Download - A Brief History Of Medicine
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A Brief History Of Medicine
Part 3
The Middle Ages
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People have had illness.People have tried to explain the cause of
disease.Humans have sought cures for
sicknesses.
Throughout History
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Traditional Chinese Medicine
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Time Period
500 BC to 1600 AD Many medical
practices are still used today
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Common Diseases
Records show symptoms and treatments for many diseases
Huge area, many climates
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Causes of Disease - Beliefs
The body is a like small universeA complex of subsystems of energy and
matterThese systems work together to
maintain a healthy mind and bodyThe characteristics of the operation of
the mind/body are described in terms of the five elements (metal, water, wood, fire, and earth)
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Causes of Disease
Yin/Yang organs, deficiency/excess, emptiness/fullness, hot/cold, wind, dampness, essences, body fluids, vessels and more.
Illness is caused by external and/or internal factors which disrupt the body's natural processes
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Cures & Medical Techniques
Taking pulse in six positions Observations of patient's
tongue, voice, hair, face, posture, gait, eyes, ears, vein on index finger of small children
Checking the patient's body (especially the abdomen, chest, back, and lumbar areas) for tenderness
Comparing the warmth or coolness of different parts of the body
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Cures & Medical Techniques
Observation of the patient's various odors
Asking the patient about the effects of their problem.
Anything else that can be observed without instruments and without harming the patient
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Cures & Medical Techniques
Asking detailed questions about their family, living environment, personal habits, food diet, emotions, sleep, exercise, and anything that may give insight into the balance or imbalance of an individual.
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Cures & Medicine
Herbal medicine Acupuncture Dietary therapy Specialized
massage
http://www.abpischools.org.uk/res/coResourceImport/resources04/history/index-2.cfm
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Major Accomplishments
In 56 BC, Zhang Liang invented an instrument named "Meng" which is considered to be precursor of modern stethoscope
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Major Accomplishments
Medical records from 3000 BC The most important book
compiled between 300 B.C. and A.D. 400 is The Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic (Huang Di Nei Jing).
The work is a series of conversations between the Yellow Emperor, Huang Di, and his minister, Qi Bo
Many historians believe it is a compilation of all the medical knowledge of that period.
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Knowledge Traveled Slowly
Europe would not learn about Chinese medicine until Marco Polo visited there (around 1300 AD)
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Arabic Medicine
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Time Period
The Arab world Spain was western
border India was eastern
border 800 AD to 1500 AD Learned from both
India and ancient Greece
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Importance
From the fall of Rome until the European Renaissance of the 15th century, the Islamic world was the center of medical knowledge.
Greek medical texts were translated into Arabic and added to.
Arabic doctors saved much of the knowledge gained by Greeks & Romans.
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Major Accomplishments
The Arabs were influenced by, and further developed Greek, Roman and Indian medical practices.
Galen, Hippocrates, Sushruta and Charaka were pre-eminent authorities
The translation of 129 works of ancient Greek physician Galen into Arabic by Hunayn ibn Ishaq were very important
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Major Accomplishments
Doctors studied anatomy, ophthalmology, pharmacology, pharmacy, physiology, surgery, and the pharmaceutical sciences.
Physicians set up some of the earliest dedicated hospitals, which later spread to Europe during the Crusades, inspired by the hospitals in the Middle East
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Hospitals Developed
Large hospitals to treat the sick
Cairo’s hospital treated 8000 at once
High standard of care for all patients rich or poor
Arabic doctors were considered the best in the world at the time
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Major Discoveries
Use of alcohol to clean wounds
Discovered first disease-causing parasite
Used plaster for casts Used catgut for internal
stitches Early form of
anesthetics used
http://library.thinkquest.org/15569/hist-5.html
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Inventions
Surgical needle (used for removal of cataracts)
Method to test safety of medicines
Injection syringe Inoculation
Early form of vaccination
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Major Accomplishments
Al-Razi, or Rhazes (865 - 924) was a Persian physician, chemist and alchemist.
Wrote a vast medical encyclopedia called Continens
Wrote first book describing measles and smallpox
Explained that fever was the body’s way to fight illness.
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Major Accomplishments
Hakim Ibn Sina (also called Avicenna)
Arab doctor born 980 AD Wrote over 100 books Most famous is an
encyclopedia of diseases The Canon of Medicine
Gave causes, symptoms, & treatments
Would be major medical textbook for 500 years
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Ibn Sina or Avicenna
The Canon of MedicineSet of 5 volumesGave causes, symptoms, medicines &
treatmentsWould be major medical textbook for 500
yearsTranslated into Latin in 1100’s
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Ibn Sina or Avicenna
Ibn Sina became so famous as a doctor that the emir (the prince) came to him when he was sick.
When Ibn Sina cured the emir's sickness, the emir gave him a job as his personal doctor - Ibn Sina was still only 18 years old.
As the emir's doctor, Ibn Sina got to read many rare books in the emir's library.
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Medieval Medicine in Europe
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Time Period – the Dark Ages
Europe 476 AD to 800 AD Period of frequent wars Catholic Church provided
some stability Very little advancement in
learning of any kind Few large cities Very few people ever left the
town they were born in.
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Folk Medicine
Mainly based on superstitionHere are some British cures from 1100 AD:Toothache cure: chew peppercornsSnake bite cure: use a salve made of
earwax & ask the priest to pray over youBreathing problems cure: chop up the liver
and lungs of a fox, add to wine, drink it regularly from a church bell
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Middle Ages
After 800 AD to 1400 AD
Holy Roman Empire and beginning of modern nations
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Middle Ages – the Crusades
Crusades 1095 to 1291 ADSeries of wars between
Christians and Muslims over control of the Holy Land
Crusades put western Europe in contact with many new ideas.
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Sources of Information
Medicine in medieval times combined superstition, tradition, plant-lore and knowledge passed down from the ancient Greeks and Romans.
Many ideas about causes & cures of disease
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Causes of Disease
Spiritual Causes Catholic Church
taught that sickness was a result of sinful behavior
Cure was therefore prayer and greater holiness
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Causes of Disease
Humours Doctors followed
Greek ideas of the 4 humours
Used bleeding and purging to rid the body of “bad humours”
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Causes of Disease
Miasma – “bad air” Some believed that being
exposed to bad air would cause disease
Cure is burning fires to burn off bad vapors
Prevention by carrying good smells with you Flowers Garlic around neck Pomanders/spice balls
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Cause of Disease
The human body and the planets were made up of the same four elements (earth, fire, air and water).
For good health all four elements had to be in harmony with no imbalances.
The Moon could affect the four elements in your body – for good or bad
Knowledge of Zodiac – Important for deciding how to treat patient Doctors used Zodiac Chart to design
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Cures & Medicine
Herbal remedies Books about herbs
were written Red Book of
Hergest, c.1400 was most famous
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Major Accomplishments
Building of Hospitals Most major cities Monasteries
Monks provided care
Medical basis Herbal remedies Spiritual basis
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Medical Education
Arabic & Greek medical texts were translated into Latin
Medical education schools used these Arabic and Greek books
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The Black Death
Plague struck Europe 1348
Came from China via the Middle East
Spread along trade routes from Italy in every direction
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The Black Death - Cause
Many thought that the plague was God’s punishment for evil
Many blamed the Jews Jews in some
towns were killed or driven out
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The Black Death – Actual Cause
Bubonic plague Germ is called
Yersinia pestis Carried by fleas who
lived on rats Infected fleas would
bite humans and transmit germ
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The Black Death
Plague was worse in big cities
People lived close together
Sanitation was very poorRats were common
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Symptoms
The disease attacked lymph, respiratory and/or circulatory systems and there was nearly a 100% death rate for those infected.
Buboes (like tumors) covered the body -- some of them as big as an egg or apple. Mainly in armpits Neck & Groin areas Swollen and oozing pus
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Symptoms
Purplish splotches also covered the body.
High fever Vomiting Delirium Might cough up blood Bad breath and body
odors indicated they were rotting from the inside.
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The Black Death - Cures
Doctors had no idea how to cure itWore masks to
prevent infectionNothing seemed to
workPeople died within 2
to 7 days
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Attempts at Prevention or Cure
Superstitious remedies Prayer Herbal medicines Recipes for clearing the
air of miasma or poison Bonfires Carrying posies
(flowers)
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Ring Around the Rosie
"Ring around the rosie, (marks on body)
A pocketful of posie, (flowers to cover the smell)
Ashes, Ashes, (words from funeral ceremony)
All fall down." (die)
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The Black Death - Results
Killed 75-200 million people in Europe – about 40% to 50% of population
Disrupted all aspects of life:ChurchGovernmentTradeFarming
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Plague Returns
Disease hit somewhere every 5 to 6 years from 1350 to 1490
Plague of London 1665 was one of last major epidemics
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Plague Returns
Europe’s last major epidemic 1720 in Marseilles, France
Still exists in animal populations in many areas of the world
Antibiotics can kill the bacteria if given early