A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Comparision of wood Comparision of wood products and major products and major
substitutes with respect to substitutes with respect to environmental and energy environmental and energy
balancesbalances
Prof. Dr. Arno Frühwald
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
BFHBFH
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Organisation of R&DOrganisation of R&D and teaching in Hamburg and teaching in Hamburg
University of HamburgUniversity of Hamburg Federal Research Centre Federal Research Centre for Foresty and Forest for Foresty and Forest
ProductsProducts
World Forestry
Wood Biology
Wood Technology
Nat
iona
l and
inte
rnat
iona
l in
stitu
tion
of R
&D
FB
- B
iolo
gy
World Forestry
Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breding
Forest Ecology and Forest Assessment
Economics
Wood Biology and Wood Protection
Wood Physics and Mechanical Technology of Wood
Wood Chemistry and chemical Technology of Wood
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Basic studies- natural sience- technical- economical basics
Advanced studies- Wood as raw material- Wood - Wood trade and market
Special subjects:- Wood Biology- Wood Technology- Wood Chemestry- Economics- int. Forestry and Politics
Intermediate diploma
Final diploma
Diploma thesis
Sem.
3
5
1,5
faculty
Institutes
Institutes
Institutes
chair
chair
faculty
chair
ca. 120 canditates
(2/3 1/3 )
20 Students/ semester
Study of wood sience, business and technologyStudy of wood sience, business and technology
University degree:
Diplom-Holzwirt/in
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
New environmental challenges for Forestry New environmental challenges for Forestry and Forest Products Sectorand Forest Products Sector
• sustainable management of resources
- Rio conference, world climate conferences
• reduced energy consumption
• reduced Global Warming Potential
• reduced emissions to air, water, soil
• recycling of materials
• biodiversity
Driving forces:
Kyoto-Protocol, Agenda 21
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
solar radiation
infrared-radiation
reflecion
absorption
CO2
FCKWCH4
trace gases into the atmosphere
emittance of
Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Green House GasesGreen House Gases
chemical compound CO2-Äquivalent
(100 years)
CO2 1
CH4 24,5
NO2 320
O3 2000
H1201 Halon 5600
FCKW 1500
calculated as Carbon (C)
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Emissions in t COEmissions in t CO22 per capita per capita
Germany: 11 t CO2
Luxembourg: 27 t CO2
USA: 20 t CO2
Finland: 12 t CO2
Canada: 16 t CO2
Great Britain: 10 t CO2
Sweden: 7 t CO2
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Kyoto-Protocol obligationsKyoto-Protocol obligations
(Basis 1990 emissions, target year 2008/2012)(Basis 1990 emissions, target year 2008/2012)
Europe: - 8 %
Germany: - 21 %
Austria: - 13 %
USA: no interest
Sweden: + 4 %
Japan: - 6 %
New Zealand: +- 0 %
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology LCA is a method to describeLCA is a method to describe
the ecological importance of athe ecological importance of a
product or service along it´sproduct or service along it´s
life cycle from graddle to grave.life cycle from graddle to grave.
The method is described in the standards ISO/EN
•14.040 Principles of LCA
•14.041 Inventory Analysis (LCI)
•14.042 Impact Assessment (LCIA)
•14.043 Interpretation
Life Cycle AssessmentLife Cycle Assessment
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
An inventory analysisAn inventory analysis
Raw
material
Product
manufacture
Product
useIncineration
energy capital
equipment
waterair soil
emissions (incl. energy) to system boundary
system under study
Raw
materials
auxiliary
materials
products
by-products
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Impact CategoriesImpact Categories
GWP: Global Warming Potential
AP: Actification Potential
EP: Eutrophication
HTP: Human Toxicity Potential
AETP: Aquatic Toxicity Potential
POCP: Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential
TETP: Terrestric Toxicity Potential
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Material and energy for glue lam and Material and energy for glue lam and construction solid wood for structural useconstruction solid wood for structural use
glue lam constructionsolid wood
materials
kg / m3
lumberwater
oil + greasevarnishplasticsmetalsglue
total:
592467
0,20,70,22214
1.096
lumberwater
oil + greaseglueplastics
total:
529423
0,30,40,2
953
energy
kWh/m3
primary
electricitydieselwoodfuel oil
total:
391273518
36
1.218
electricitydieselwoodfuel oil
total:
241216220
11
688
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
0
50
100
150
fore
stry
sawm
illing
dryin
g
plann
ing
over
all
kg C
O2-
equ
ival
ents
per
m³ 142
54
70
117
Greenhouse gas emission of Greenhouse gas emission of
construction solid timber (GWP)construction solid timber (GWP)
Fixed CO2/m³: 925,5 kg
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Acidification Potential (AP) ofAcidification Potential (AP) of
construction solid timberconstruction solid timber
0
0,5
1,0
1,5kg
SO
2-eq
uiv
alen
ts p
er m
³
1,15
0,50,55
0,030,075
fore
stry
sawm
illing
dryin
g
plann
ing
over
all
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Glue Lam
300
100
CSL/Parallam
360
80
65
13
LVL/OSB
360
80
55
13
moment of inertia 22.500 cm4 20.000 cm4 17.500 cm4
wood volume per 10m beam 0,70 m3 0,22 m3 0,26 m3
type of logs large diam. thinningslarge d. 75%thinn. 25%
Ecological aspects of beam structuresEcological aspects of beam structures
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Glue Lam
300
100
CSL/Parallam
360
80
65
13
LVL/OSB
360
80
55
13
moment of inertia 22.500 cm4 20.000 cm4 17.500 cm4
wood volume per 10m beam 0,70 m3 0,22 m3 0,26 m3
type of logs large diam. thinningslarge d. 75%thinn. 25%
energy input 1.400 MJ 900 MJ 1.300 MJfossil 57 % 37 % 50 %non-fossil 43 % 63 % 50 %
CO2-Equiv. 33 kg 17 kg 27 kg
Ecological aspects of beam structuresEcological aspects of beam structures
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Comparison of timber and non timber products Comparison of timber and non timber products
wooden house brick type house
weight [kg] 71 273
energy [MJ] 271 876
CO2-emissions [kg] - 50 58
acidification [kg] 128 196
1 m² wall elements
Source: Waltjen, R. et al. 1999
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Example: single family houses Example: single family houses
House type Impactpotential
Production Construction
Framework house GWP100 70100.00 24752.00
AP 156.37 55.21
EP 13.32 4.70POCP 4.03 1.42
Blockhouse GWP100 71546.00 24752.00
AP 159.59 55.21EP 13.59 4.70
POCP 4.12 1.42Brick house GWP100 85277.00 29702.00
AP 190.22 66.26
EP 16.20 5.64POCP 4.91 1.71
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Example: single family houses Example: single family houses
House type Impactpotential
Total Case A Total Case B
Framework house GWP100 94852.00 79248.00
AP 211.58 176.78
EP 18.02 15.05
POCP 5.46 4.56
Blockhouse GWP100 96298.00 52957.00
AP 214.81 118.13
EP 18.30 10.06
POCP 5.54 3.05
Brick house GWP100 114980.00 108400.00
AP 256.48 241.81
EP 21.844 20.60
POCP 6.616 6.24
No thermal utilisation of waste wood
Thermal utilisation of waste wood
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Example: single family houses Example: single family houses
Case A
Case B
GWP 100
Framework construction
Blockhouse
Brick house
95.000
80.000
115.000
53.000
96.000
108.000
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Example: single family houses Example: single family houses
Case A
Case B
AP
Framework construction
Blockhouse
Brick house
211
176
256
118
214
241
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Example: single family houses Example: single family houses
Case A
Case B
EP
Framework construction
Blockhouse
Brick house
18
15
22
10
18
20
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Example: single family houses Example: single family houses
Case A
Case B
POCP
Framework construction
Blockhouse
Brick house
5,4
4,5
6,6
3,0
5,5
6,2
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Example: Simple (three-storey) buildings Example: Simple (three-storey) buildings
Impact potentials
7613
648 196
-278-3264
-84
-4000
-2000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
1 2 3
Steel wood & steelAP [t SO2 eq.]
EP [kg phosphate eq.] POCP [kg ethene eq.]
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Example: Simple (three-storey) buildings Example: Simple (three-storey) buildings
GWP 100t
CO
2 e
q.
4.000
- 2.000
0
Wood & Steel
Steel
3.410
- 1.463
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Example: Window frames Example: Window frames
Energy Consumption
26648
20794 19757
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
1
[MJ
/win
do
w u
nit
]
Alu PVC Wood
515 MJ renewable
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Example: Window frames Example: Window frames
GWP
906997
1090
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Aluminium PVC Wood
kg
CO
2-e
q
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Example: Window frames Example: Window frames
GWP100
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Alu PVC Wood
maintenance
transport
dismantling
framematerial
surfacetreatement
lifetime 30years
production
sealingmaterial
mounting
1089 kg CO2-eq. 996 kg CO2-eq. 906 kg CO2-eq.
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Example: Noise protection elementsExample: Noise protection elements
Energy consumption (PEI)Energy consumption (PEI)
Source: Richter, Künniger, 2001
Brick WoodCement
MJ
- 500
0
2.500
1.500
2.000
1.000
500
3.000
energy for production
energy for manufacture
energy for recycling
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Example: noice protection elementsExample: noice protection elements
Energy consumption (PEI)Energy consumption (PEI)
Source: Richter, Künniger, 2001
Brick WoodCement
MJ
- 500
0
2.500
1.500
2.000
1.000
500
3.000
energy from waste
energy fossil
energy renewable
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Energy consumption vs. Energy potential Energy consumption vs. Energy potential
Fossil fuel
[MJ/m³]
Wood fuel
[MJ/m³]
Electricity
[MJ/m³]
residues
[MJ/m³]
product
[MJ/m³]
Logs 70 0 0 4.500 8.800 < 1%
Green
lumber
100 5 85 4.000 8.300 1,5%
Planned dry
lumber
1.000 850 250 5.500 9.000 15%
Glue lam 1.000 2.800 470 8.000 9.200 20%
OSB 200 3.000 470 2.200 12.900 25%
Consumption Energy potential in
consump.
potent.
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Thank you for listeningThank you for listening
Vielen Dank für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit Vielen Dank für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit
Tack för Uppmärksamheten Tack för Uppmärksamheten
Merci beaucoup pour votre attentionMerci beaucoup pour votre attention
Vi ringrazio per la cortese attenzioneVi ringrazio per la cortese attenzione
Muchas gracias por su atenciónMuchas gracias por su atención
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Carbon aspectsCarbon aspects
Sequestration – forests + wood products
Substitution effects
- material substitution
- energy substitution
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Photosynthesis Photosynthesis
6 CO2
solar energy6 O2
(biomass)
H2O
C6H12O6
Input Output
1,44 kg CO2 1 kg biomass
0,56 kg H2O 1 kg O2
18,5 MJ solar energy 18,5 MJ thermal use
Balance für 1 kg wood
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
fossile fuels
COCO22 equiv equiv.. 900 mill t carbon/year
EUROPE
Atmosphere
OCEANS
CO2-sinks130 mill t
carbon/year forests
harvest
C-sink
fuelwoodreplace
Closed carbon cycleClosed carbon cycle
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
C-sink data for wood species C-sink data for wood species
1 m³ softwood (pine, spruce, larch)
~ 400 - 550 kg dry matter
~ 200 - 275 kg carbon
1 m³ hardwood (beach, oak, ash, others)
~ 400 - 700 kg dry matter
~ 200 - 350 kg carbon
average in Europe
1 m³ 500 - 600 kg dry matter or 250 - 300 kg carbon
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Carbon sink in ForestsCarbon sink in Forests
carbon stocks in trees and soils
of European Forestsof European Forests ~ 20.000 Mio t C~ 20.000 Mio t C
of which
carbon stock in tree biomass ~ 8.000 Mio t C
estimated net sequestration
- in trees ~ 100 Mio t C/y
- in soils ~ 30 Mio t C/y
- total ~ 130 Mio t C/y
total carbon emission Europe ~ 900 Mio t C/y(Source: Karjalainen et al. 2000)
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
(political) C-Sinks in forests (political) C-Sinks in forests
accepted by COP 6 / COP 7accepted by COP 6 / COP 7
Germany: 1,24 Mio t/y
Austria: 0,63 Mio t/y
Sweden: 0,58 Mio t/y
Japan: 13 Mio t/y
Canada: 12 Mio t/y
Finland: 0,16 Mio t/y
New Zealand: 0,2 Mio t/y
Russia: 20 Mio t/ycompared to physical sink acc to Karjalinen et al. 130 Mio t/y
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Carbon sink - wood productsCarbon sink - wood products
carbon stocks in wood products
• wooden windows 25 kg C/unit
• wooden floor (parquet) 5 kg C/m²
• furniture per family 1.000 kg C/family
• roof brick type house 1.000 - 3.000 kg C/unit
• wooden house 10.000 - 25.000 kg C/unit
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
C-sink wood products - Germany C-sink wood products - Germany
Volume
[Mio t]
Carbon sink
[Mio t]
35 Mio. houses with 2.000 kg furniture and
wooden fitmens 70 35
17 Mio. wooden single- and double family
houses (25 m³ each) 255 128
2,75 Mio. residential buildings with more than
two appartments, used wood 40 m³ 85 43
Wood in exterior use 80 40
Wood in non-residential buildings 100 50
Wood as packaging material 10 5
Paper products 50 25
Semifinished products -
production and storage 15 8
together 665 334
per capita 8 4
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Expansion of German values to European sinkExpansion of German values to European sink
Germany 80 Mio people - 334 Mio C-sink in wood/paper products
EU (15) 375 Mio people 1.565 Mio C-sinks in wood products
remarks:
- building sector is different within EU regarding wooden buildings (North - South)
- other wood utilization sectors differ much within the EU
Total carbon Emission Europe 900 Mio t/y
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
C-sink in wood products EU (15) C-sink in wood products EU (15)
Estimates based on German situation:
total C-sink 1.565 Mio t
net sequestration 13 - 16 Mio t/y
Total C-emissions ~ 900 Mio t/y
C-sink in wood products 3,5 - 4,5 % 40 - 50 %
C-sink in forests 14 % 130 %
reduction obligation
total emissions
in % of
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Average life time of wood products - Germany Average life time of wood products - Germany
Results from inquires and field research:
newspaper 0,2 years
magazines 0,5 years
books 25 years
packaging 2 years
furniture
low price 10 years
high price 30 years
outdoor uses 15 years
buildings
decoration 30 years
structural use 75 yearsaverage 33 years (weighed by volume)
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
195 m² living space
C-Emissions [t]
manufacture 28,1
construction 0,6
maintenance of house 5,5
use (60 y) 43,7
recycling 3,3
transport 0,4
total 81,8 t C
C-sink during 60 years 25,5 t C
Source: Pohlmann 2002
C-emissions during life cycle and C-sink C-emissions during life cycle and C-sink
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
COCO22-emission wood/stone house -emission wood/stone house
CO
2 em
issi
onst
ored
CO
2
prod
uctio
n
Use p
hase
(60
Years
)
tota
l CO 2
-em
issio
n
CO 2-b
alan
ce
HM
H: wooden house
M: stone haus
H
H
H M
MM
(Source: Pohlmann 2002)
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
C-Sink in wooden houses C-Sink in wooden houses
Per house compared to brick type reduces C-emissions by 10 t
If additional 10 % of all houses in Europe would be build with wood, the C-emissions are reduced by
1,8 Mio. t (~ 2% of all C-emissions)
(After enlargement of the EU an increase is to expept)
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
SUBSTITUTION EFFECTS SUBSTITUTION EFFECTS
IN GENERAL:
If wood products substitute non wood based products less fossil energy is required because of:
• wood based products require less energy for manufacture
• processing residues and products after use are a source for energy
Substitution effects reduce fossil fuel consumption and therefore have a direct influence on GHG emission reduction („100% Kyoto-Protocol“)
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Substitution effectsSubstitution effects
carbon and energy pool
energy
timber products replacenon-timber products
energetic comparison(production energy)
Processing residues and wood products after use
replace fossil energy
Substitution of fossil fuelsSubstitution of fossil fuelsSubstitution of materialSubstitution of material
reduced carbon and energy pool
no wood utilisationC-sink remains
Processing residues
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Energy aspects of wooden productsEnergy aspects of wooden products
1 m³ logs
energy input
3.000 MJ
processing
recycling or energy
7.200 MJ
1 m³ for energy
9.000 MJ
0,2 m³ for energy
1.800 MJ
Δ = 6.000 MJ/m³ energy surplus
0,8 m³ products
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Energy aspects of non-wooden productsEnergy aspects of non-wooden products
Alternative building material (non-wood)
(equiv. to 1 m³ of logs) processing
recycling or landfill
no energy~ 6.000 MJ
Δ = 6.000 MJ/m³ energy consumption
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
Summary comparison wood - non wood Summary comparison wood - non wood systemsystema) from wood system 6.000 MJ/m³ logs surplus energy
(to replace fossil energy)
b) from non wood systems 6.000 MJ/m³ logs equivalent input
(fossil energy)
Wood system replaces 12.000 MJ/m³ logs fossil energy
=> equivalent to 1,10 t CO2 or 0,30 t C emitted into atmosphere
Compared to storage in the forest
1 m³ is equivalent to ~ 0,25 t C or 0,90 t CO2
The consequences: use more wood
• first to produce products
• second to produce energy
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
C-storage in products and in forests (above ground)
0,25 t C per m³ wood
C-substitution
0,30 t C per m³ wood
Reduction of emissions!
Timber cuttings in Europe (EU 15) 251 Mio m³/y
10 % increase 25 Mio m³/y
C-emission reduction 12,5 Mio t C/y
1,4 % of all emissions
A. Frühwald
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
University of Hamburg
Centre for Wood Sience and Technology
ConclusionsConclusions
1. Forest and long life timber products are important carbon sinks.
2. European forests are sustainable managed.
3. Wood products require little energy for manufacture.
4. More than 75% of the required energy is produced from wood residues and recovered wood.
5. Wood and wood products after use are important energy sources.
6. Alternative non-wood based products require more energy for manufacture.
7. The total CO2 reduction potential by using wood sink and substitution effects is up to 300 Mill. tons of CO2 per year in Europe, 15-20% of all CO2-emissions in Europe.
8. 1 m³ of round wood used in building sector can reduce the CO2- emission from fossil fuels up to 1,1 tons or 0,3 t C.
9. Substitution effect is more important than sink effect.
10. For environmental reasons: use more wood!