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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Absolute Risk Estimation in a Case Cohort Studyof Prostate Cancer
Sahir Rai Bhatnagar
Queen’s University
August 30, 2013
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
RationaleObjectivePrevious Work
Incidence vs. Mortality of Prostate Cancer in Canada
prostate
25
50
75
100
125
1990 2000 2010year
age−
stan
dard
ized
rat
e
incidence mortality
Possible reasons for gap:
Better treatment outcomes
Death from other causes(comorbidities)
Overdiagnosis
2 / 35
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
RationaleObjectivePrevious Work
Incidence vs. Mortality of Prostate Cancer in Canada
prostate
25
50
75
100
125
1990 2000 2010year
age−
stan
dard
ized
rat
e
incidence mortality
Possible reasons for gap:
Better treatment outcomes
Death from other causes(comorbidities)
Overdiagnosis
2 / 35
![Page 4: Absolute risk estimation in a case cohort study of prostate cancer](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110122/55a71d951a28ab4a4a8b4647/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
RationaleObjectivePrevious Work
Incidence vs. Mortality of Prostate Cancer in Canada
prostate
25
50
75
100
125
1990 2000 2010year
age−
stan
dard
ized
rat
e
incidence mortality
Possible reasons for gap:
Better treatment outcomes
Death from other causes(comorbidities)
Overdiagnosis
2 / 35
![Page 5: Absolute risk estimation in a case cohort study of prostate cancer](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110122/55a71d951a28ab4a4a8b4647/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
RationaleObjectivePrevious Work
Incidence vs. Mortality of Prostate Cancer in Canada
prostate
25
50
75
100
125
1990 2000 2010year
age−
stan
dard
ized
rat
e
incidence mortality
Possible reasons for gap:
Better treatment outcomes
Death from other causes(comorbidities)
Overdiagnosis
2 / 35
![Page 6: Absolute risk estimation in a case cohort study of prostate cancer](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110122/55a71d951a28ab4a4a8b4647/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
RationaleObjectivePrevious Work
Why is this Gap a Problem?
Overdiagnosis
1 Screen detected cancer that would have otherwise not beendiagnosed before death from other causes
2 Can lead to overtreatment
Overtreatment
Treatment for a cancer that is clinically not significant → lowtumour grade
Morbidity associated with being diagnosed with cancer
Quality of life effects, incontinence, erectile dysfunction
Lower life expectancy
3 / 35
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
RationaleObjectivePrevious Work
Why is this Gap a Problem?
Overdiagnosis
1 Screen detected cancer that would have otherwise not beendiagnosed before death from other causes
2 Can lead to overtreatment
Overtreatment
Treatment for a cancer that is clinically not significant → lowtumour grade
Morbidity associated with being diagnosed with cancer
Quality of life effects, incontinence, erectile dysfunction
Lower life expectancy
3 / 35
![Page 8: Absolute risk estimation in a case cohort study of prostate cancer](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110122/55a71d951a28ab4a4a8b4647/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
RationaleObjectivePrevious Work
Why is this Gap a Problem?
Overdiagnosis
1 Screen detected cancer that would have otherwise not beendiagnosed before death from other causes
2 Can lead to overtreatment
Overtreatment
Treatment for a cancer that is clinically not significant → lowtumour grade
Morbidity associated with being diagnosed with cancer
Quality of life effects, incontinence, erectile dysfunction
Lower life expectancy
3 / 35
![Page 9: Absolute risk estimation in a case cohort study of prostate cancer](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110122/55a71d951a28ab4a4a8b4647/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
RationaleObjectivePrevious Work
Why is this Gap a Problem?
Overdiagnosis
1 Screen detected cancer that would have otherwise not beendiagnosed before death from other causes
2 Can lead to overtreatment
Overtreatment
Treatment for a cancer that is clinically not significant → lowtumour grade
Morbidity associated with being diagnosed with cancer
Quality of life effects, incontinence, erectile dysfunction
Lower life expectancy
3 / 35
![Page 10: Absolute risk estimation in a case cohort study of prostate cancer](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110122/55a71d951a28ab4a4a8b4647/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
RationaleObjectivePrevious Work
Why is this Gap a Problem?
Overdiagnosis
1 Screen detected cancer that would have otherwise not beendiagnosed before death from other causes
2 Can lead to overtreatment
Overtreatment
Treatment for a cancer that is clinically not significant → lowtumour grade
Morbidity associated with being diagnosed with cancer
Quality of life effects, incontinence, erectile dysfunction
Lower life expectancy
3 / 35
![Page 11: Absolute risk estimation in a case cohort study of prostate cancer](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110122/55a71d951a28ab4a4a8b4647/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
RationaleObjectivePrevious Work
Why is this Gap a Problem?
Overdiagnosis
1 Screen detected cancer that would have otherwise not beendiagnosed before death from other causes
2 Can lead to overtreatment
Overtreatment
Treatment for a cancer that is clinically not significant → lowtumour grade
Morbidity associated with being diagnosed with cancer
Quality of life effects, incontinence, erectile dysfunction
Lower life expectancy
3 / 35
![Page 12: Absolute risk estimation in a case cohort study of prostate cancer](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110122/55a71d951a28ab4a4a8b4647/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
RationaleObjectivePrevious Work
Why is this Gap a Problem?
Overdiagnosis
1 Screen detected cancer that would have otherwise not beendiagnosed before death from other causes
2 Can lead to overtreatment
Overtreatment
Treatment for a cancer that is clinically not significant → lowtumour grade
Morbidity associated with being diagnosed with cancer
Quality of life effects, incontinence, erectile dysfunction
Lower life expectancy
3 / 35
![Page 13: Absolute risk estimation in a case cohort study of prostate cancer](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110122/55a71d951a28ab4a4a8b4647/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
RationaleObjectivePrevious Work
Solution to Overdiagnosis and Overtreatment
Individualised Decision Making
Active surveillance for patients with favorable risk disease(Gleason score ≤ 6)
Clinical tools that calculate life expectancy based onpredisposing factors such as age and comorbidities
4 / 35
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
RationaleObjectivePrevious Work
Solution to Overdiagnosis and Overtreatment
Individualised Decision Making
Active surveillance for patients with favorable risk disease(Gleason score ≤ 6)
Clinical tools that calculate life expectancy based onpredisposing factors such as age and comorbidities
4 / 35
![Page 15: Absolute risk estimation in a case cohort study of prostate cancer](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110122/55a71d951a28ab4a4a8b4647/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
RationaleObjectivePrevious Work
Solution to Overdiagnosis and Overtreatment
Individualised Decision Making
Active surveillance for patients with favorable risk disease(Gleason score ≤ 6)
Clinical tools that calculate life expectancy based onpredisposing factors such as age and comorbidities
4 / 35
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
RationaleObjectivePrevious Work
Solution to Overdiagnosis and Overtreatment
Individualised Decision Making
Active surveillance for patients with favorable risk disease(Gleason score ≤ 6)
Clinical tools that calculate life expectancy based onpredisposing factors such as age and comorbidities
4 / 35
![Page 17: Absolute risk estimation in a case cohort study of prostate cancer](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110122/55a71d951a28ab4a4a8b4647/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
RationaleObjectivePrevious Work
Objectives
Research Statement
1 Using a semiparametric model based on both age andcomorbidity, obtain absolute risk estimates of death fromprostate cancer in a population based case cohort study
2 Create a web tool for life expectancy based on this model, foruse in a clinical setting
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
RationaleObjectivePrevious Work
Objectives
Research Statement
1 Using a semiparametric model based on both age andcomorbidity, obtain absolute risk estimates of death fromprostate cancer in a population based case cohort study
2 Create a web tool for life expectancy based on this model, foruse in a clinical setting
5 / 35
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
RationaleObjectivePrevious Work
Wykes (2011)
Wykes (2011) proposed an ad hoc approach to estimating therelative risk and baseline hazard function for the case cohort design:
Modified PH Model
S(t) = (S0(t))α exp {αβ1 (age − µage) +
β2
(CIRS-Gpros − µCIRS-Gpros
)}S0(t), β1, µage are derived from the full cohort
β2, µCIRS-Gpros are from case cohort
α = β1 from case cohortβ1 from full cohort
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
RationaleObjectivePrevious Work
Wykes (2011)
Wykes (2011) proposed an ad hoc approach to estimating therelative risk and baseline hazard function for the case cohort design:
Modified PH Model
S(t) = (S0(t))α exp {αβ1 (age − µage) +
β2
(CIRS-Gpros − µCIRS-Gpros
)}S0(t), β1, µage are derived from the full cohort
β2, µCIRS-Gpros are from case cohort
α = β1 from case cohortβ1 from full cohort
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Case Cohort Study Design
40 45 50 55 60 65 70
(a) Cohort, no exposure info
40 45 50 55 60 65 70
(b) Case cohort sampling
40 45 50 55 60 65 70
(c) Add back failures
CIRS=10CIRS=2
CIRS=7CIRS=6
CIRS=14CIRS=13
CIRS=1
CIRS=9
CIRS=9CIRS=4
CIRS=4
CIRS=10CIRS=1
CIRS=3
CIRS=6CIRS=7
40 45 50 55 60 65 70
(d) Get exposure information
Figure: Each line represents how long a subject is at risk. A failure is represented by ared dot. Subjects without a red dot are censored individuals. The axis represents agevalues.
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Case Cohort Study DesignPopulationModelSoftware
Study Population
Population-based case cohort study of 2,740 patientsdiagnosed with prostate cancer between 1990 and 1998 inOntario
Stratified by CCOR random sample
Cases were sampled independently of subcohort
Death from prostate cancer and death from other causesassessed → death clearance date December 31, 1999
Death from any cause updated for subcohort only → deathclearance date December 31, 2008
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Case Cohort Study DesignPopulationModelSoftware
Study Population
Population-based case cohort study of 2,740 patientsdiagnosed with prostate cancer between 1990 and 1998 inOntario
Stratified by CCOR random sample
Cases were sampled independently of subcohort
Death from prostate cancer and death from other causesassessed → death clearance date December 31, 1999
Death from any cause updated for subcohort only → deathclearance date December 31, 2008
8 / 35
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Case Cohort Study DesignPopulationModelSoftware
Study Population
Population-based case cohort study of 2,740 patientsdiagnosed with prostate cancer between 1990 and 1998 inOntario
Stratified by CCOR random sample
Cases were sampled independently of subcohort
Death from prostate cancer and death from other causesassessed → death clearance date December 31, 1999
Death from any cause updated for subcohort only → deathclearance date December 31, 2008
8 / 35
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Case Cohort Study DesignPopulationModelSoftware
Study Population
Population-based case cohort study of 2,740 patientsdiagnosed with prostate cancer between 1990 and 1998 inOntario
Stratified by CCOR random sample
Cases were sampled independently of subcohort
Death from prostate cancer and death from other causesassessed → death clearance date December 31, 1999
Death from any cause updated for subcohort only → deathclearance date December 31, 2008
8 / 35
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Case Cohort Study DesignPopulationModelSoftware
Study Population
Population-based case cohort study of 2,740 patientsdiagnosed with prostate cancer between 1990 and 1998 inOntario
Stratified by CCOR random sample
Cases were sampled independently of subcohort
Death from prostate cancer and death from other causesassessed → death clearance date December 31, 1999
Death from any cause updated for subcohort only → deathclearance date December 31, 2008
8 / 35
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Case Cohort Study DesignPopulationModelSoftware
Study Population
Population-based case cohort study of 2,740 patientsdiagnosed with prostate cancer between 1990 and 1998 inOntario
Stratified by CCOR random sample
Cases were sampled independently of subcohort
Death from prostate cancer and death from other causesassessed → death clearance date December 31, 1999
Death from any cause updated for subcohort only → deathclearance date December 31, 2008
8 / 35
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Case Cohort Study DesignPopulationModelSoftware
Improvements
Stratified by CCOR Cox PH
Sj(t) = S0j(t)exp(β1·Age+β2·CIRS-Gpros), j = 1, . . . , 8
We improve on Wykes (2011) work in two ways:
we estimate both the baseline survival function and relativerisk parameters using the case cohort population
we use a stratified by CCOR analysis, which assumes adifferent baseline hazard for each region
9 / 35
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Case Cohort Study DesignPopulationModelSoftware
Improvements
Stratified by CCOR Cox PH
Sj(t) = S0j(t)exp(β1·Age+β2·CIRS-Gpros), j = 1, . . . , 8
We improve on Wykes (2011) work in two ways:
we estimate both the baseline survival function and relativerisk parameters using the case cohort population
we use a stratified by CCOR analysis, which assumes adifferent baseline hazard for each region
9 / 35
![Page 30: Absolute risk estimation in a case cohort study of prostate cancer](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110122/55a71d951a28ab4a4a8b4647/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Case Cohort Study DesignPopulationModelSoftware
Improvements
Stratified by CCOR Cox PH
Sj(t) = S0j(t)exp(β1·Age+β2·CIRS-Gpros), j = 1, . . . , 8
We improve on Wykes (2011) work in two ways:
we estimate both the baseline survival function and relativerisk parameters using the case cohort population
we use a stratified by CCOR analysis, which assumes adifferent baseline hazard for each region
9 / 35
![Page 31: Absolute risk estimation in a case cohort study of prostate cancer](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110122/55a71d951a28ab4a4a8b4647/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Case Cohort Study DesignPopulationModelSoftware
Improvements
Stratified by CCOR Cox PH
Sj(t) = S0j(t)exp(β1·Age+β2·CIRS-Gpros), j = 1, . . . , 8
We improve on Wykes (2011) work in two ways:
we estimate both the baseline survival function and relativerisk parameters using the case cohort population
we use a stratified by CCOR analysis, which assumes adifferent baseline hazard for each region
9 / 35
![Page 32: Absolute risk estimation in a case cohort study of prostate cancer](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110122/55a71d951a28ab4a4a8b4647/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Case Cohort Study DesignPopulationModelSoftware
Relative Risk Estimation
Prentice (1986) proposed a pseudolikelihood given by
L(β) =D∏j=1
exp(zT(j)β
)∑
k∈Rtj
exp(zTkβ
)wk
t1, . . . , tD : D distinct failure times
Rtj : the risk set at failure time tj
wk : the weight applied to the risk set
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Case Cohort Study DesignPopulationModelSoftware
Relative Risk Estimation
Prentice (1986) proposed a pseudolikelihood given by
L(β) =D∏j=1
exp(zT(j)β
)∑
k∈Rtj
exp(zTkβ
)wk
t1, . . . , tD : D distinct failure times
Rtj : the risk set at failure time tj
wk : the weight applied to the risk set
10 / 35
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Case Cohort Study DesignPopulationModelSoftware
Relative Risk Estimation
Prentice (1986) proposed a pseudolikelihood given by
L(β) =D∏j=1
exp(zT(j)β
)∑
k∈Rtj
exp(zTkβ
)wk
t1, . . . , tD : D distinct failure times
Rtj : the risk set at failure time tj
wk : the weight applied to the risk set
10 / 35
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Case Cohort Study DesignPopulationModelSoftware
Relative Risk Estimation
Prentice (1986) proposed a pseudolikelihood given by
L(β) =D∏j=1
exp(zT(j)β
)∑
k∈Rtj
exp(zTkβ
)wk
t1, . . . , tD : D distinct failure times
Rtj : the risk set at failure time tj
wk : the weight applied to the risk set
10 / 35
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Case Cohort Study DesignPopulationModelSoftware
Weighting Schemes
exp(zTi β
)Yi (tj)wi (tj) exp
(zTi β
)+
∑k∈SC ,k 6=i
Yk(tj)wk(tj) exp(zTkβ
)
Table: Comparing different values of wk
Outcome type and timing Prentice Self & Prentice Barlow(1986) (1988) (1994)
Case outside SC before failure 0 0 0Case outside SC at failure 1 0 1Case in SC before failure 1 1 1/αCase in SC at failure 1 1 1SC control 1 1 1/α
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Case Cohort Study DesignPopulationModelSoftware
Relative Risk Estimation
Therneau & Li (1999) showed that Var(β) can be computed byadjusting the outputted variance from standard Cox modelprograms:
I−1 + (1− α)DTSCDSC
I−1: variance returned by the Cox model program
DSC : subset of matrix of dfbeta residuals that containssubcohort members only
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Case Cohort Study DesignPopulationModelSoftware
Relative Risk Estimation
Therneau & Li (1999) showed that Var(β) can be computed byadjusting the outputted variance from standard Cox modelprograms:
I−1 + (1− α)DTSCDSC
I−1: variance returned by the Cox model program
DSC : subset of matrix of dfbeta residuals that containssubcohort members only
12 / 35
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Case Cohort Study DesignPopulationModelSoftware
Relative Risk Estimation
Therneau & Li (1999) showed that Var(β) can be computed byadjusting the outputted variance from standard Cox modelprograms:
I−1 + (1− α)DTSCDSC
I−1: variance returned by the Cox model program
DSC : subset of matrix of dfbeta residuals that containssubcohort members only
12 / 35
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Case Cohort Study DesignPopulationModelSoftware
Absolute Risk Estimation
A weighted version of the Breslow estimator for the full cohortwith covariate history z0(u) is given by
dΛ(u, z0(u)) = dΛ0(u) exp(zT0 (u)β
)=
n∑i=1
dNi (u)
( nm )∑
j∈Ri (u) exp(zTj (u)β
) exp(zT0 (u)β
)
=n∑
i=1
dNi (u)
( nm )∑
j∈Ri (u) exp((zj(u) − z0(u))
T β)
=n∑
i=1
m
n
dNi (u)∑j∈Ri (u) exp
((zj(u) − z0(u))
T β)
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Case Cohort Study DesignPopulationModelSoftware
Absolute Risk Estimation
The sum of these increments can be used to calculate the riskbetween two time points, say s and t, for s < t:
Λ(s, t, z0) = Λ(0, t, z0)− Λ(0, s, z0) =
t∫s
dΛ(u, z0(u))
For this project, we will be only considering the case when s = 0.The corresponding survival probability is
S(0, t, z0) = exp(−Λ(0, t, z0)
)
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Case Cohort Study DesignPopulationModelSoftware
Absolute Risk Estimation
The sum of these increments can be used to calculate the riskbetween two time points, say s and t, for s < t:
Λ(s, t, z0) = Λ(0, t, z0)− Λ(0, s, z0) =
t∫s
dΛ(u, z0(u))
For this project, we will be only considering the case when s = 0.The corresponding survival probability is
S(0, t, z0) = exp(−Λ(0, t, z0)
)
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Case Cohort Study DesignPopulationModelSoftware
Software
PROC PHREG in SAS/STAT software and coxph in R
SAS macro developed by Langholz & Jiao (2007)
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Case Cohort Study DesignPopulationModelSoftware
Software
PROC PHREG in SAS/STAT software and coxph in R
SAS macro developed by Langholz & Jiao (2007)
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Case Cohort Study DesignPopulationModelSoftware
Computational Methods for the Case Cohort Design
Standard Cox PH functions in SAS and R cannot directlycompute the relative and absolute risk estimates
Modifications must be made to the dataset to make use ofPROC PHREG and coxph functions
16 / 35
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Case Cohort Study DesignPopulationModelSoftware
Computational Methods for the Case Cohort Design
Standard Cox PH functions in SAS and R cannot directlycompute the relative and absolute risk estimates
Modifications must be made to the dataset to make use ofPROC PHREG and coxph functions
16 / 35
![Page 47: Absolute risk estimation in a case cohort study of prostate cancer](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110122/55a71d951a28ab4a4a8b4647/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Computation of Pseudolikelihood
Manually
Subcohort failure
Non-Subcohort failure
Subcohort failure
40 45 50 55 60 65 70
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
L(β) =
exp(Z7β)
exp(Z1β) + exp(Z2β) + exp(Z6β) + exp(Z7β)
×exp(Z5β)
exp(Z1β) + exp(Z2β) + exp(Z4β) + exp(Z5β) + exp(Z6β)
×exp(Z1β)
exp(Z1β) + exp(Z3β) + exp(Z4β)
Computationally
40 45 50 55 60 65 70
7.27.1
6
5
4
3
2
1.21.1
L(β) =
exp(Z7.2β)
exp(Z1.1β) + exp(Z2β) + exp(Z6β) + exp(Z7.2β)
×exp(Z5β)
exp(Z1.1β) + exp(Z2β) + exp(Z4β) + exp(Z5β) + exp(Z6β)
×exp(Z1.2β)
exp(Z1.2β) + exp(Z3β) + exp(Z4β)
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Computation of Pseudolikelihood
Manually
Subcohort failure
Non-Subcohort failure
Subcohort failure
40 45 50 55 60 65 70
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
L(β) =
exp(Z7β)
exp(Z1β) + exp(Z2β) + exp(Z6β) + exp(Z7β)
×exp(Z5β)
exp(Z1β) + exp(Z2β) + exp(Z4β) + exp(Z5β) + exp(Z6β)
×exp(Z1β)
exp(Z1β) + exp(Z3β) + exp(Z4β)
Computationally
40 45 50 55 60 65 70
7.27.1
6
5
4
3
2
1.21.1
L(β) =
exp(Z7.2β)
exp(Z1.1β) + exp(Z2β) + exp(Z6β) + exp(Z7.2β)
×exp(Z5β)
exp(Z1.1β) + exp(Z2β) + exp(Z4β) + exp(Z5β) + exp(Z6β)
×exp(Z1.2β)
exp(Z1.2β) + exp(Z3β) + exp(Z4β)
![Page 49: Absolute risk estimation in a case cohort study of prostate cancer](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110122/55a71d951a28ab4a4a8b4647/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Relative Risk EstimatesAbsolute Risk EstimatesWeb Life Expectancy Tool
Table: All Cause mortality
All Cause
Covariate 1999 2008 Wykes (2011)
Age 1.04 (1.02, 1.05) 1.05 (1.04, 1.06) 1.02 (1.01, 1.03)CIRS-Gpros 1.14 (1.10, 1.18) 1.13 (1.10, 1.16) 1.12 (1.09, 1.15)
Table: Cause Specific mortality
Cause Specific
Covariate PCa (1999)a OC (1999)
Age 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) 1.07 (1.05, 1.09)CIRS-Gpros 1.032 (0.99, 1.07) 1.25 (1.20, 1.30)
a predictors not significant
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Relative Risk EstimatesAbsolute Risk EstimatesWeb Life Expectancy Tool
Table: All Cause mortality
All Cause
Covariate 1999 2008 Wykes (2011)
Age 1.04 (1.02, 1.05) 1.05 (1.04, 1.06) 1.02 (1.01, 1.03)CIRS-Gpros 1.14 (1.10, 1.18) 1.13 (1.10, 1.16) 1.12 (1.09, 1.15)
Table: Cause Specific mortality
Cause Specific
Covariate PCa (1999)a OC (1999)
Age 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) 1.07 (1.05, 1.09)CIRS-Gpros 1.032 (0.99, 1.07) 1.25 (1.20, 1.30)
a predictors not significant
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Relative Risk EstimatesAbsolute Risk EstimatesWeb Life Expectancy Tool
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All cause (1999) All cause (2008) OC (1999)
PCa (1999) Wykes (2011)
10
20
30
10
20
30
0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9101112 0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9101112CIRS−G_pros
life
expe
ctan
cy (
year
s)
50
60
70
80Age
Figure: Estimates from East Region (Wykes estimates based on all cause unstratifiedsubcohort at 2008) 19 / 35
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Relative Risk EstimatesAbsolute Risk EstimatesWeb Life Expectancy Tool
5
10
15
20
25
0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12CIRS−G_pros
life
expe
ctan
cy (
year
s) Age
55
65
75
Model
All cause (2008)
Wykes (2011)
Figure: Estimates from East Region (Wykes estimates based on all cause unstratifiedsubcohort at 2008) 20 / 35
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0.0
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1.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95age (years)
surv
ival
pro
babi
lity
CCO North West region
(a) All cause (1999)
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95age (years)
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ival
pro
babi
lity
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ival
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(d) All cause (2008)
Figure: Survival curve with 95% confidence band for North West CCOR for age=50,CIRS-Gpros=5, based on the four models developed.
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Relative Risk EstimatesAbsolute Risk EstimatesWeb Life Expectancy Tool
Tool for Use in a Clinical Setting
Built using shiny package for R
Requires R and an internet connection
Three simple lines of code
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Relative Risk EstimatesAbsolute Risk EstimatesWeb Life Expectancy Tool
Tool for Use in a Clinical Setting
Built using shiny package for R
Requires R and an internet connection
Three simple lines of code
22 / 35
![Page 56: Absolute risk estimation in a case cohort study of prostate cancer](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110122/55a71d951a28ab4a4a8b4647/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
Relative Risk EstimatesAbsolute Risk EstimatesWeb Life Expectancy Tool
Tool for Use in a Clinical Setting
Built using shiny package for R
Requires R and an internet connection
Three simple lines of code
22 / 35
![Page 57: Absolute risk estimation in a case cohort study of prostate cancer](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110122/55a71d951a28ab4a4a8b4647/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
ContributionsFuture WorkReferences
Contributions
1 Life expectancy estimates based on age and comorbidity scorefrom a population based case cohort study
2 Improves previous work done with this dataset by usingappropriate statistical methodology for case cohort design
3 Easy-to-use interactive web tool for clinical use
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
ContributionsFuture WorkReferences
Contributions
1 Life expectancy estimates based on age and comorbidity scorefrom a population based case cohort study
2 Improves previous work done with this dataset by usingappropriate statistical methodology for case cohort design
3 Easy-to-use interactive web tool for clinical use
23 / 35
![Page 59: Absolute risk estimation in a case cohort study of prostate cancer](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110122/55a71d951a28ab4a4a8b4647/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
ContributionsFuture WorkReferences
Contributions
1 Life expectancy estimates based on age and comorbidity scorefrom a population based case cohort study
2 Improves previous work done with this dataset by usingappropriate statistical methodology for case cohort design
3 Easy-to-use interactive web tool for clinical use
23 / 35
![Page 60: Absolute risk estimation in a case cohort study of prostate cancer](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110122/55a71d951a28ab4a4a8b4647/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
ContributionsFuture WorkReferences
Future Work
Internal validation → risk prediction accuracy, PHassumption, compare expected values from 1999 model toobserved 2008 subcohort
External validation → generalizability
Convert Langholz & Jiao (2007) SAS macro to R for absoluterisk estimates
24 / 35
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
ContributionsFuture WorkReferences
Future Work
Internal validation → risk prediction accuracy, PHassumption, compare expected values from 1999 model toobserved 2008 subcohort
External validation → generalizability
Convert Langholz & Jiao (2007) SAS macro to R for absoluterisk estimates
24 / 35
![Page 62: Absolute risk estimation in a case cohort study of prostate cancer](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110122/55a71d951a28ab4a4a8b4647/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
ContributionsFuture WorkReferences
Future Work
Internal validation → risk prediction accuracy, PHassumption, compare expected values from 1999 model toobserved 2008 subcohort
External validation → generalizability
Convert Langholz & Jiao (2007) SAS macro to R for absoluterisk estimates
24 / 35
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
ContributionsFuture WorkReferences
Alternative Analysis
Treat the case cohort design as a cohort study with missingdata (NestedCohort and Survey packages for R) (Mark &Katki (2008), Breslow & Lumley (2009))
Competing Risk analysis using the subdistribution hazard ofFine & Gray
25 / 35
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
ContributionsFuture WorkReferences
Alternative Analysis
Treat the case cohort design as a cohort study with missingdata (NestedCohort and Survey packages for R) (Mark &Katki (2008), Breslow & Lumley (2009))
Competing Risk analysis using the subdistribution hazard ofFine & Gray
25 / 35
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
ContributionsFuture WorkReferences
References I
M. Center et al.International Variation in Prostate Cancer Incidence andMortality RatesEuropean Association of Urology, 61:2012
Bryan Langholz and Jenny JiaoComputational methods for case cohort studiesComputational Statistics & Data Analysis, 51:2007
Therneau, T and Li, HComputing the Cox model for case cohort designsLifetime data analysis, 2(5):1999
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
ContributionsFuture WorkReferences
References II
PRENTICE, R. L.A case-cohort design for epidemiologic cohort studies anddisease prevention trialsBiometrika, 73(1):1986
RStudio and Inc.shiny: Web Application Framework for RR package version 0.6.0, 17(25):2012
T. Lumleysurvey: analysis of complex survey samplesR package version 3.28-2,2012
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
ContributionsFuture WorkReferences
References III
Katki, H.A. and Mark, S.D.Survival Analysis for Cohorts with Missing CovariateInformationThe R Journal,2008
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
ContributionsFuture WorkReferences
Influential Analysis
Dfbeta residuals
Are the approximate changes in the parameter estimates (β − β(j))
when the j th observation is omitted. These variables are aweighted transform of the score residual variables and are useful inassessing local influence and in computing approximate and robustvariance estimates
Standardized dfbeta residuals:
(β − β(j))
sd(β − β(j))
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
ContributionsFuture WorkReferences
Why is the PsL not a Partial Likelihood
Not a PL → Asymptotic distribution theory for the PLestimators breaks down because cases outside the subcohortinduce non-nesting of the σ-fields, or sets on which thecounting process probability measure is defined
cannot use Likelihood ratio tests since PsL are not reallikelihoods
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
ContributionsFuture WorkReferences
Consistent Estimators
An estimator θ will perform better and better as we obtain moresamples. If at the limit n→∞ the estimator tends to be alwaysright, it is said to be consistent. This notion is equivalent toconvergence in probability
Convergence in Probability
Let X1, . . . ,Xn be a sequence of iid RVs drawn from a distributionwith parameter θ and θ an estimator for θ. θ is consistent as anestimator of θ if θ
p→ θ
limn→∞
P(|θ − θ| > ε) = 0, ∀ ε > 0
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
ContributionsFuture WorkReferences
Competing Risks
when disease of interest has a delayed occurrence, otherevents may preclude observation of disease of interest givingrise to a competing risk situation
to analyze the event of interest taking into account thecompeting risks, one has to model the hazard ofsubdistribution. In the presence of competing risks, theprobability to observe the event of interest spans the interval[0, p], p < 1. Because p does not reach 1, this function is nota proper distribution function and it is called a subdistribution
Modify the partial likelihood in the Cox model to modelhazard of subdistribution, such that the individualsexperiencing competing risks are always in the risk set withtheir contribution regulated by a weight
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
ContributionsFuture WorkReferences
Competing Risks
Fine and Gray Partial Likelihood:
PL(β) =n∏
j=1
exp {βxj}∑r∈Rj
wrj exp {βxr}
δj
(1)
wrj =G (tj)
G (min(tj , tr ))(2)
Cj =
1 if the event of interest was observed at time tj
2 if the competing risk event was observed at time tj
0 if no event was observed at time tj
δj =
{1 Cj = 1
0 Cj = 0 or Cj = 233 / 35
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
ContributionsFuture WorkReferences
Competing Risks
G (tj): estimated probability of being censored at time tj byeither the event of interest or a competing risks eventRj = {r ; tr ≥ tj or Cr = 2}individuals experiencing competing risk event are alwaysconsidered in the risk set at all time pointsThe weight controls how much a specific observationparticipates in the sum in the denominatorIf the observation at time tr is censored (Cr = 0) or has theevent of interest (Cr = 1), the weight is either 1 or 0depending whether the observation is in the risk set (tr ≥ tj)or it is not in the risk set (tr < tj)If the observation has a competing risk event, then it is alwaysin the risk set and the weight is 1 if (tr ≥ tj) or a quantity lessthan 1 if tr < tjThis quantity decreases as the distance between tr and tjincreasesHazard ratio depends on time and thus the proportionality ofhazard is not satisfied in general
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BackgroundMethodsResults
Summary
ContributionsFuture WorkReferences
Case-cohort in the presence of competing risks
PsL(β) =n∏
j=1
exp {βxj}∑r∈Rj
Irjwrj exp {βxr}
δj
δj =
{1 Cj = 1
0 Cj = 0 or Cj = 2
Irj =
{1 r is in subcohort or r is a case outside the subcohort and tr = tj
0 r is a case outside the subcohort and tr 6= tj
wrj =G(tj )
G(min(tj ,tr )), where G (tj) is the estimation of the probability
of censoring regardless of the fact that in a case-cohort study thecases are oversampled
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