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A Billion Miles on CNG
What’s Next?
Advanced Technology Buses at LA Metro
John Drayton Director of Vehicle Technology
Los Angeles Metro June 2016
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Los Angeles Metro History of Alternative Fuels and CNG Engines
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History of Metro Alternative Fuel and CNG Buses
Metro’s Alternative Fuel Fleet • First 10 CNG buses purchased in
1988
• Purchased fleet of 333 Methanol buses 1989-1992
• AFI Policy Adopted - Purchased only CNG buses since 1992
• First fleet purchase of 294 CNG buses in 1995
• CNG Fueling Public/Private Partnerships in 1998
• 100% CNG Operation since 2011
• 2500 CNG buses; 85m+ miles/year.
• ~ 1.5 billion miles on CNG buses
1973 “Steam Bus”
• GMC New Look bus with custom built Leer Steam Engine
• Unreliable, inefficient, high emissions • “Not every idea is a good one”
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New Bus Procurements
• Complete 900 bus New Flyer Delivery - October 2016.
• New RFP being released for up to 1000 40’ and 60’ buses for Metro’s fleet
– Conventional CNG or Zero Emission (most likely battery electric buses)
– Low NOx “Near Zero” CNG engines
– 90% Cleaner than current CNG engines!
– Wifi enabled for security, operating data, potentially for passengers
– Base order is for up to 300 40’ buses, and 100 60’ buses for delivery by mid 2019
– Will consider awarding a limited number as Zero Emission buses
– Expect to see similar features and amenities to current New Flyer buses
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Alternative Fuel Basics – What are Hydrocarbons?
More Carbon = More Energy + More Emissions
Hydrogen: H2 High Fuel Cost, lowest emissions
Methane (CNG): CH4 Lower Fuel Cost, lower emissions
Gasoline: C6H14 Higher Fuel Cost, higher emissions
Diesel: C15H32; Higher Fuel Cost, higher emissions
Coal: C240H90O4NS Lowest Fuel Cost, highest Emissions Electricity: NA Note - Primarily sourced from hydrocarbons.
H C C C
H H
H H H
H
C C C C C C C C C C C C H
H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H HC HH
H
H
Methane Gas (CNG) CH4
Diesel Fuel C15H32
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Current Outlook for CNG at Metro
• We foresee continued refinement of CNG engines, exhaust systems.
• CNG fuel prices expected to be stable – diesel fuel prices are expected to be more volatile in our region – Diesel currently $1.80/gallon – fuel cost
~$0.60/mile (price currently rising). – CNG cost $0.465/therm – total fuel cost of
~$0.40/mile (price stable ~ last 48 months)
– Since 2002, average diesel fuel price for Metro is $2.80/gallon, which equates to $0.85 per mile in our service
– Since 2002, average CNG fuel price for Metro is $0.51/therm , which, including compression, equates to $0.38/mile in our service.
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Comparison of CNG and Diesel Fuel Prices 2002-2016 (cost/mile)
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1/7/
2002
4/7/
2002
7/7/
2002
10/7
/200
21/
7/20
034/
7/20
037/
7/20
0310
/7/2
003
1/7/
2004
4/7/
2004
7/7/
2004
10/7
/200
41/
7/20
054/
7/20
057/
7/20
0510
/7/2
005
1/7/
2006
4/7/
2006
7/7/
2006
10/7
/200
61/
7/20
074/
7/20
077/
7/20
0710
/7/2
007
1/7/
2008
4/7/
2008
7/7/
2008
10/7
/200
81/
7/20
094/
7/20
097/
7/20
0910
/7/2
009
1/7/
2010
4/7/
2010
7/7/
2010
10/7
/201
01/
7/20
114/
7/20
117/
7/20
1110
/7/2
011
1/7/
2012
4/7/
2012
7/7/
2012
10/7
/201
21/
7/20
134/
7/20
137/
7/20
1310
/7/2
013
1/7/
2014
4/7/
2014
7/7/
2014
10/7
/201
41/
7/20
154/
7/20
157/
7/20
1510
/7/2
015
1/7/
2016
Dol
lars
Average Fuel Cost Per Mile Diesel Fuel Cost/Mile CNG Fuel Cost/Mile
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Next Generation CNG
Can “Near Zero” CNG engines reduce fleet emissions? • Low NOx Engines with Renewable Natural Gas
– New Low NOx engine certified at 0.02g/bhp – 90% NOx and PM reduction possible. – 80% reduction in CO and GHG with RCNG – 0.02g/bhp NOx; PM <0.01g/bhp – Nearly equivalent to battery electric ZE in Los Angeles
• Post 2020 – We expect to see a new generation of smaller displacement CNG engines optimized for HD – Metro expects CNG to be a core part of our operation for the
foreseeable future and a transitional step to economical, proven ZE technologies
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1985 1990 1991 2000 2010 2016
NOx (g/hp-hr) 10.8 6 5 4 0.2 0.02
PM (g/hp-hr)
0.59 0.59 0.25 0.05 0.01 0.01
9
=
1080 540 54
0.01
Emission Reductions Since 1980’s
One 1980 RTS-II 1000+ Low NOx CNG Engines
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Electric Bus Program
• 5 BYD Buses Delivered in 2015 – 36,000 miles in service
– Overall performance was poor, esp. reliability, range, gradeability
– Poor operator and mechanic acceptance
– In process of negotiating a “Buy-Back” with BYD
– Potential trade in current buses for 5 BYD Articulated buses for Metro Orange Line
• 5 New Flyer All-electric Artics – Opportunity Charging at North Hollywood and
Chatsworth
– 10 minutes charging/hour of operation
– Continuous operation with no mid-day charging
– Expect deliver in Fall 2017
• Assessment of other potential electric battery bus lines is underway
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Other New Bus Technologies
Looking over the horizon…
• Zero Emission Vehicles will play an increasing role
• Natural Gas and RCNG will also continue to play a big role
• Better communications and real time vehicle information
• ADA Enhancements
• Accident Avoidance Systems
• Semi-Autonomous Vehicle Operation
• Better vehicle management and tracking
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John Drayton Los Angeles Metro One Santa Fe Ave MS 63-1-1, Suite 100 Los Angeles, CA 90013 213-617-6285 [email protected]