Download - About Frankia Literature Review
![Page 1: About Frankia Literature Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081415/56815a7a550346895dc7e343/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
About Frankia Literature Review
Suzanna KrugerBiology 523 Microbial EcologyDr. Anna-Louise Reysenbach
3 June 2003
![Page 2: About Frankia Literature Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081415/56815a7a550346895dc7e343/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Overview
• Frankia taxonomy
• Host species
• Role in nitrogen cycle
• Methods of isolation
• Anatomy of nodule formation
• Anatomy and Metabolism
• Ecological relationships
![Page 3: About Frankia Literature Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081415/56815a7a550346895dc7e343/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Frankia Taxonomy• Filamentous, High GC,
Gram-Positive Bacteria
• Group III Actinomycete– Nitrogen-fixing symbiont
of plants(Madigan, 2003)
http://www.msu.edu/~batzli/whats_frankia.html
http://helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/microbes/microbes.htm#Microorganisms%20and%20the%20"Tree%20of%20Life"
![Page 4: About Frankia Literature Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081415/56815a7a550346895dc7e343/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Host Species
• Hosts are non-leguminous, woody angiosperms
• 8 Families, 23 genera including:– Alnus (Betulacaceae)– Ceanothus
(Rhamnaceae)– Rubus (Rosaceae)
http://www.msu.edu/~batzli/graphics/alder_forest.jpg
Red Alder Forest, Washington
![Page 5: About Frankia Literature Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081415/56815a7a550346895dc7e343/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Role in Nitrogen Cycle
(Madigan, 2003)
Nitrogen fixation:
N2 + 8H+ + 8e- + 16 ATP = 2NH3 + H2 + 16ADP + 16 Pi
•Catalyzed by nitrogenase
Reasons for interest inFrankia are related to theNitrogen Cycle:
• Forestry management• Land reclamation• Soil improvment
![Page 6: About Frankia Literature Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081415/56815a7a550346895dc7e343/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Methods of Isolation and Culture of Frankia
ISOLATION of:• First isolated 1978 (Cervantes and Rodríguez-Barrueco, 1992)
• Sterilization, mechanical disruption, or lytic enzymes (Cervantes and Rodríguez-Barrueco, 1992)
CULTURE of:• Simple culture media which includes glucose and propionate as a carbon
source, casein hydrolysate as a nitrogen source, and vitamins, salts and trace elements. Lipids may also be helpful. (Cervantes and Rodríguez-Barrueco, 1992)
WHY:• It’s not an obligate relationship, so having these tools allows scientists and
those interested in forestry management or soil amelioration to inoculate stands of alder or other sp.
![Page 7: About Frankia Literature Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081415/56815a7a550346895dc7e343/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Identification of Frankia strains
11th International Conference on Frankia and Actinorhizal Plants (1998)
1. 16s rRNA (Ritchie et al., 1999)
2. PCR + DNA hybridization (Nalin et al., 1999)
3. PCR + RFLPs (Lumini and Bosco, 1999)
4. Antibiotic resistance patterns (Tisa et al., 1999)
![Page 8: About Frankia Literature Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081415/56815a7a550346895dc7e343/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Anatomy of Nodule FormationBerg, 1999:• Nodule development is under
the plant’s control…great variety of nodule morphology across species
• Three steps to invasion of host by Frankia:– Infection threads with
“interfacial matrix”, formation of cytoplasmic bridges (filamentous)
– Vegetative hyphae (filamentous)
– Symbiotic vesicles - where N2-fixation occurs (multicellular and spherical)
http://helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/microbes/nitrogen.htm
![Page 9: About Frankia Literature Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081415/56815a7a550346895dc7e343/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Anatomy and Metabolism: O2 and Nitrogenase
Silvester et al., 1999• Frankia grows best at atmospheric
pO2.• In most species, symbiotic vesicles
develop an envelope to protect nitrogenase.
– Example: In Alnus, envelope thickness adjusts to ambient thickness.
• Coriaria and Dastica do not have a multilaminate envelope - how do they protect nitrogenase?
• Methods: Miscroscopy• High concentrations of mitochondria
around the base of the symbiotic vesicles may protect nitrogenase.
Tjepkema et al., 1999• Dastica has a similar morphology to
legumes, which have a variable diffusion barrier to O2. Does Dastica?
• Methods: Nitrogenase activity was measured via C2H2 reduction and the evolution of CO2.
• Results: Nitrogenase activity was not restored to predecline values by increasing external pO2.
• Furthermore, calculations of O2 uptake by mitochondria are not sufficient to reduce the diffusion of O2 past the mitochondria…
• HA: Nitrogenase activity is compartmenalized in multiple vesicles so that if activity is decreased in one, it is increased in another.
![Page 10: About Frankia Literature Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081415/56815a7a550346895dc7e343/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Ecological Relationships• Clawson et al., 1999• What are the interactions and relationships
that address dominance, competition and distribution among Frankia strains growing in a variety of conditions?
• Methods: Obtained strains and developed clades based on 16s rRNA.
• Results: Diversity in a single alder stand is low; instead it is dominated by a single strain or set of similar strains.
• Further research: Are there different ecotypes associated with different soil conditions?
Markham and Chanway, 1999• Does past contact reduce the degree of
mutualism in the Alnus rubra - Frankia symbiosis?
• Methods: Three low-elevation and three high-elevation populations of Red Alder were inoculated with Frankia, either a familiar or an unfamiliar strain.
• Results: – Low elevation: High nitrogen in soils.
Plants inoculated with the unfamiliar strain grew larger than those with the familiar strain.
– High elevation: Low nitrogen in soils. Plants inoculated with the familiar strain grew larger.
• Conclusion: The degree of mutualism depends on environmental conditions and may decrease with time.
![Page 11: About Frankia Literature Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081415/56815a7a550346895dc7e343/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Relationship to Mycorrhizal co-Symbionts
Cervantes, E. and C. Rodríguez-Barrueco. 1992. “Relationships between the Mycorrhizal and Actinorhizal Symbioses in Non-legumes,” in Methods in Microbiology, Volume 24: Techniques for the Study of Mycorrhiza, Norris J.R., D.J. Read and A.K. Varma, Editors. Academic Press: New York. 417-432.
• Alnus sp. forms symbiotic relationships with fungi also, including:– Cortinariaceae
– Hygrophoraceae
– Russulaceae
– Boletaceae
– Fungi Imperfecti
• Presence of Frankia and N-fixing activity may put increased pressure on the plant for the production of ATP.
• Ectomycorrhizal association as been shown to enhance phosphate uptake for Alnus viridis.
![Page 12: About Frankia Literature Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081415/56815a7a550346895dc7e343/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
ReferencesBerg, R. Howard. 1999. “Frankia forms infection threads.” Canadian Journal of Botany. 77:1327-1333.Berg, R. Howard. 1999. “Cytoplasmic bridge formation in the nodule apex of actinorhizal root nodules.” Canadian Journal of
Botany. 77:1351-1357Cervantes, E. and C. Rodríguez-Barrueco. 1992. “Relationships between the Mycorrhizal and Actinorhizal Symbioses in Non-
legumes,” in Methods in Microbiology, Volume 24: Techniques for the Study of Mycorrhiza, Norris J.R., D.J. Read and A.K. Varma, Editors. Academic Press: New York. 417-432.
Clawson, Michael L., Jeffrey Gawronski and David R. Benson. 1999. “Dominance of Frankia strains in stands of Alnus incana subsp. Rugosa and Myrica pensylvanica.” Canadian Journal of Botany. 77:1203-1207.
Lumini, Erica and Marco Bosco. 1999. “Polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphisms for assessing and increasing biodiversity of Frankia culture collections.” Canadian Journal of Botany. 77:1261-1269.
Madigan, M.T., J.M. Martinko and J. Parker. Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 10th Edition. Prentice-Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2003.
Markham, John H. and Chris P. Chanway. 1999. “Does past contact reduce the degree of mutualism in the Alnus rubra - Frankia symbiosis?” Canadian Journal of Botany. 77:434-441.
Nalin, R., P Normand, P. Simonet and A.M. Domenach. 1999. “Polymerase chain reaction and hybridazation on DNA extracted from soil as a tool for Frankia spp. Population distribution studies in soil.” Canadian Journal of Botany. 77:1239-1247.
Ritchie, Nancy J. and David D. Myrold. 1999. “Phylogenetic placement of uncultured Ceanothus microsymbionts using 16s rRNA gene sequences.” Canadian Journal of Botany. 77:1208-1213.
Silverster, Warwick B., Birgit Langenstein, R. Howard Berg. 1999. “Do mitochondria provide the oxygen diffusion barrier in root nodules of Coriaria and Dastica?” Canadian Journal of Botany. 77:1358-1366
Tisa, Louis S., Matthew Chval, Glenn D. Krumholz and Joel Richards. 1999. “Antibiotic resistance patterns of Frankia stains.” Canadian Journal of Botany. 77:1257-1260.
Tjepkema, John D., Gangyi Du and Christa R. Schwintzer. 1999. “Response of respiration and nitrogenase activity in Dastica glomerata (Presl.) Baill. to changes in pO2.” Canadian Journal of Botany. 77:1367-1372.