Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
Mapping Forest Characteristics across the Landscape using Sample Plot and
Airborne Laser Scanning Data
Johannes Breidenbach
Forest Research Institute of Baden-Württemberg(Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt
Baden-Württemberg)
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
Outline
• Introduction
• Lidar
• Methods
• Plotwise estimation of– Lorey’s height– Volume, Biomass– Diameter distributions
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
Systematic sample plot inventoryIntroduction
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
r = 3 m; > 10 cm
r = 6 m; > 15 cm
r =12 m; > 30 cm
Introduction
r = 2 m; > 7 cm
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
Mapping of forest characteristics with Lidar data
Introduction
1. Calibration of regression models (Lidar+sample plots)
2. Application of regression models (Lidar only)
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
Mapping of forest characteristics with Lidar data
Introduction
1. Calibration of regression models (Lidar+sample plots)
2. Application of regression models (sample plots)
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
Outline
• Introduction
• Lidar
• Methods
• Plotwise estimation of– Lorey’s height– Volume, Biomass– Diameter distributions
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
Light detection and ranging (Lidar)
Source: TopoSys
Lidar
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
Digital Terrain Model
Lidar
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
Digital Surface Model
Lidar
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
Outline
• Introduction
• Lidar
• Methods
• Plotwise estimation of– Lorey’s height– Volume, Biomass– Diameter distributions
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
Two Approaches to analyse Lidar Data
• High resolution data (> 1 beam/m²)– Single tree approach– By now: mainly scientific studies
• Low resolution data (< 1 beam/m²)– Plotwise approach– Robust method
Methods
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
Methods
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Methods
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
Inventurnummer 200
Fre
qu
en
cy
0 10 20 30 40
02
04
06
08
0
Min Max
Median
3. Quartile1. Quartile
Lidar vegetationheight [m]
Methods
Height metrics
d5d4d3d2d1
Density metrics
Mean
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
Additional covariates
• Coniferous proportion (CP) = (CHMF - CHML)/ CHMF > 0.3
• Crown cover (CC) = CHMF > 1 m
Methods
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
Outline
• Introduction
• Lidar
• Methods
• Plotwise estimation of– Lorey’s height– Volume, Biomass– Diameter distributions
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
Incidents effecting height estimates and Lidar metrics
• CP = Crown shape
• Stem density (TPH)
• Slope
Density metrics couldn‘t substitute the influence of slope and TPH
Lorey‘s height
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
hhh
Lorey‘s height
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 4510
1520
2530
3540
45
3rd quartile Lidar vegetation height [m]
Pre
dict
ed H
L [m
]
slope=5slope=25
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
Outline
• Introduction
• Lidar
• Methods
• Plotwise estimation of– Lorey’s height– Volume, Biomass– Diameter distributions
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
E(μ) = Mean.L + Mean.L * CP + Mean.L * CC + d7
E(σ) = Mean.L
R² 0.6; RMSE 120 m³/ha; 60 Mg/ha (~28%)
Estimation of Volume and Biomass
Vol./Biomass
),(~ Normaly
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
Nature reserve Ridis
Area: 31,5 haEstimated biomass (inventory): 8491 t, 300 t/ha, 8% Error1
Estimated biomass (Lidar):8681 t, 276 t/ha, 2% Error1
Area: 18,5 haEstimated biomass (inventory):
3796 t, 186 t/ha, 17% Error2
Estimated biomass (Lidar):4082 t, 221 t/ha, 3% Error2
Area: 1 haEstimated biomass (Lidar):
329 t, 10% Error
1,2 difference not significant
Vol./Biomass
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
Estimations using mixed effects models
Vol./Biomass
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ijijiij Xby 0
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
With random effects
Volume [m³/ha]S
tan
d n
um
be
r
42488199
108114122158162164209223238252263272280284
-200 0 200
With out random effects
Volume [m³/ha]
Sta
nd
nu
mb
er
42488199
108114122158162164209223238252263272280284
-200 0 200
Vol./Biomass
Bias decreases, variance increases, hardly any change in RMSE
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
Outline
• Introduction
• Lidar
• Methods
• Plotwise estimation of– Lorey’s height– Volume, Biomass– Diameter distributions
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
Estimation of diameter distributions
Inventurnummer 200
Fre
qu
en
cy
0 10 20 30 40
02
04
06
08
0
Lidar vegetationheight [m]
Qu1: (9.56,12.3] Qu3: (14.1,17.7] n Bäume: 481
BHD [cm]
De
nsi
ty
0 20 40 60 80 100
0.0
00
.01
0.0
20
.03
0.0
40
.05
0.0
6
DBH
DBH [cm]
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
),(~ Weibully
yy
yf exp),|(1
n
iiyfLLH
1
,|log
n
iiiiyfLLH
1
,|log
ii g 111 ii g 2
12
DBH
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
Qu1: (23.4,26.2] Qu3: (28.5,32.1] Plots: 17 Trees: 205
Den
sity
0 20 40 60 80
0.00
0.04
0.08
Qu1: (20.6,23.4] Qu3: (24.9,28.5] Plots: 42 Trees: 551
Den
sity
0 20 40 60 80
0.00
0.04
0.08
Qu1: (17.9,20.6] Qu3: (24.9,28.5] Plots: 32 Trees: 347
DBH [cm]
Den
sity
0 20 40 60 80
0.00
0.04
0.08
Qu1: (17.9,20.6] Qu3: (21.3,24.9] Plots: 38 Trees: 531
0 20 40 60 80
0.00
0.04
0.08
Qu1: (15.1,17.9] Qu3: (21.3,24.9] Plots: 60 Trees: 823
0 20 40 60 80
0.00
0.04
0.08
Qu1: (15.1,17.9] Qu3: (17.7,21.3] Plots: 27 Trees: 392
DBH [cm]0 20 40 60 80
0.00
0.04
0.08
Qu1: (12.3,15.1] Qu3: (17.7,21.3] Plots: 66 Trees: 850
0 20 40 60 80
0.00
0.04
0.08
Qu1: (9.56,12.3] Qu3: (14.1,17.7] Plots: 40 Trees: 481
0 20 40 60 80
0.00
0.04
0.08
Qu1: (6.78,9.56] Qu3: (10.5,14.1] Plots: 20 Trees: 214
DBH [cm]0 20 40 60 80
0.00
0.04
0.08
DBH
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
Future work
• Influence of registration errors
• Integration into existing systems and procedures (IRIS)
)|(),|()|,( lidarDBHpdflidarDBHHpdflidarDBHHpdf
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
Thank you for your attention!
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
Two Approaches to analyse Lidar Data
• High resolution data (> 1 beam/m²)
• Low resolution data (< 1 beam/m²)
Methods
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
Two Approaches to analyse Lidar Data
• High resolution data ( 1 beam/m²)– Suited for single tree approach = delineation of
single crowns– Statistical relations between
• Crown properties (e.g. crown diameter), tree height (laser derived) and
• Volume, diameter (terrestrial, single tree related ground truthing)
Conifer dominated, open forests, high costs
for georeferencing of single treesBy now primarily for scientific purposes
Methods
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
High resolution data
Methods
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
Two Approaches to analyse Lidar Data
• Low resolution data ( 1 beam/m²)– Plot level approach – Satistical relations between
• Vegetation height distributions (laser derived) and
• Sample plot volume, plot mean tree height, plot biomass, plot diameter structure (terrestrial, e.g. FFI)
Robust methodUse of available standard inventory data for
calibration
Methods
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
Material
• ~2000 inventory sample plots– Volume 420..1200 m³/ha– Biomass 220..550 Mg/ha– Lorey‘s height 30..42 m– Spruce, Beech, Maple and others
• ~150 km² Lidar data– Optech ALTM 1225– 1.5 m point spacing (low density)– Leaf-off condition
Material
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
Abteilung Biometrie und Informatik SMC Spring Meeting 2007, Vancouver, WA.
Results
log(μ) = βμ0 + βμ1 · 3rd Qu + βμ2 · 1st Qu · 3rd Qu
log(σ) = βσ0 + βσ1 · 1st Qu + βσ1 · 1st Qu · 3rd Qu
DBH