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A Brief History of Videogames
Prof. Johansen Quijano
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THE PREDECESSORS TO VIDEOGAMES
• Cathode Ray Amusement Device (1947)
• N.I.M.R.O.D. (1951)
• O.X.O. (1952)
• Tennis for Two (1958)
• Spacewar! (1961)
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Cathode Ray Amusement Device: Missile Simulator
• Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann (1947)
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N.I.M.R.O.D.• Ray Redhepher(1942)
• Ferranti International (1951)
Play NIM Online
http://www.cut-the-knot.org/nim_st.shtml
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O.X.O.• Alexander S. Douglas (1952)
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Tennis for Two
• William Higginbotham (1958)
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Spacewar!• Steven Russell (1961)
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THE GOLDEN AGE OF ARCADE GAMES (1978 – 1983)
• Pong! (1972)• Space Invaders (1978)• Missile Command (1980)• Pac Man (1980)• Donkey Kong (1981)
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Pong! (1972)
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Space Invaders (1978)
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Missile Command (1980)
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Pac Man (1980)
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Donkey Kong (1981)
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THE FIRST (1972 – 1977)) AND SECOND (1977 – 1983) CONSOLE
GENERATIONSCONSOLES
• Pong! Machines
• Magnavox Odyssey
• Fairchild Channel F
• Atari 2600
GAMES
• Adventure (1979)
• Custer’s Revenge (1982)
• Pitfall (1982)
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FIRST GENERATION: Magnavox Odyssey
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SECOND GENERATION: Atari 2600
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THE GREAT VIDEOGAME CRASH OF 1983
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VIDEOGAME CRASH OF 1983
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THE REVIVAL OF VIDEOGAMES:
THE THIRD GENERATION• N.E.S. – Nintendo Entertainment System
(1985)
• Sega Master System (1985)
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Nintendo Entertainment System
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Sega Master System
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THE CONSOLE WARS:The Fourth Generation
• S.N.E.S. – Super Nintendo Entertainment System (1990)
• Sega Genesis (1989)
• Neo Geo (1990)
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Super Nintendo Entertainment System
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Sega Genesis
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Neo Geo
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THE OPTICAL REVOLUTION: THE FIFTH GENERATION
• Sony Playstation (1994)
• Sega Saturn (1994)
• Nintendo 64 (1996)
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Nintendo 64
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Sony Playstation
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Sega Saturn
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THE GRAPHICAL POWERHOUSES:THE SIXTH GENERATION
• Sony Playstation 2 (2000)
• Microsoft X-Box (2001)
• Sega Dreamcast (1998)
• Nintendo Gamecube (2001)
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Sony Playstation 2
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Sega Dreamcast
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The HD ConsolesSeventh Generation
• Sony Playstation 3 (2006)
• Microsft X-Box 360 (2005)
• Nintendo Wii (2006)
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Seventh Generation Games
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Mobile Gaming
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Gaming Cultures• Hardware Hackers (1947)• Casual Gamers [Arcade] (1972)• “Game Player” (1985)• “Hardcore” Gamer (2001)• Casual Gamer (2008)• Translation Community• Modding Community• Indy Development Community
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Discussion Questions• Is playing text-heavy games like Dragon Warrior, Final Fantasy, Lost Odyssey, and
Phantasy Star a contemporary equivalent to reading? Why / Why not? Explain and give examples.
• Can we think of events that happen in a virtual space considered a story, even if there is no text or dialogue? Defend your position.
• Consider the impact of the different developments (hardware and software) in the video game industry. Which development do you think was the most important to the video game industry? Which development do you think was the most important for society? Defend your answer.
• Can video games be considered ‘art’? Defend our position.
• Consider the impact on gaming quality of mobile games on the industry as a whole – for example, SquareEnix, a well-known AAA JRPG developer, said that they would focus on mobile and social gaming. At the same time, more people than ever are playing games. Is the introduction of these mobile technologies a positive or negative element for the industry and for society?
• How does the development of mobile technologies and digital distribution compare to technological developments of print culture, such as the printing press?