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Aadhaar, Direct Benefit Transfers and their impact
11th March 2013
UIDAI www.uidai.gov.in
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Structure of the presentation
• Overall mandate of the Aadhaar Project • Aadhaar and it’s potential
• Direct Benefit Transfer and Aadhaar
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Overall mandate of the Aadhaar project
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Context • Providing a formal identity proof to millions of
residents • This identity proof would be a gateway to
access services • Need to streamline government expenditure –
cut wastage and leakage • Need for a transparent and accountable
system of public expenditure • Social inclusion project with a developmental
focus
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UIDAI issues Aadhaar numbers…
UID = 1568 3647 6218
UID Unique number Random number
Basic demographic data and biometrics stored
Standardized identity attributes No duplicates(1:N check) Minimal demographic data collected
Name
Parents
Gender
DoB
PoB
Address
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… and authenticate IDs online, real-time
UID = 1568 3647 4958
Central UID database
1:1 check, no ID fraud
Only YES/NO response, no details – no invasion of privacy
Person can see self-details, no one else can
Authentication - ‘Are you who you claim to be?’
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Where are we today…
• Started issuing in Sept 2010 • 28 crore Aadhaars issued so
far • More than 30 crore residents
enrolled • Target – 60 crore by 2014
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Enrolment centre, Andhra Pradesh
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Enrolment Centre, Jharkhand
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Enrolment Centre, Puducherry
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Aadhaar and it’s potential
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Service Delivery potential due to Authentication
• Transactions normally require verification of identity • Aadhaar online authentication will provide a common
platform which can be used across all transactions and other applications.
• Entitlements should reach the intended beneficiary – non-transferability can be ensured
• This can be effectively done by authentication at the point of service delivery
• Many sectors will be able to use as a proof of presence for the beneficiary
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Empowerment, Choice and Convenience
Identity
•Unique identity to every resident of India which is nationally valid – especially useful for those who have no proof of identity
Mobility
• Aadhaar authentication because of its on-line nature can
also be verified anytime, anywhere.
Gateway to Services
• As Aadhaar can become a KYC for a whole range of products and services (bank accounts, mobile connections, LPG connections, state Govt. services, insurance, etc)
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Empowerment, Choice and Convenience
Convenience
•Availability of many access points to withdraw benefit make it far more convenient for the intended beneficiary.
Auditable and Transparent
•On-line real time transaction authentication ensures that the entitlements reach intended beneficiary.
Choice
• Interoperable Micro-ATM/FPS network can ensure that the beneficiary has choice. This enhances her/his empowerment.
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Aadhaar based government application pilots – Country wide spread
Aadhaar Applications
in States
Jharkhand MG-NREGA, Scholarships
Andhra Pradesh
PDS
Maharashtra Social
Security Pensions
Karnataka LPG Subsidy
Sikkim Employee
Salary
Tripura Old Age Pension
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MNREGA payments through Micro-ATM in Jharkhand
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PDS delivery based on Aadhaar Authentication in East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh
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Old age pension payment in Tripura
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Aadhaar platform for Banking
•Open Bank Accounts using Aadhaar – Sufficient KYC •Existing Bank Account can be linked to Aadhaar number Access
•Transfer funds to Aadhaar Enabled Accounts •Simplifies disbursal of funds – uses only one account for all
disbursals – Convenience for the beneficiary Address
•Withdrawal and deposit, check balance •End to end auditability and traceability • Inter-operable, portable anytime anywhere •Better than local, non-interoperable solutions that limit choice
Transactions
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Mobile connections Bank A/Cs, Insurance, etc.
State Government Services
Aadhaar accepted as KYC for…
1 2
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LPG Connections 3
Train Travel 5
? Many other services…
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1. “Instant” Opening of Bank Account through a Micro-ATM based on Aadhaar authentication – hugely empowering to the unbanked
1. The Aadhaar e-KYC service instantaneously provides basic data
(name, address, date of birth, gender, photograph) of the beneficiary to the Bank upon successful Aadhaar authentication.
1. The e-KYC service can scale up to lakhs of transactions on a
daily basis
2. Provides convenience to the unbanked. Enables opening of large number of bank accounts on scale.
Aadhaar e-KYC Service
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Direct Benefit Transfer and Aadhaar
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All direct cash transfers into one account
Aadhaar Payments Bridge
Multiple Schemes
One Aadhaar linked account
APB Compatible with CPSMS
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1111 2222 3333
End-to-End Direct Benefit Transfer Enabled by Aadhaar
Pension
MGNREGA
Scholarship
xxxxx
----- -----
Radha 111122223333
xxxxx
yyyyy ----- -----
Radha 111122223333
xxxcccc ----- -----
Radha 111122223333
Bank
1111 2222 3333
1. Aadhaar to de-duplicate databases
4. Withdraw from any MicroATM –
Choice and Convenience
2. Aadhaar as KYC to open bank account
Aadhaar Payment Bridge
3. Aadhaar as a payment destination - Bank Account portability - Many schemes, one Aadhaar linked bank account
5. Auditability and traceability of transaction 24
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Micro-ATM transactions 1. Handheld device and battery powered 2. Online connectivity through mobile
network 3. Micro-ATM standards set by RBI and IBA
(manufactured by multiple vendors) 4. Biometric scanners are certified 5. Interoperable devices and can work for
any bank and any BC
Total online transaction time less than 15 seconds – Verified on the ground from Tripura, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh
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4. Authenticate
2. AADHAAR number, money transfer instruction, biometrics
Convenient cash withdrawal Resident
BC with Micro-ATM
Ram’s bank account
BC’s bank account
Interoperable Switch
1. Withdrawal request
3. Forward to switch
6. Debit
7. Credit
8. Inform: Call / SMS
9. Cash
UIDAI
5. Authorize
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4. Authenticate and execute
2. Money transfer instruction + biometrics
Inclusive convenience banking Resident - Ram UID 2563 8564 4663
BC (Kirana, SHG, PO etc)) With Micro-ATM UID: 7233 5968 3094
TransferMoney From UID 2653 8564 4663 To UID 7233 5968 3094 Amount 300
Ram’s bank a/c
BC’s bank a/c
NPCI switch
ID mapper
1. Withdrawal request
3.NPCI request
5. Authenticate
6. Debit
7. Credit
8. Info- IVRS/ SMS
9. Cash
Any BC
Any micro-ATM
Any amount
Any Bank
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Use of Data Analytics in
monitoring implementation
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Dimensions of the Project • Scale
– Geographically – Daily Operations across India – 25,000+ stations deployed
• Speed – ~1m/day mark reached in less than 18 months of
1st Aadhaar Generated
• Operations Model – Public (Registrar) -Private (EA) partnership driven
Data Analytics plays a crucial role to provide neutral insight to UIDAI as well its partners.
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Relevance of Data Analytics
• Neutral & Objective – Facts validating opinion, increases confidence of team and
management in pursuing directions • Cost Economics
– Automation in data collection – Quality of Insight – capability to understand trends across
large sample space • Empowers with Agility
– New Initiatives and its impact can be analysed for rapid course correction.
– Enables audit of large operations with details in low cost
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Uses of Data Analytics
Take Early Corrective Action(s) Enable Improved
Decision Making
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CASE STUDIES OF - DATA ANALYTICS
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All India – Upload Time Delay (days)
Monitoring & sharing packet upload delay information with partners, incorporating new policy initiatives, has led to significant improvement in minimising the delays.
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Data Analytics empowers to differentiate the field reality from the rumors. Here we monitor, changes to enrolment time with changes in software version to evaluate between software improvement to economic viability for partners and resident time involvement.
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Distribution of Enrolment Duration (min)
Deep-dive analysis on enrolment time, further provides insight on majority of enrolment cases versus few outliers cases.
*sample size is 20-55Lac enrolments in each month
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Comparing distribution of Aadhaar & Biometric Exception (BE)
Outliers : BE % is much greater than Aadhaars
Generated %
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Empowers the management to identify areas where detailed audit is required.
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BE Cases – detailed analysis
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Monitoring and awareness has lead to reduction in dubious Bio-Metric exceptions cases. Awareness is maintained with partners, that this monitoring should not lead to exclusion of genuine Biometric Exception Cases Aadhaar is always stretched itself to be as inclusive and resident friendly as possible.
Biometric Exception as a % of Enrolment
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SHARING DATA @ UIDAI
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Public Data Sharing https://portal.uidai.gov.in/
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Public Data Sharing • GoI has notified the “National Data Sharing and Accessibility
Policy (NDSAP)” in March 2012 • Datasets pertaining to Enrolment are available through the
UIDAI data portal • Data can be accessed manually as well as Programmatically
https://data.uidai.gov.in Dataset Frequency
1 Aadhaar Generated by State, District Enrolment Daily, Incremental 2 Aadhaar Generated by Registrar-EA Enrolment Daily, Incremental 3 Aadhaar Generated by Gender & Age band Enrolment Daily, Incremental 4 Enrolments processed in detail Enrolment Daily, Incremental 5 Total Aadhaar Generated Enrolment Daily, Cumulative
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Automated Meta-data Capture • Enrolment Packet
– Individual Screen Timings – People Involved – Geographical Location – Several Quality parameters – Devices – Date & Time of Operations – Any Exceptions
• Sync Operations • Packet Upload • Visual Quality Checking • Biometric Uniqueness
• Aadhaar Generation • Print Letter Generation • Physical Letter Printing • Letter Dispatch • Confirmation / Return
• Authentication
– Agency Involved – Type of authentication – Response Timings – Success/Failure – Failure Reasons
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Use of Data Analytics in Authentication
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Early Correction Action(s)
• Some examples from Aadhaar authentication service that helped improve service during early stages of roll out: – Better control of device level changes through
backend Response Error analysis – Early fraud detection / leakage prevention by
doing Number of Attempts analysis – Feedback to respective ecosystem partners to
fine-tune their systems
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Example 1: Better Control of Device Level Changes
Return Code January February March April 500 48 36 0 501 0 0 4 4 502 0 2 48 19 510 67 0 0 541 0 0 42 167 561 567 67 19 562 73 18 3 3 563 0 5597 58462 564 0 0 0 1 566 0 18 0 68 570 1 0 0
Load testing done by the ASA
Indicates possible uncontrolled
changes at devices
• In the authentication service, UIDAI has developed different return codes which represent various reasons why an authentication request may get rejected.
• An early analysis of transactions and the return code helped identify problems at device level application and frequent changes in them.
• Accordingly, partners were sensitized and corrective action taken to improve the success rate.
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Months 1 Attempt 2 Attempts 3-5 Attempts
5-8 Attempts
>8 Attempts
February 978 352 417 60 23
March 1320 402 441 34 9
Example 2: Early Fraud Detection / Leakage Prevention
• During early days of pilot for LPG cylinder delivery, a gradual rise was observed in the reject rate for biometric authentication.
• Detailed analysis of the data reflected that some delivery boys were trying to by-pass the system by putting their own fingerprint for a resident’s Aadhaar (which is expected to be rejected). They would show that the authentication has failed and use manual override methods to sell the cylinder else where.
• An early analysis of this data and drill down to such distributors / delivery boys helped detect potential leakages early and corrective action was taken.
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Improved Decision Making
• Some examples of decisions taken based on data analytics to make Aadhaar Authentication more robust: – Drawing up device standards, certification
guidelines and other backend configurations based on data collected from various proof on concept studies and pilots
– Authentication modalities to ensure universal coverage and near 100% accuracy
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Example 3: Drawing up device standards and other authentication guidelines
• Before launching biometric authentication services, UIDAI undertook extensive field studies (PoCs) and captured extensive data to decide on appropriate device standards and backend set up.
• Based on this data, UIDAI took decisions on matters such as device standards, two-finger authentication support etc.
Device Area
(pixel) Area (mm)
FAP Classification
MINEX Compliance
FRR Single Finger
FRR Two Fingers
1 320 X 480 16 x 24 FAP 20 Yes 1.84% 0.63% 2 320 X 480 16 x 24 FAP 20 No 2.14% 1.03% 3 320 X 480 16 x 24 FAP 20 Yes 2.23% 0.70% … 8 320 X 480 16 x 24 FAP 20 Yes 3.48% 1.06% 9 352 X 544 18 x 28 FAP 20 Yes 4.01% 0.57%
10 256 X 400 14 x 22 FAP 10 Yes 4.57% 1.24% … 19 256 X 324 13 X 16 FAP 10 No 7.84% 3.38% … 25 280 X 352 14 x 17 FAP 10 Yes 18.97% 9.65% 26 280 X 352 14 x 17 FAP 10 Yes 22.81% 8.97%
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To conclude…
• The Aadhaar number is a form of empowerment to those who had no proof of formal identity
• Empowerment is achieved by providing access, choice, empowerment and convenience
• Government spends large amounts on social welfare programmes 49
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• Obligation on State to have the capacity to ensure effective implementation as well as reduce leakage and corruption. The expenditure should reach the intended beneficiary
• The Aadhaar project is one of the means by which efficient delivery of service and inclusion with access can be enhanced.
• Extensive use of data analytics tools to improve monitoring of implementation 50
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The impact…
Digital Identity
Local Language Content
Credit Registries
Digital / Online
Payment
Mobile Commerce
Insurance, banking
Govt. Services
Social Networks
Aadhaar identity platform and Aadhaar enabled applications
can help a billion people to participate
in digital economy and avail services tailored to them!
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Thank You
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