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A Review of DNA, RNA, and Proteins
The Basics of Life
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Oh No, Not more Biochem!!!
• What are the monomers of the following polymers:– DNA– RNA– Proteins
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Structure of DNA
• What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
• What are purines?
• What are Pyrimidines?
• Draw a nucleotide.
• Describe the appearance of a DNA molecule. What are the rungs? What are the uprights?
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More on DNA
• The two strands of DNA are said to be antiparallel, What does this mean?
• Define the contributions of the following scientists:– Chargaff’s rules– Rosalind Franklin– Watson and Crick
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DNA and Chromosomes
• Describe how a 1m of DNA is stored in the nucleus (10um) of cells.
• Why have histones changed very little during evolution?
• How many nucleotides are in the human genome?
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DNA Replication• What are the 4 stages of DNA replication?
• What enzyme is responsible for adding bases to the template strand?
• Matching– Replication fork a) Strand that is made– When replication occurs b) Strand that is copied– Complement strand c) Where rep occurs– Template strand d) S phase of Interphase– Proofreeds DNA e) DNA polymerase
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RNA
• What does RNA stand for?
• What are the 3 parts to RNA?
• What are the 3 ways RNA differs from DNA?
• What are the 3 types of RNA? What do they do?
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Protein Synthesis• How does protein synthesis occur?
– Transcription - Translation - Editing– Transcription - Editing - Translation– Translation - Editing - Transcription
• In the M&M example what do the following symbolize?– Your hands - You - One M&M– Chain of M&M’s - Mr. H - The instructions
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Transcription and Editing
• What happens during transcription?
• What is the purpose of RNA?
• How is DNA converted into mRNA?
• What enzyme is involved in transcription?
• When mRNA is edited what are the pieces called that are removed? What are the pieces called that are kept?
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Translation
• What happens during translation?
• T or F: There are 20 different kinds of tRNA.
• How long is a codon?
• What is a codon?
• What is rRNA and what is its role in ps?
• What is tRNA and what is its role in ps?
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Protein Synthesis
• DNA: GCCGCTCGT
• mRNA:
• AA:
• What is the starting codon? What is the starting amino acid?
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Mutations• What are the three ways that DNA can mutate?
• What type of mutations are the following?– Normal DNA: GGTCGA– GGCCGA - GGTCCGA– GGCGA - GAGCTG
• Why are frameshift mutations almost always lethal?
• T or F: Point mutations ALWAYS change the protein.