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A Republican Decade
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Warren G Harding
• Republican• Elected in 1920• Looked like a President• Promised a “Return to
Normalcy”• Won in a landslide
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Return to Normalcy
• Normalcy appealed to Americans
• The world seemed anything but normal– Revolution in Russia– Strikes and bombings at
home– People feared that
political violence was a threat to the U.S.
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Russian Revolution
• Czar Nicholas II lost power in 1917
• WWI destroyed his rule• The new provisional
government pledged to stay in the war…even though the people wanted out
• Some turned to a more radical form of government
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Russian Revolution
• Vladimir Lenin and his Bolsheviks take power from the provisional government in 1917
• Pulled Russia out of WWI
• Govmt. then takes control of all farms, industries, lands, and transportation
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Russian Revolution
• Civil War breaks out in Russia
• Reds (Bulsheviks) v. Whites
• Reds win• The new nation created
is named the Soviet Union (Or USSR)
• Adopted ideology of Communism
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Communism• Government owns all land and
property• 1 political party• Needs of the country more
important than the needs of the individual
• Lenin sought to spread communism throughout the world
• After Lenin came Josef Stalin whose brutal policies spread communism and killed tens of millions
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American Fears
• Americans feared the spread of Communism
• Feared immigrants coming to the U.S. may be communists and other radicals (like anarchists)
• Communism begins to spread in Europe (Part of Germany, Hungary)
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American Fears
• Thousands go on strike in Seattle
• Bombs being sent in the mail to government officials
• Media took advantage of the situation and spread panic
• Created a Red Scare-fear of communism and other radical ideas– Americans wanted
communists jailed and deported
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The Palmer Raids
• A. Mitchell Palmer-Attorney General of the U.S.
• Had bomb mailed to his home
• Became convinced that radicals were conspiring to overthrow the government
• Began a campaign to hunt down radicals
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The Palmer Raids
• Conducted raids and arrests against suspected subversives
• Targeted Communists, socialists, and anarchists
• Arrested thousands, sometimes without evidence– Many of them eventually
deported
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The Palmer Raids
• Palmer said there would be a general strike and widespread bombings on May 1, 1920
• Newspapers predicted a major crisis
• Never happened• Palmer lost influence
and credibility
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Sacco and Vanzetti
• 2 men robbed and killed 2 men working at a shoe factory in 1920
• Police arrest 2 Italian Immigrants for the crime
• Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti
• Both men were anarchists
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Sacco and Venzetti
• Both men were carrying guns
• Sacco’s gun matched the one used at the crime
• Many suspected that they were only arrested because they were immigrants and their political beliefs
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Sacco and Vanzetti
• Both men found guilty• Trial may have been unfair
– Evidence circumstantial– Judge used racial slurs– Both executed
– Note: modern technology proved they committed the crime…so don’t feel too bad
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Labor Strikes
• Thousands of labor strikes in 1919
• Boston police went on strike– President Wilson called
this a crime against civilization
• Other notable strike in steel industry and coal mines
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Motivation for Labor Strikes
• Higher cost of living• Labor hoped to build on
gains won during the war– Shorter hours– High wages
• More workers than jobs
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Strikes Decline• Most Americans
opposed strikes• Saw them as un-
American and prone to violence
• Distrusted labor unions and the immigrants they represented
• Lack of support from the Government
• Economic boom brought higher wages
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Republican Leadership
• Red Scare had consequences
• People believed Republicans could restore stability better than the Democrats
• Republicans dominated all 3 branches of government throughout the 20s
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The Harding Presidency
• Made some good cabinet appointments
• Herbert Hoover- Secretary of Commerce
• Charles Evan Hughes-Secretary of State
• Andrew Mellon-Secretary of the Treasury
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The Harding Presidency
• Also showed some poor judgment
• Gave jobs to a bunch of his friends-The Ohio Gang– Inexperienced– Incompetent– Dishonest
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Foreign Policy
• Isolationist- avoid economic and political alliances with foreign countries
• Opposed League of Nations
• Wanted to establish global peace and stability
• Called for disarmament
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Foreign Policy
• Promoted expansion of trade
• Passed Fordney McCumber Tariff to protect American business at home
• Scaled back British and French debts so they could better pay them
• The Tariff made it very difficult for European nations to sell products to the U.S., raise money, and pay off their debt
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Foreign Policy
• Wanted to help German economy recover
• Approved Dawes Plan– Set a payment schedule– Reorganized German
national bank– Approved a loan to
Germany
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Domestic Issues
• U.S. became more Nativist after WWI
• Why
• Patriotism- believed foreigners could never be loyal to the U.S.
• Religion- Protestants, Catholics, and Jews could not see eye to eye
• Urban conditions- urban problems blamed on immigrants
• Jobs-immigrants were taking them
• RedScare
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Domestic Policy
• 1921 law passed to restrict immigration
• Placed a quota on immigrants representing certain ethnic groups or nations
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Teapot Dome Scandal
• Harding not involved…but his people were
• Albert B. Fall (Secretary of the Interior) secretly gave oil drilling rights on government property to 2 private oil companies
• Fall received $300,000 in illegal payments and gifts in return
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Silent Cal
• Harding dies in August 1923
• Calvin Coolidge becomes President
• Believer in business• “The business of the
American people is business.”
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Laissez faire
• Did not want government to interfere with business
• Lowered taxes• Did not even support
government relief for disaster victims
• Coolidge was criticized for this, but the economy boomed under Coolidge
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Kellogg-Briand Pact
• 15 nations pledged not to use the threat of force in their dealings with other nations
• 60 nations eventually joined the pact
• Basically made war illegal
• Unrealistic and unenforceable
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1928 Election
• Coolidge decides not to run
• Herbert Hoover (R) wins the Presidency.