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Holistic Approach to Cancer Prevention:
A Natural Health on the Web Special Report
By Health Advocate Frank Mangano
1 © Mangano Publishing Corporation
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Holistic Approach to Cancer Prevention:
A Natural Health on the Web Special Report
By Health Advocate Frank Mangano
2 © Mangano Publishing Corporation
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Medical Disclaimer
This report is intended for purposes of reference and for your own education, and does not seek to replace professional or medical advice. The author intends to equip you with the right tools tomake wise and informed decisions regarding your health. This should not be used to substituteany treatment or plan that is recommended or prescribed by your doctor.
The author and the publisher of this material are not health care professionals, and expresslydisclaim any responsibility for the effects that will arise due to the application of the information presented in this material.
Always consult a qualified health care provider prior to engaging in a supplementary, dietary, or exercise program. Your use of the information herein indicates your agreement to these terms.
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Table of Contents
Understanding Cancer 5
•Malignant tumors 5
• Benign Tumors 6
Naming Cancer 6
Prevalence and Mortality rates 7
The Most Common Types of Cancer 8
Causes 8
Treatment Vs Holistic Cancer Prevention 9
Prevention: A Better Approach Against Cancer 10
• The Risk Factors, Definition and Classification 10
• Unavoidable Risk Factors 12
◦ Genetics 12
◦ The Factor of Age 15
• Avoidable Risk Factors 17
◦ Smoking, Quitting Nicotine Addiction 18
◦
Alcohol 21◦ Other Risk Factors 23
• Cancer-Fighting Foods 23
◦ Foods Rich in Folate 23
◦ Foods Rich in Vitamin D 25
◦ Green Tea 27
◦ Cruciferous Vegetables 29
◦Tomatoes 31
◦ Berries 32
• Lifestyle Interventions 34
• References 38
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Understanding Cancer
Cancer accounts for around 13 percent of all deaths in the world in 2008, with the actual
numbers reaching 7.6 million individuals; this is according the World Health Organization
(WHO) through the GLOBOCAN, a WHO project with the aim of gathering information
regarding cancer mortality and incidence worldwide.
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world. The disease occurs when normal cells
exhibit uncontrollable behavior and invade neighboring healthy tissues or spread to other remote
location through the blood stream or the lymphatic system. Cancer begins when new cells are
formed when there is no need for such new cells or when old cells fail to die when they should.
This abnormality causes the formation of tumor. Tumors are either classified as malignant or
benign.
Malignant tumors. The growth of malignant tumors
poses a serious threat to the person's overall health and
may be life-threatening. Surgeries can be performed in
order to remove the tumors to prevent it from
developing into a more serious stage. But often times,
they will tend to grow back. Cell from these tumors
may also invade other tissues and organs by spreading
through the lymphatic system or the blood stream.
Once cancer cells are able to successfully settle and
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3-D rendition of a breast
cancer tumor.
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infect other parts of the body, they form new tumors. The spread of cancer cells in the
body is a process called metastasis.
Benign Tumors. The appearance of benign tumors in certain parts of the body is rarely
life-threatening. They can be easily removed without the threat of growing back. The
cells that composes benign tumors do not have the ability to infect other cells and nor do
they spread in other parts of the body. In diagnosing cancer, medical experts will first
have to know whether the tumors are benign or malignant before they can come up with
their next action plan.
Naming Cancer
Cancer is named based on the location where they first started. In breast cancer, for example, the
growth of cancer cells began in the area of the breast. Cancer cases that have been diagnosed at a
later stage will sometimes be located in more than one location. But note that cancer cells found
in the stomach that originated from the breast are still breast cancer cells. Doctors often refer to
this condition as a metastatic disease or call the new tumor as distant tumor .
Most cancers are staged according the extent of the invasion and if they had spread to other parts
of the body through the blood stream or the lymph nodes. A series of procedures and
examinations are needed in order to determine the stage of the cancer. And then from here on,
treatment will be tailored according to the severity of the condition.
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Prevalence and Mortality Rates
According to the American Cancer Society, a private community-based health organization
dedicated to fighting cancer through education, research service and advocacy, the average
survival rate of cancer based on the data from 1999 to 2005 is 68 percent. This is relatively
higher than the average survival rate of 50 percent in 1975 to 1977. The rise of cancer survival
rate is seen as a result of earlier and more accurate diagnosis and the availability of more
effective treatment. But cancer survival rates highly fluctuate from one cancer type to another.
The stage when the condition was diagnosed also has a major effect on the success of the
treatment. The ACS added that data regarding cancer survival rates need to be interpreted with
caution since cancer can recur even after 5 years.
For 2010, 1.5 million new cancer cases are predicted with relatively equal prevalence in men and
women. And out of these new cases and other old cases of cancer, more than 560,000 deaths are
expected. The estimations and predictions made by the American Cancer Society had been
reviewed and approved by the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and
covers around 89 percent of the total US population. The National Cancer Institute, a state-
subsidized agency governed under the US Department of Health and Human Services, reported
that around 11.4 million individuals with cancer history were alive as of 2006. They are either
totally cancer-free or are still receiving cancer treatment.
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The Most Common Types of Cancer
The National Cancer Institute, in reference to the report furnished by the American Cancer
Society, reported that lung cancer is the most common type of cancer, with more than 222,000
new cases expected in the United States in 2010. This is followed by prostate cancer with more
than 217,000 new cases; breast cancer with over 207,000 new cases in women and almost 2,000
in men; colorectal cancer with more than 142,000 new cases; bladder cancer with more than
70,000 new cases; and melanoma with more than 68,130 new cases. The cancer type with the
least expected new incidence is leukemia with more than 43,000; this estimation includes chronic
myelogenous leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and other types
of leukemia.
Causes
Cancer starts with the transformation of a single healthy cell into tumor cell. This process is a
result of the reaction caused by external agents and genetic factors. The external agents that can
lead to the development of cancer are classified into three; these are biological carcinogens like
certain parasites, bacteria and viruses; chemical carcinogens such as tobacco components and
asbestos; and physical carcinogens like ionizing radiation and ultraviolet. Age can also play a
major role in the development of cancer due to the accumulation of external agents in the body
combined with the body's impaired ability for self-repair.
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Treatment Vs Holistic Cancer Prevention
In reference to the estimates made by the National Institutes of Health for 2010, cancer resulted
to over $264 billion in total cost, of which more than $140 billion was due to the loss of
productivity caused by premature death, more than $20 billion caused by the loss of productivity
due to illness and more than $102 billion for direct medical expenditures. The lack of health
insurance is one of the biggest barriers for people to receive effective cancer treatment. In the
United States, more than 38 percent of the whole population has no health insurance coverage.
Cancer treatment is expensive and the success of a procedure cannot be assured. In addition to
this, known cancer treatment can have adverse effects to the patient's health. The body will be
practically bombarded with high dosages of radiation and toxic drugs in order to kill cancer cells.
And during this biological warfare against continuously reproducing cancer cells, healthy cells
are also being damaged. Interestingly enough, scientists from the McGill Cancer Center asked
118 oncologists who are specialized in treating lung cancer if they will take chemotherapy in
case they develop the disease. More than 30 percents say they wouldn't.
More often said than done, prevention is better than cure. Studies show that cancer can be highly
prevented through diet modification, consumption of foods rich in cancer-fighting nutrients that
had been proven to counter the development of cancer and employing overall lifestyle
intervention. According to the World Health Organization, over 30 percent of cancer cases can be
prevented simply by avoiding risk factors like smoking, air pollutants, excessive alcohol intake,
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sedentary lifestyle, obesity and being overweight, and insufficient consumption of fruits and
vegetables.
Prevention: A Better Approach in the Battle Against Cancer
The Risk Factors
Definition and Classification. Years ago, medical experts had a hard time explaining the reason
why a patient developed cancer. But years of study and investigation have led scientists to
believe that the development of cancer can be influenced by a person's innate condition like his
genetic make-up and contributing factors such as certain elements found in the environment.
Although these things don't necessarily cause cancer as a single entity or a group, studies show
that avoiding possible triggers as much as one can may result to a lowered risk of developing the
disease. The relationship between each risk factor and cancer has been investigated by different
scientific bodies from around the world. They primarily looked at the body's reaction to
substances and materials that are produced from within or outside of the body. One organization,
for example, that continuously investigates the possible causes of cancer and the methods of
effectively preventing the disease is the American Cancer Society.
Researchers and medical experts will often use the word “risk” to refer to the factors that may
lead to an increased possibility of developing cancer. The American Cancer Society classifies
cancer risk as relative risk and lifetime risk .
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Relative risk refers to the measure at which a person is more at risk of developing a
certain type of cancer compared to another who does not exhibit the same risk. For
example, people who smoke are 23 percent more at risk of developing lung cancer than
non-smokers.
Lifetime risk , on the other hand, is the long-term projection of someone's risk of
developing cancer and dying due to the diseases during his lifetime. Relative risk is more
often used by cancer studies, surveys and statistics to better bring forth the positive or
negative visual regarding the dreaded disease.
For the purpose of this report, cancer risk factors will be divided into two categories: the
unavoidable and avoidable risk factors. It would be feasible to say that anyone is at risk of
developing cancer – because, really, no one is spared. But certain factors put certain people at
higher risk of developing the disease than others. These unavoidable risk factors can be
compensated by taking more preventive measures. Avoidable risk factors are relatively easier to
deal with.
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Unavoidable Risk Factors
Genetics
The development of some diseases is strongly
influenced by the presence of a certain genetic
marker or defect. The same is true in the case of
cancer. The behavior and function of cells and
every part of the body is governed and
predetermined by the genes. Cancer is primarily
caused by the uncontrollable division of cells and the impairment of their natural ability to die
with age. Genetic markers and mutation can tell whether a person is highly predisposed to
developing cancer or not. Similar to other health conditions caused by genetic forms, a person
who inherits a mutated gene from one parent can become a carrier while inheriting a pair of the
mutated gene from both parents may mean a heightened risk of developing the disease. Mutation
carriers are common in the world's population with a prevalence of no less than 1 percent.
Recent developments in the endless attempt for better understanding the complex human genome
have led scientists to obtain a better idea of how a particular health condition develops. As a
benefit, medical experts in the field of cancer treatment can now find options that have the ability
to produce better results. Knowing if a person is genetically predisposed to developing cancer
through standardized methods can have a strong impact in reducing his cancer risk. But without
this information, people are left to battle the onset of the disease blindfolded.
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Model of a tumor-suppressing proteinbinding to DNA
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Genetic Risk Assessment
People's increased awareness of the genetic risk factor in the development of cancer has led to
the establishment of services that aims to help people identify their risk. Genetic and familiar
cancer susceptibility and genetic testing and risk assessment are being marketed directly to
consumers and communities in order to take advantage of this potentially life-saving scientific
and technological advancement. These services does not only increase the public's awareness
regarding the risk inherent in their family but it also encourages them to take the initiative and
become more proactive at consulting a medical expert regarding their risk and taking the
appropriate measures to counter the risk.
As described by the National Society of Genetic Counselors, genetic risk assessment or genetic
counseling is a process that helps people adapt and understand the psychological, medical and
familial implications of the contribution of genetic characteristics to the development of cancer.
Although not entirely limited, people are considered for cancer risk assessment if they have an
observable history of the disease with either paternal of maternal lineage, or both, and other
factors that may suggest the onset of hereditary cancer.
Accurately determining whether a person or a family is at risk of developing cancer is one of the
vital roles of health care providers. Once the risk has been correctly identified, the individual or
family can be referred to receive cancer prevention management plan. Genetic risk assessment
will not only benefit the individual being tested but it will also reveal important information
regarding the risk of his other family members. Despite the promise of cancer genetic risk
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assessment, consequences like employment and insurance discrimination may arise.
Studies and Clinical Trials
A study presented that American Society of Clinical Oncology annual meeting showed
that the early onset of prostate cancer can be due to a series of genetic mutations. The
researchers from the Comprehensive Cancer Center of the University of Michigan said
that their findings suggest the use of traditional and genetic screening methods in order to
better assess and understand a person's risk of developing prostate cancer. They
investigated 14 different gene mutations found in 754 men aged 56 and younger who all
had prostate cancer. They were enrolled in the Prostate Cancer Genetics Project at the
University of Michigan together with more than 2,700 men with no prostate cancer and
over 1,600 older men with prostate cancer. They concluded that the early development of
prostate cancer is highly influenced by a genetic component. The next aim would be to
determine the common genetic mutations in a larger group of men.1
A study conducted by researchers from Japan has found 5 genetic variations which they
linked to the development of prostate cancer. The genetic variations also showed the
differences and similarities regarding the risk of Europeans and Asians in developing the
disease. The study was published in Nature Genetics and proposed the influence of
genetic background of prostate cancer of the non-European population. Asian countries
are known to have the lowest incidence of prostate cancer in the world. But in recent
years, countries in Asia are experiencing a rise in prostate cancer prevalence. The
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researchers from the University of Tokyo RIKEN CGM, or the Center of Genomic
Medicine, compared certain genetic variations of Japanese men between the data
provided by a different study on European men. They found that out of the 31 genetic
variations found in European men, 19 were also linked to the development of prostate
cancer in the Japanese population.2
The Factor of Age
The relationship between cancer and aging are coming from
two opposite directions. In the case of cancer, the cells refuse
to die which results to the formation of tumors. In aging, on
the other hand, cells start to wear off and grow tired of
dividing to replace old and dead cells. But according to the
National Cancer Institute (NCI), 60 percent of new cancer
cases are found in people aged 65 and above. This same age
group composes 70 percent of all cancer deaths. Statistics from
the NCI also show that older adults are 10 times more at risk of developing cancer than those
coming from the younger age groups. They are also 15 times more at risk of dying due to cancer
than people below the age of 65.
Among the cancer types common in older adults are cancers of the breast, stomach, prostate,
bladder, lungs and pancreas. And incidentally, these cancer types have the highest prevalence and
mortality rate. Older adults tend to become more sensitive and resistive to cancer treatment than
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their younger counterparts. The discrepant and non-confounding relationship between cancer risk
and aging has driven researchers to investigate factors like an increased vulnerability to
carcinogenic agents. It may also be due to the time involved in the development of cancer. Other
theories suggest that the immune system becomes impaired in effectively scanning the
environment and getting rid of malignant cells and cancer-causing agents and that the cells lose
their control over their natural ability for self-proliferation. Medical opinions vary regarding the
relationship of aging to cancer. But what is known and widely accepted is that a person becomes
more at risk of developing cancer as he grows older.
Counteracting the Risk of Aging
The indefinite relationship between cancer and aging makes it more challenging to find ways to
counter its adverse effects to a person's risk of developing the disease. But studies show that
avoiding certain habits and long-term risk management plans can actually help. Maintaining a
healthy diet, an active lifestyle and eating foods rich in nutrients that have been found to possess
anti-cancer potentials at an early age may have long-term effects in reducing a person's risk.
Studies and Clinical Trials
A study published in Breast Cancer Research online journal showed that aging can affect
the behaviors of cells which, in turn, can result to abnormalities and a higher risk of
developer cancer. The study is an addition to the growing body of research that aims to
investigate the relationship between aging and cancer risk. Despite this, the relationship
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between the two has remained clinically unproven.3
A study on mice show that the long-term exposure to carcinogens resulted to higher rates
of malignancies in study subjects. The researchers applied benzpyrene, a known
carcinogen, to 950 mice on a regular basis. They observed that the appearance of
malignant epithelial tumors increased. The authors of the study concluded that the long-
term exposure to cancer stimulants with the combined factor of age results to a higher
risk of developing cancer.4
Avoidable Risk Factors
Majority of the cancer types are caused by the dysfunction of the genes that control the behavior
of cells, including proper reproduction and self-immolation. More than 5 percent of all cancer
cases are inherent of mutated genes and a person with a high genetic risk can develop more than
one type of cancer. But the majority of cancer cases are caused by factors that affect the behavior
of cells by damaging the genes. Non-inherent genetic damage may be caused by external risk
factors like smoking and exposure to sunlight, and internal risk factors like hormones and certain
metabolic abnormalities. One or a combination of these risk factors can increase the likelihood of
developing cancer. But then again, some people who have multiple risk factors may not develop
cancer in their lifetime.
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Smoking
Smoking is responsible for more than 400,000 deaths each year in
the United States alone; almost 50,000 of these deaths are due to the
exposure to second-hand smoke. Lung cancer is the leading cause of
cancer-related deaths in both men and women. 90 percent of lung
cancer deaths in men and 80 percent in women are caused by
smoking. The toxins in tobacco smoke also cause other types of
cancer. This includes cancers of the bladder, cervix, kidney, pancreas, stomach, esophagus, nasal
cavity, mouth and the throat. Other than the immediate side-effects of smoking, cancer and
cardiovascular disease can develop due to prolonged use. An alarming report from the Youth Risk
Behavior Surveillance published by the National Cancer Institute showed that almost 20 percent
of students in high school are smoking cigarettes.
Tobacco use is considered to be the most preventable cause of death. A single stick of cigarette
contains hundreds of toxic substances, and at least 50 of which are found to cause cancer. The
other most potent toxins are benzene, arsenic, cadmium, radioactive heavy metals like polonium
and lead, ammonia, carbon monoxide, hydrogen and cyanide. Medical experts, health
organizations and government agencies are continuously reminding the public of the various
health threats of smoking, especially in heightening the risk of cancer.
Quitting Nicotine Addiction. There are various methods to effectively stop smoking. The
success of saying no to nicotine cravings highly depends on the person's motivation and the
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method being used. Staying healthy and eliminating the increased cancer risk brought about by
smoking is sufficient motivation. Choosing an effective method, on the other hand, will take
more than just a bucket full of patience and dedication.
Avoid stressors. Certain stressful activities and circumstances intensify the urge to
smoke. So know what causes you to reach for a stick of cigarette. Stressors may come in
the form of a really cranky boss, bills piling up at the end of the month, cramming for
deadlines or the presence of your in-laws. Identifying these stressors and then employing
means to avoid them as much as possible can help you quit smoking and continue a
nicotine-free life. Also try to find other means of relieving stress like playing sports and
other physical activities. Also, you may practice the art of meditation to help you cope
with the stresses of daily life.
Physical activities will take your mind away from smoking and it can also help in further
encouraging you to maintain a healthy lifestyle. If you are not that interested with
physical activities, spending your time doing productive hobbies like quilting or reading
books will keep your mind occupied.
Find a relaxation technique that works for you. The early stages of quitting smoking can
be very stressful. Performing relaxation techniques like mindfulness meditation, yoga and
deep-breathing exercises can help you cope with the stress of fighting the urge to smoke
and other factors which, in the past, was your way of dealing with the stress.
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Seek help. Talking to family members, friends and support groups can also help in
strengthening your dedication to stop smoking. Remember that the harm of smoking is
not limited to you alone, but it may also extend to the members of your family and
friends in different ways.
Replacement therapies with the use of nicotine patches, lozenges and chewing gums
had helped thousands of people quit smoking. Consult your physician for the best quit-
smoking alternatives and treatments that suits you.
Practice the art of Mind over Matter. Keep in mind the health benefits of quitting
nicotine. You get more time to do important tasks, avoid diseases and lower your risk of
developing cancer, get healthier skin and whiter teeth, breathe easier, get rid of the
repulsive smell of tobacco smoke and a lot more.
Studies and Clinical Trials
A study conducted by researchers from the Health Partners Research Foundation found
that smoking and the exposure to secondhand smoke can heighten the risk of breast
cancer in postmenopausal women. The findings of the study were published in the Health
Day News journal. Even though earlier studies regarding the link between smoking and
breast cancer found little evidence, senior clinical investigator Karen Margolis said that
their findings suggests that smoking can increase the risk of developing the disease. The
researchers found that women who smoked had 16 percent higher breast cancer risk than
non-smokers. The risk also increases relative to the number of years the women were
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smoking. In addition, they also found that nonsmokers who are exposed to secondhand
smoke for no less than 10 years during childhood, more than 10 years at work and 20
years at home as adults had 32 percent higher risk.5
An international research team that gathered cancer data from different countries revealed
in Reuters Health that people who smoke are 38 percent at higher risk of developing
kidney cancer. The study was composed of 24 different studies which were conducted
since the 1960s.6
A study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute revealed that smoking
results to a higher risk of developing bladder cancer than non-smokers. The researchers
said that around 65 percent of bladder cancer cases in men and between 20 to 30 percent
in women are caused by smoking. They added that the risk of developing bladder cancer
increases relative to the number of years the person is smoking.7
Alcohol
There are various studies showing that the excessive consumption
of alcohol is linked to an increased risk of developing certain
types of cancer. Strong evidence has been found associating
alcohol with liver, breast, pharyngeal, laryngeal, esophageal and
mouth cancer. Though the exact reason why alcohol leads to a higher risk of developing cancer
could not be established just yet, studies suggest that it may be due to its influence in increasing
the production of certain hormones or because of its possible carcinogenic properties and the
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way it is metabolized which makes cells more vulnerable to other carcinogenic materials like
tobacco. The suggested alcohol threshold is no more than 2 drinks a day with at least one
alcohol-free day in a week.
Studies and Clinical Trials
A study conducted by researchers from the University of Mississippi Medical Center
revealed the relationship of cancer risk and alcohol consumption. The researchers found
that alcohol can stimulate the growth of tumors by fueling the production of a specific
growth factor that promotes the development of blood vessels in tumors. They used egg
embryos to observe the effects of alcohol in the formation of blood vessels in tumors.
Their findings support the theory that alcoholic beverage can promote the development
and faster progression of cancer.8
A study published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology revealed that the consumption of
alcohol can result to a higher likelihood of a recurrence in women who previously had
breast cancer. Lead author of the study, Marilyn Kwan, PhD from Kaiser Permanente in
California said that medical experts need to advice their patients with breast cancer to
limit their alcohol consumption. She added that drinking moderate to heavy amounts of
alcoholic beverages can also increase the risk of mortality due to breast cancer.9
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The other risk factors that contribute to the development of cancer are:
ionizing radiation like x-rays, radon gas and radioactive fallout
exposure to certain chemicals like benzene, benzidine, nickel, cadmium, vinyl chloride
and asbestos which are abundant in certain workplaces
bacteria and viruses like hepatitis A and C viruses which causes damage to the liver
exposure to UV rays and too much sunlight
the lack of proper nutrition and exercise. A person's diet plays an important role in the
prevention and development of cancer. Certain foods have been found by various studies
to contain compounds and nutrients that lower the risk of developing cancer.
Cancer Fighting Foods
Foods Rich in Folate
Studies show that the insufficient amount of folate in one’s diet can make the genes governing
the behavior of cells more vulnerable to mutations. Eating foods rich in folate, on the other hand,
will improve the genes’ defense against elements that can cause mutation and damage.
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Studies and Clinical Trials
Researchers from Europe had found that the regular intake of foods rich folate is
associated with a lower risk of
developing pharyngeal cancer. They
added that diet accounts to 10 to 15
percent of all cancer cases in Europe.
The lack of folate in the diet has been
strongly associated with the
development of various types of cancer.
But it has not been investigated
whether the same effect is possible with
oral cancer. The researchers gathered a
group of 759 study participants suffering from cancer of the pharynx and the oral cavity.
They also obtained relevant data from a control group of more than 1700 hospital
patients. The study participants were asked to answer a questionnaire regarding their diet.
The study found that the intake of folate significantly inhibited pharyngeal carcinogenesis
and lowered the risk of developing pharyngeal cancer from intermediate intake of the
nutrient.10
A study published in the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition observed that the highest
intake of folate in the diet can reduce a woman's risk in developing colorectal cancer by
around 50 percent. Researchers from Korea analyzed data obtained from more than 590
men and women suffering from colorectal cancer and compared this to the data gathered
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from over 500 people free from colorectal cancer. The participants were between 30 to 79
years old. The researchers said that they had found a statistically important link between
higher dietary intake of folate and a lower risk of developing colorectal cancer. But the
researchers found that the trend was not notable in male study participants.11
Natural Food Sources
The richest natural sources of folate are lentils, beets, cauliflower, broccoli, collard greens,
parsley, calf's liver, mustard greens, turnip greens, asparagus, spinach and romaine lettuce.
Other Health Benefits of Folate
Folate has also been found to help in preventing dementia, Alzheimer's disease, osteoporosis and
osteoporosis-related bone fractures. It is also known to promote proper nerve function, and it
supports the production of red blood cells and lowers the risk of anemia.
Foods Rich in Vitamin D
Getting a little sunshine or drinking a few glasses of milk fortified with vitamin D has been
found to inhibit the growth of cancer cells.
Studies and Clinical Trials
A study funded by the Cancer Research Campaign has found that the high intake of
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vitamin D can lower people's risk of developing cancer. The researchers found that
vitamin D inhibits the growth of malignant tumors. But they said that the amount of
vitamin D to prevent cancer is too high that continuing on such high dosage can result to
osteoporosis and even death. They were able to find a better form of vitamin D that does
not result to undesirable effects by testing four variations in mice. The researchers
concluded that if their trial consistently produce positive results, the vitamin D
supplement can be given to individuals with high risk of developing cancer.12
Epidemiologist and one of the world experts in cancer environmental risk factors, Dr
Louise Parker, said that the intake of 1000 units of vitamin D in a day can help in
reducing the risk of developing cancer. But Parker added that 1000 units of vitamin D is
impossible to get from diet since it is a rare vitamin and only appears in limited food
sources in small amounts. She also said that people with colon and lung cancer are
deficient in vitamin D. But further studies are needed before vitamin D can be used as a
medication for cancer prevention.13
Natural Food Sources
Exposure to sunlight for a few minutes in a day can stimulate the production of vitamin D in the
skin. The other rich sources of vitamin D are eggs, cod, shrimp, sardines and salmon.
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Other Health Benefits
Vitamin D also helps in the absorption of calcium in the bones; prevent muscle weakness,
chronic fatigue and inflammation; regulate blood pressure, insulin activity and immune system
responses; and improve the metabolism of phosphorus.
Green Tea
Green Tea is the most popular tea variety. Botanists and historians believe that green tea
originated in China and around Asia before reaching other parts of the world. Numerous studies
show that green tea contains strong antioxidants that help in scavenging cancer-causing free
radicals thereby helping reduce the risk of developing cancer.
The health effects of green tea are attributed mainly to its active components. Green tea contains
significant amounts of polyphenols and catechins, very popular for their ability to neutralize
harmful substances that creates damage through oxidation.
Studies and Clinical Trials
A study conducted by researchers from Newcastle University found that the regular
consumption of green tea protects the body from damage that leads to the development of
certain diseases including cancer. The researchers’ findings were published in the journal
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Phytomedicine. They said that in addition to the known health benefits of green tea, the
compounds in the popular Chinese beverage had the ability to inhibit the growth of tumor
cells. They added that the consumption of green tea together with maintaining a healthy
lifestyle can significantly reduce the risk of developing cancer.14
A review of different studies on green tea published in The American Journal of Clinical
Nutrition showed that the polyphenols in green tea can prevent the development of cancer
and help in improving overall health. The study showed that the polyphenol content of
green tea exhibited protective properties against skin, colon, breast, liver, pancreas,
duodenum, esophagus, stomach and lung cancer in mice and other study animals.15
A study published in Cancer Research and conducted by a team of British and Spanish
researchers found that the catechin in green tea inhibits the production of an enzyme
called dihydrofolate reductase. This enzyme is normally needed by cancer cells in order
to grow. Pharmaceutical cancer drugs have the same effect but researchers observed that
the side effects of catechins are less severe since they don't bind as tightly to healthy
cells.16
Other Health Benefits
The regular consumption of green tea is also being associated to a lower risk of developing
cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and atherosclerosis, reduce the levels of
triglycerides in the blood and prevent blood clotting.
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Cruciferous Vegetables
Vegetables such as Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage and kale are some of the
most important vegetables to include in one’s diet. These vegetables had been found by various
studies to contain compounds that can potentially treat and lower the risk of developing cancer.
The active components of cruciferous vegetables are sulforaphane, flavonoids, phytochemicals,
vitamin D, vitamin B complex, and manganese.
Studies and Clinical Trials
A study conducted by researchers from
the Netherlands found that Brussels
sprouts, a popular cruciferous
vegetable, can protect the body from
cancer by promoting proper DNA
function. Majority of the types of
cancer are linked to a mutation in the genes responsible for controlling the behavior of
cells. When a mutation in the gene occurs, the cells will begin to proliferate and act
irregularly, causing the formation of tumors. The researchers found that the
phytochemicals that are found in Brussels sprouts and other cruciferous vegetables can
protect the genes from the carcinogenic compound heterocyclic amines which are
commonly present in charbroiled and grilled meat. Study animals fed with Brussels
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sprouts had a 27 to 69 percent reduction of pre-cancer cells in the liver and 41 to 52
percent in the colon.17
A team of researchers from the University of California found that a compound in
cruciferous vegetables like cabbage and broccoli can inhibit the activity of an enzyme
which has been found to induce the rapid advancement of breast cancer. The compound is
called indole-3-carbinol, or I3C, that carries a chemoprotective compound
diindolymethane or DIM. Scientists from the Hackensack University Medical Center,
New Jersey found that I3C can rapidly transform into DIM and regulate the production of
hormones and the behavior of cells. A related study of DIM published in the 2008 issue
of the Biochemical Pharmacology Journal revealed that the compound has the ability to
hinder the flow of blood in tumors; tumors need blood in order to grow and survive.18
A study published in the journal Carcinogenesis revealed that the isothiocyanates in
broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables helps to reduce the risk of developing cancer by
possibly activating genes that fight cancer and deactivate those that promotes the growth
of tumors. Amongst other cruciferous vegetables, broccoli has the highest isothiocyanate
content.19
Other Health Benefits
Cruciferous vegetables have the ability to reduce inflammation and counter oxidative stress, and
lower the risk of disease caused by these activities. They also help in promoting cardiovascular
and digestive health.
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Tomatoes
These well-known fruit, although oftentimes mistaken for a vegetable, had been subjected to
countless studies that aim to determine and gather evidence regarding its potential cancer-
fighting properties. Tomatoes highly contain phytochemicals such as lycopene, carotenoids,
vitamin C, vitamin A, Vitamin K, potassium and manganese.
Studies and Clinical Trials
Researches from Israel found that the lycopene derived from tomatoes can lower the risk
of developing cancer by activating the production of enzymes that inhibit the
development of cancer. The researchers incubated liver and breast cancer cells with
lycopene and observed that the phytochemical stimulated the release of detoxifying
enzymes that helps in removing carcinogenic materials from the body. They also tested
other carotenoids and found that lycopene produced the best results; a few of the tested
carotenoids failed to produce similar effects. The researchers suggested that lycopene's
ability to stimulate the production of detoxification enzymes was not solely due to its
antioxidant property.20
A study published in the Breast Cancer Research and Treatment showed that lycopene
from tomatoes and other carotenoids can inhibit the activities of estrogen that may result
to the development of cancer. The large-scale population study investigated the roles of
different carotenoids from natural sources in the prevention of cancer and looked at how
these carotenoids influenced the activity of estrogen which has been long regarded as one
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of the hormonal causes of the disease. The researchers concluded that lycopene and other
carotenoids can prevent the adverse effects of estrogen and reduce the risk of developing
hormone-dependent malignancies.21
Scientists from the UK developed a genetically modified purple tomato and proposed that
the new product may help fight cancer. The purple tomato is rich in an antioxidant called
anthocyanins which are also found in berries. Previous studies had found that
anthocyanins have great potential in preventing cancer due to its ability to protect the
cells from oxidative damage.22 Despite this seemingly positive finding, it is important to
stick to organic products. Genetically modified food products may prove detrimental to a
person’s health because of its side and adverse effects.
Other Health Benefits
Studies also show that tomato helps in promoting colon, pancreatic and prostate health and in
reducing the risk of developing diseases of the colon, pancreas and prostate.
Berries
Berries are full of nutritious compounds that help in promoting better health and in preventing
life-threatening and life-altering diseases including cancer. The most common types of berries
are strawberry, raspberry, cranberry, blueberry and blackberry. Berries contain anthocyanins,
ellagic acid, flavonoid kaempferol, vitamin C, manganese and vitamin E.
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Studies and Clinical Trials
A collection of studies published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
showed that the phenolic compound content of blueberries can inhibit the growth and
proliferation of colon cancer cells. The researchers also observed that the compound
induced apoptosis, or cell death. The extracts used in the study contained blueberry
phenols which separated into flavanols, tannins, anthocyanins and phenolic acids. The
researchers concluded that eating blueberries can reduce the risk of developing colon
cancer.23
A study conducted by researchers from the UCLA Center for Human Nutrition found that
strawberries can have the strongest anti-cancer properties amongst other varieties of
berries. The researchers tested the extracts from blueberries, cranberries, blackberries,
black raspberries, raspberries and strawberries and observed their ability to influence
apoptosis in cancer cells. Their findings showed that the phenolic compounds in berries
can induce voluntary cell death, but those that are found in strawberry exhibits the
strongest potency.24
Other Health Benefits
Berries had also been found to reduce the risk of macular degeneration, Alzheimer's disease and
other forms of dementia, and promote gastrointestinal, colon and ovarian health.
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Lifestyle Intervention
Majority of cancer cases are caused by
avoidable factors like the person's diet and
overall lifestyle. Studies had shown that lifestyle
intervention can be the most effective means of
reducing a person's risk of developing cancer.
Maintain a healthy body weight
The first step is to balance your calorie intake with your physical activities and maintain a
healthy weight throughout your lifetime. People who weigh more than they should are found to
be more at risk of developing cancer than people with normal body mass index. This can be
achieved by limiting your calorie intake to your body's calorie requirement and by adopting an
active lifestyle.
Stay Active
Lifestyle intervention aims to permanently change your habits for the better. Adults are
recommended to exercise and participate in physical activities for at least 30 minutes a day in
most days of the week. Try to find an activity that fits your lifestyle – go to the gym or walk
around the park. The point is to stay active and to keep your body moving.
Maintain a healthy diet
Make sure to consume sufficient servings of fruits and vegetables everyday while avoiding foods
rich in trans fats, preservatives, artificial food colorings, refined sugar and carcinogens.
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Stay away from bad habits
Smoking and excessive drinking has been linked to a heightened risk of developing cancer.
Cancer specialists and medical experts also say that tobacco and liquor are two of the most
avoidable risk factors.
Early Diagnosis
The success of any cancer treatment highly relies on the stage the cancer was discovered.
Undergoing cancer screenings and talking to your family doctor about the early symptoms of
cancer will help in diagnosing cancer at the earliest stage.
Lastly, always choose the safer, effective, and more natural route towards optimal health.
Here’s to a longer and healthy life to all of us!
Frank Mangano
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About Frank Mangano:
Frank Mangano is a bestselling author, researcher, health advocate and entrepreneur in
the field of alternative health. Mangano is the author of several books including The 60
Day Prescription Free Cholesterol Cure, The Mind Killer Defense, which he co-authored
with Dr. Cynthia Foster, M.D. and Kim Wierman, and The Blood Pressure Miracle , which
continues to be an Amazon.com bestselling book. Additionally, he has published
numerous reports and a considerable amount of articles pertaining to natural health.
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References:
The National Cancer Institute
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/commoncancers
The Anti Cancer Diet, Helpguide.orghttp://www.helpguide.org/life/healthy_diet_cancer_prevention.htm
Antioxidants and Cancer Prevention Fact Sheet, The National Cancer Institutehttp://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/prevention/antioxidants
Cancer Trends Progress Report, Age at Smoking Initiation, The National Cancer Institutehttp://progressreport.cancer.gov/doc_detail.asp?pid=1&did=2009&chid=91&coid=903&mid=
Cancer Health Center: Top Cancer-Fighting Foods, WebMD.comhttp://www.webmd.com/cancer/features/top-cancer-fighting-foods
Lifestyle Interventions to Reduce Cancer Risk and Improve Outcomes, American FamilyPhysicianhttp://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/0601/p1573.html
Cancer Risk Factors, New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Serviceshttp://www.state.nj.us/health/cancer/cariskfactorsfsfinal02.htm
Cancer Risk Factors, Medicine.nethttp://www.medicinenet.com/cancer_causes/article.htm
Encourage Diet and Lifestyle Interventions in Low-Risk Prostate Cancer, Medscape Medical Newshttp://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/562644
Cancer Media Center, World health Organizationhttp://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/index.html
Cancer Genetics Overview, The National Cancer Institutehttp://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/overview/healthprofessional
Free Help to Quit Smoking, The National Cancer Institute
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http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/tobacco/smoking
Quitting smoking: 10 ways to ride out tobacco cravings, Mayo Clinichttp://www.mayoclinic.com/health/nicotine-craving/SK00057
Alcohol and Cancer A guide for health professionals, Cancer Council of New South Waleshttp://www.cancercouncil.com.au/editorial.asp?pageid=1775
Alcohol and Cancer, National Cancer Societyhttp://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@healthpromotions/documents/document/acsq-017622.pdf
To 10 Cancer Fighting Foods, The Diet Channelhttp://www.thedietchannel.com/Cancer-Prevention-Top-10-Cancer-Fighting-Foods.htm
The World's Healthiest Foods, WHFoods
http://whfoods.org/
Studies and Clinical Trials
1 Five New Genetic Variations Linked to Prostate Cancer Uncovered in Study on Japanese Men,Science Dailyhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/08/100802080151.htm
2 The Age of Cancer, USC Health Magazinehttp://www.usc.edu/hsc/info/pr/hmm/05fall/cancer.html
3 Aging impacts transcriptomes but not genomes of hormone-dependent breast cancers, BreastCancer Researchhttp://breast-cancer-research.com/content/9/5/R59
4 Individual Aging and Cancer Risk: HowAre They Related, DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCHhttp://www.demographic-research.org
5 Study Finds Smoking Linked to Breast Cancer Risk, Medline Plushttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_109375.html
6 Smoking and kidney cancer risk, VHL Family Alliancehttp://www.vhl.org/newsletter/vhl2005/05ahsmok.php
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7 A Case–Control Study of Smoking and Bladder Cancer Risk: Emergent Patterns Over Time,Medscape Todayhttp://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/715685
8 Study Provides Clues To Alcohol's Cancer Connection, Science Dailyhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/12/041220023731.htm
9 Alcohol May Increase Risk for Breast Cancer Recurrence, Medscapehttp://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/727885
10 Folate intake and risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer, Annals of Oncologyhttp://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/14/11/1677.full
11 Folate linked to lower colorectal cancer risk: Study, Nutra Ingredients
http://www.nutraingredients.com/Research/Folate-linked-to-lower-colorectal-cancer-risk-Study12 Vitamin protects against cancer, BBC Newshttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/891302.stm
13 A Ray Of Sunshine In The Fight Against Cancer: Vitamin D May Help, Science Newshttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080206210402.htm
14 Protective Properties of Green Tea Uncovered, Science Newshttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/01/110105194844.htm
15 Tea polyphenols: prevention of cancer and optimizing health, The American Journal of Clinical Nutritionhttp://www.ajcn.org/content/71/6/1698S.full
16 Green Tea, WHFoodshttp://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=146#nutritionalprofile
17 Brussels Sprouts Defend against All Types of Cancer, Natural Newshttp://www.naturalnews.com/025297_cancer_sprouts_body.htm
18 Supplements of DIM Stop Many Cancers in Their Tracks, Natural Newshttp://www.naturalnews.com/025810_cancer_estrogen_cancers.html
19 Cruciferous Vegetables Proven to Prevent Breast Cancer, Natural Newshttp://www.naturalnews.com/025441_vegetables_cancer_cruciferous.html
20 Lycopene mechanism against cancer, new findings, Nutra Ingredients
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http://www.nutraingredients.com/Research/Lycopene-mechanism-against-cancer-new-findings
21 Lycopene and other carotenoids inhibit estrogenic activity of 17β-estradiol and genistein incancer cells, Food for Breast Cancer http://foodforbreastcancer.com/foods/tomatoes?expandStudies=true#studies
22 Purple tomatoes the latest in the arsenal against cancer, The Medical Newshttp://www.news-medical.net/news/2008/10/27/42170.aspx
23 Fresh Raspberries Join the Fight Against Cancer, Longevity Medicinehttp://www.longevitymedicine.tv/fresh-raspberries-join-the-fight-against-cancer/
24 Strawberries Most Effective In Fighting Against Cancer Cells, News Commhttp://www.newscom.com/cgi-bin/prnh/20050809/SFTU126