
(ii) (Micro-Nutrients) XâMzER, " 5 4 ø GEH
(i)
pgN*XðhZ Micro :(Micro-Nutrients) XâMzER, " 5 4 ø GEH
(i)
LLZ,Á ÜXÅ ðh~Ï lZg7ŠzVÆn» °ƒCìXâMzER, " 5 4 ø GEHB DXZy~ $ 4 5 ½ 2 . ç G
EY EGEÔi7- Ô 9u ÔZzg³ g+á ïX
p(,ZXi c*Š{ Macro :(Macro-Nutrients) X–GzER, " 5 4 ø GEH (ii)Z,Á ÜXÅ i c*Š{ lZg~ ¢zg]ƒCìX–GzER, " 5 4 ø G
EHB DXX~» g0Ô;àgzXÔWx Ô** >zXÔ ! 5 ½ 5 4 o - ê
GY EGIGÔ7N*ôÔy Ô ZzgÃ`gk
á ïX
7ŠzV~ ÉwÁ ÜÅ ZÌ:
7ŠzVÅ i0+Ï ~ZÌ –GzER, " 5 4 ø GEH
Õ@ZuÔ6,z " 2 . ç HGEEÅ »g~ZzḡI ] 4 - ā ö EG ©ÆnÑiòìXE ® Ò 5 ë GZŒi» bzì Ã`gkêVÐ0*ãÆMqà gz ìZzg:wÐ ÆZdwà N zw™ @*ìX 7N*ô6,z " 2 . ç HGEEÔ§&ZzgZ «Z Z» z
−zZwÅ ‚|# » zXû~0*ãÅ w» ]6,ZW,g‚rì y ¯I
] 4 - ā ö EG
©ÆnÑiòì W],y) 9u (
ؤ /Å F,−ZzgZ «Z ZÅ »g~ÆnZëìX 1gzy
Z «Z Z» z » 6,¯I
] 4 - ā ö EG
©Xgä],c~á ïìX $ 4 5 ½ 2 . ç GEY EGE
Z «Z ZÆn ¢zg~ì i7-
ZzÈ‹ÆnÑiòì ³ g+
** >zXÆwÐ 1²xÆnÑiòì ò³ gz…» zìX
! 5 ½ 5 4 g ê GY EGI
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(Nutrition) ´t** >Zzg
! 5 ½ 5 4 o - ê G
Y EGIGÅ ¶ Æ7ŠzV6,ZW,Z]:** >zXÆ %· ]à ** >¹ Y@*ìX** >zX7ŠzV~ZªV~ñŠƒ@*ìX ** >zX: X1
>zXà ** >Å ^~qÝ™ DX ** X7Š} (i) 7ŠzVÅ ›zú6,ZW,Z]:X** >zXYwZzgV“W~@*í» :L kìX (ii)X** >zXÅ ¶ ÐaZzZg~̶ WYCìX (iii)XêVÆigŠƒä~g» z^» !*)̄ kìX (iv)
³ gz…Å ‚|# » ZëbzìXt¶K3Ôؤ /i¯äzZáZ «Z ZÆn ¢zg~ìX ! 5 ½ 5 4 o - ê
GY EGIG:
XVZzg¤ /~ŠZgñ{¯ä~ZEwƒ@*ìX (i) 7ŠzVÅ ›zú6,ZW,Z]:XÕ@ÆZuÆn ¢zg~ìX (ii)
XZkÅ ¶ Ð7ŠzVÆíigŠƒ™ %ÄYDX (iii)
paZ™ **X(,J** Ferre ÑHÂ: :(Fertilizers) Û Ë,̂giLLZ,6 ð %· ]7Š}Å ›zúZzg(,ðF,~ÆnZEwGYN X Û Ë,̂giB DóóX
XZyWg µ 4 5 ë Y GE Û Ë,̂gi 2 XWg µ 4 5 ë Y GE Û Ë,̂gi 1 Û Ë,̂giÅ Šz(,~ZlxXLLZ, Û Ë,̂gi7ŠzVZzgYâgzVÆâŠzVÐqÝGYDƒVZzgZq- c*iZZ+Á Ü6, :(Organic Fertilziers) Wg µ 4 5 ë Y GE Û Ë,̂gi X1
ŒƒVXWg µ 4 5 ë Y GE Û Ë,̂giB DóóX
t Û Ë,̂gii c*Š{ë{ƒDX Xtè~0*ãÅ ïÏZzgER, " 5 4 ø GEH6,¤ /Ägpp Å &¢A ~ZŸ†™ DX (i) ZÌ:
Wg6 Û Ë,̂giÆîg6,ZEwƒDX (Compost) ZzgB£3 Š (Manure) XYâgzV» — (ii)LLZ, Û Ë,̂giSyWg µ 4 5 ë Y GEÁ Ü6,ŒƒVXSyXWg µ 4 5 ë Y GE Û Ë,̂giB DóóX XZyWg µ 4 5 ë Y GE Û Ë,̂gi: 2
(Rock Phosphate) XgZu Ñ (Gypsum) VB:/Z, Û Ë,̂giX~ƒ ÐZë K** >zXƒX** >z 8 5 4 ø EG
E Û Ë,̂giB DX ** >z 8 5 4 ø EG
E Û Ë,̂gi:
Z, Û Ë,̂giX~ƒ ÐZë K7N*ôƒX7N*l Û Ë,̂giB DX 7N*l Û Ë,̂gi:
Û Ë,̂gi» i c*Š{ZEw7ŠzVZzgâjwÆnvyŠ{ƒ@*ìX Û Ë,̂giÆv**]Šg`fsX Û Ë,̂giÆv**]:XZyWg µ 4 5 ë Y GE Û Ë,̂giÅ i c*Š{ lZgER, " 5 4 ø G
EH6,¤ /Ägpp Å &¢A Ã vyàCìX 1X** >z 8 5 4 ø EG
E Û Ë,̂giÆZEwÐ** >kW‚ à’ » ZyZ`ƒ@*ìX 2
XZyWg µ 4 5 ë Y GE Û Ë,̂giÆZEwÐZñ*’ » ZyZ`ƒ@*ìèÅ !ZšM ~ZŸ†™ ŠîìX 3X** >z 8 5 4 ø EG
E Û Ë,̂gi» i c*Š{ZEwz!*ð Z]Å Â6~ÌZŸ†™ @*ìX 4
XWg µ 4 5 ë Y GE Û Ë,̂gi» i c*Š{ZEwâj1C)b » :L áCìX 5
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(Nutrition) ´tz{ÚY0+Zg¬xîg6,3 D c*ÃWZzgZyÐZ3,YqÝ™ DX½ZB CìóóX :(Food) ½Z
½ZZZbZY6,ŒƒCìX~ÐZëZbZYŠg`fsX :(Major Food Components) Zë½ZðZbZY(Minerals) XŠJ' 4 (Vitamins) X§& 3 (Carbohydrate) X¶K3 2 (Fat OR Lipids) X=ƒð 1
(Proteins) Xæ] 7 (Sugar) X] 6 (Water) X0*ã 5
¶K3WßÔgzKÔezwÔZ**`ÔìÔ‹ðÔU ZzgÙ ~Å µƒð qzVÐq݃@*ìX :(Carbohydrate) X¶K3 1XtÂZ**ð Û Zë™ @*ì@*ā Y0+ZgZ» x uZxŠ}ÃX 1XtŸ~ñŠ6 ðâŠzVà z;Và@*ì˜VZyÅ Z” ¢zg]ƒCìX 2X ‰ à iZq- ¶K3ì&ÂZ**ðqÝ™ äÆnƒ Ði c*Š{ZEwH Y@*ìX 3XtŸÃ ¤ /xgpp » ÈznÌ™ DX 4
æ]Í “ ÔTÔZ&+ZÔÕ@ÔŠZwÔ̂ŠZg7Š}Ô ¿ÔŠzŠ|ZzgŠzŠ|еZâYÐqÝGYDX :(Proteins) Xæ] 2X6,z”‚ç öixÔ M «ZzgWg ± 4 5 Î æ
Y EGE» ZëbzìX 1XtAiZzgZ «Z Z¯@*ìZkn¼ 6,z " 2 . ç HGEEZ «Z ZÆîg6,Ì» x™ DX 2
ÆZbZYà ¯@*ìX Immune SystemX3XpyZzg0*ãÅ lZgà N zw™ @*ìX 4
tl!Ô%Ôæ ÔÍ “ ÔTÔZ&+ZÔÈVÔŠzŠ|ZzgŠzŠ|еƒðZâYÐqÝGYDX :(Fats OR Lipids) =ƒð~$+wYCìX (Fatty Acid) Zzg ¢ 4 - ö EGHZŒi (Glycerol) =ƒðŸ~† ·zw
(Unsaturated Fats) XRy d - B ð G Fg " 5 å GHH ¢ 5 4 øE
GH 2 (Saturated Fats) X d - B ð G Fg " 5 å GHH ¢ 5 4 øE
GH 1 =ƒðŠz §bÅ ƒ$Ë ìtYâgzVÐqÝÅ YCìZzg¬xŠgzwZg]6,WYCì :(Saturated Fat) d - B ð G Fg " 5 å GHH ¢ 3 ï
EGH (i)
t7ŠzVÐqÝÅ YCìZzg%Å ßg]~ƒCì¬xŠgzwZg]6,[7 :(Unsaturated Fat) Ry d - B ð G Fg " 5 å GHH ¢ 3 ï EGH (ii)ìX (Structural Part) X=ƒð− M «» ‚!z 1
XŸÃ ÂZ**ð Û Zë™ CìX 2
X3 ä~fZBaZ™ CìX 3X P;gñ4,¯ä~çzyƒDX 4
i}~‘WZzgŸZ7»g7™ YX (Inorganic Elements) LLZ, )**xCÁ Ü :(Minerals) ɲB DóóX (Minerals) ɲ
t@*i{]VZzg !-VÔTÔÍ “ ÔZ**`Ðq݃DXKã ¢zg]ÆÒpÐn*]Å ŠzZlx n*]Å Zlx:
(Minor Minerals) Xâ In*] (b) (Major Minerals) X Æn*] (a)
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(Nutrition) ´tZ,n*]XÅ ŸÃ i c*Š{ lZg~ ¢zg]ƒX† X Æn*]: (a)
Îe*Ô7N*ôÔ³ gZàÔy ÔÃ`gkÔ ! 5 ½ 5 4 o - ê
GY EGIG
Z,n*]XÅ ŸÃ ðh~Ï lZg~ ¢zg]ƒX† Xâ In*]: (b)
W],yÔi7- Ô» 6,Ô™ zçÔjgZà ɲ» ™ ŠZg:XA c*VÔ**oZzgŠZ-$¯DX 1XpyÆ_~Zë™ ŠZgZŠZ™ DX 2XZ²AÆ» x~çzyX 3X6,z " 2 . ç HGEEÆ» xà ñW,¯DX 4
XŸÆZ;gñ4,à » x~把ïX 5
tZën*]~ÐìTÅ ŸÃ i c*Š{ lZg~ ¢zg]ƒCìXtZ3,Y Û Zë7™ @*pŸÆZdwÆnÑixìX :(Calcium)y tŠzŠ|ÔŠ„Ô©Ô ¿ÔsŠÔÈÍ ÌÔ‚v ZzgZ&+}Å igŠ~Ðq݃@*ìX
!*¹Ÿ~ñŠƒ@*ìX 1% zA-VZzgŠZÕV~ñŠƒ@*ì² 99% y »
Ÿ~™ ŠZg:XA-VZzgŠZÕVÅ 9›zúZzg¢ï~把êìX 1
~çzyìX (Clotting) XpyÆ_ 2XZ «Z Zà dw¯äÆnÑiòìX 3y Å ¶ ЃäzZáZW,Z]:
XA-VZzgŠZÕVÅ ›zúgu YCìX 1XA c*VZzgŠZ-$ $ zgƒYDX 2XpyW×W×çìX 3
Å ´â]ƒYC
X(Tetanus) ~¼ (Muscles)
XW
]4
lZg~á ïìpZkÅ Z̃ Ði c*Š{ìX (Trace) tŸÆn¾ :(Iron OR Ferrous) ¯ÑŠtÍ “ Ôn xÔ0*´ ÔZ&+}Å igŠ~ÔZyz^ÔL gZzgT~0* c*Y@*ìX
XWx Å F,−ZzgZÐfí{™ ä~Zë™ ŠZgZŠZ™ @*ìX 1 Ÿ~™ ŠZg:¯@*ìX R.B.C X̄ÑŠŸ~pyÆ ucfgZ] 2
» ZëbzìX (Haemoglobin) X̄ÑŠå ‰ 0 3à Ì把êì (Immune System) X̄ÑŠŸÆæZ ¢ š - ö
EGÂx 4
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