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Acacia
Acacia
Acacia greggii
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Mimosoideae
Tribe: Acacieae
Genus: Acacia
Miller
Species
About 1,300; see List of Acacia species
Acacia (pronounced /əˈkeɪʃə/)is a genus of
shrubs and trees belonging to the subfamilyMimosoideae of the family Fabaceae, first de-
scribed in Africa by the Swedish botanist
Carolus Linnaeus in 1773. The plants tend to
be thorny and pod-bearing. The name derives
from ακις (akis) which is Greek for a sharp
point, due to the thorns in the type-species
Acacia nilotica ("Nile Acacia") from Egypt. [1]
Acacias are also known as thorntrees or
wattles, including the yellow-fever acacia
and umbrella acacias.
There are roughly 1300 species of Acaciaworldwide, about 960 of them native to Aus-
tralia, with the remainder spread around the
tropical to warm-temperate regions of both
hemispheres, including Europe, Africa, south-ern Asia, and the Americas.
Classification
Acacia berlandieri
Acacia pycnantha
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The genus Acacia is apparently not mono-
phyletic. This discovery has led to the break-
ing up of Acacia into five new genera as dis-
cussed in list of Acacia species.In common
parlance the term "acacia" is occasionally
misapplied to species of the genus Robinia,
which also belongs in the pea family. Robinia
pseudoacacia, an American species locally
known as Black locust, is sometimes called
"false acacia" in cultivation in the United
Kingdom.
Geography
Acacia smallii
The southernmost species in the genus are
Acacia dealbata (Silver Wattle), Acacia longi-
folia (Coast Wattle or Sydney Golden Wattle),
Acacia mearnsii (Black Wattle), and Acacia
melanoxylon (Blackwood), reaching 43°30’ S
in Tasmania, Australia, while Acacia caven
( Espinillo Negro) reaches nearly as far south
in northeastern Chubut Province of Argen-
tina. Australian species are usually calledwattles, while African and American species
tend to be known as acacias.
Acacia albida, Acacia tortilis and Acacia ir-
aqensis can be found growing wild in the
Sinai desert and the Jordan valley. It is found
in the savanna vegetation of the tropical con-
tinental climate.
DescriptionThe leaves of acacias are compound pinnate
in general. In some species, however, moreespecially in the Australian and Pacific is-
lands species, the leaflets are suppressed,
Acacia retinodes
Acacia dealbata
and the leaf-stalks (petioles) become vertic-
ally flattened, and serve the purpose of
leaves. These are known as phyllodes. The
vertical orientation of the phyllodes protects
them from intense sunlight, as with their
edges towards the sky and earth they do not
intercept light so fully as horizontally placed
leaves. A few species (such as Acacia glauc-
optera) lack leaves or phyllodes altogether,
but possess instead cladodes, modified leaf-like photosynthetic stems functioning as
leaves.
The small flowers have five very small
petals, almost hidden by the long stamens,
and are arranged in dense globular or cyl-
indrical clusters; they are yellow or cream-
colored in most species, whitish in some,
even purple ( Acacia purpureapetala) or red
( Acacia leprosa Scarlet Blaze). Acacia flowers
can be distinguished from those of a large re-
lated genus, Albizia, by their stamens whichare not joined at the base. Also, unlike indi-
vidual Mimosa flowers, those of Acacia have
more than 10 stamens.[2].
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The plants often bear spines, especially
those species growing in arid regions. These
sometimes represent branches which have
become short, hard and pungent, or some-
times leaf-stipules. Acacia armata is the
Kangaroo-thorn of Australia and Acacia erio-
loba is the Camelthorn of Africa.
Symbiosis
Acacia collinsii Thorns
In the Central American Acacia sphaeroceph-
ala, Acacia cornigera, and Acacia collinsii
(collectively known as the bullthorn acacias),
the large thorn-like stipules are hollow and
afford shelter for ants, which feed on a secre-tion of sap on the leaf-stalk and small, lipid-
rich food-bodies at the tips of the leaflets
called Beltian bodies; in return they add pro-
tection to the plant against herbivores.[3]
Some species of ants will also fight off com-
peting plants around the acacia, cutting off
the offending plant’s leaves with their jaws
and ultimately killing it, while other ant spe-
cies will do nothing to benefit their host.
Similar mutualisms occur on Acacia trees
in Africa. The Acacias provide nectar in ex-trafloral nectaries for their symbiotic ants.
The ants protect the plant by attacking large
mammalian herbivores and stem-boring
beetles that damage the plant.
PestsIn Australia, Acacia species are sometimes
used as food plants by the larvae of hepialid
moths of the genus Aenetus including A. lig-
niveren. These burrow horizontally into the
trunk then vertically down. Other Lepidop-tera larvae which have been recorded feed-
ing on Acacia include Brown-tail, Endoclita
Acacia tree near the end of its range in the Negev Desert of southern Israel.
malabaricus and Turnip Moth. The leaf-min-
ing larvae of some bucculatricid moths alsofeed on Acacia: Bucculatrix agilis feeds ex-
clusively on Acacia horrida and Bucculatrix
flexuosa feeds exclusively on Acacia nilotica.
Acacias contain a number of organic com-
pounds that defend them from pests and
grazing animals.[4]
Uses
Food uses Acacia seeds are often used for food and a
variety of other products.
In Burma, Laos and Thailand, the feathery
shoots of Acacia pennata (common name cha-
om, ???? and su pout ywet in Burmese) are
used in soups, curries, omelettes, and stir-
fries.
Honey made by bees using the acacia
flower as forage is considered a delicacy, ap-
preciated for its mild flowery taste, soft run-
ning texture and glass-like appearance. Aca-
cia honey is one of the few honeys whichdoes not crystallize.[5]
In Mexico the seeds are known as Guajes:
Guajes or huajes are the flat, green pods of
an acacia tree. The pods are sometimes light
green or deep red in color—both taste the
same. Guaje seeds are about the size of a
small lima bean and are eaten raw with
guacamole, sometimes cooked and made into
a sauce. They can also be made into fritters.
The ground seeds are used to impart a
slightly garlicy flavor to a mole called guax-
mole (huaxmole). The dried seeds may be
toasted and salted and eaten as a snack re-
ferred to as "cacalas". Purchase whole long
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pods fresh or dried at Mexican specialty
markets.
Acacia is listed as an ingredient in Fresca,
a citrus soft drink , Barq’s root beer, Full
Throttle Unleaded Energy Drink , Strawberry-
Lemonade Powerade[6] as well as in Läkerol
pastille candies, Altoids mints,Langer’s Pine-
apple coconut Juice and Wrigley’s Eclipse
chewing gum.
Gum Various species of acacia yield gum. True
gum arabic is the product of Acacia senegal,
abundant in dry tropical West Africa from
Senegal to northern Nigeria.
Acacia arabica is the gum-Arabic tree of
India, but yields a gum inferior to the true
gum-Arabic.
Acacia covenyi
Medicinal usesMany Acacia species have important uses in
traditional medicine. Most all of the uses
have been shown to have a scientific basis,
since chemical compounds found in the vari-
ous species have medicinal effects. In Ay-
urvedic medicine, Acacia nilotica is con-
sidered a remedy that is helpful for treating
premature ejaculation. A 19th centuryEthiopian medical text describes a potion
made from an Ethiopian species of Acacia
(known as grar ) mixed with the root of the
tacha, then boiled, as a cure for rabies.[7] An
astringent medicine, called catechu or cutch,
is procured from several species, but more
especially from Acacia catechu, by boiling
down the wood and evaporating the solution
so as to get an extract.[8]
Dietary consumptionThe most well known visitor to the Acacia is
the known giraffe. Giraffes eat the most
famous in Africa, the Acacia Tree. The Acacia
tree is famous for its marvelous leaves.
Ornamental uses A few species are widely grown as ornament-
als in gardens; the most popular perhaps is
Acacia dealbata (Silver Wattle), with its at-tractive glaucous to silvery leaves and bright
yellow flowers; it is erroneously known as
"mimosa" in some areas where it is cultiv-
ated, through confusion with the related
genus Mimosa.
Another ornamental acacia is Acacia
xanthophloea (Fever Tree). Southern
European florists use Acacia baileyana, Aca-
cia dealbata, Acacia pycnantha and Acacia
retinodes as cut flowers and the common
name there for them is mimosa.[9]
Ornamental species of acacia are alsoused by homeowners and landscape archi-
tects for home security. The sharp thorns of
some species deter unauthorized persons
from entering private properties, and may
prevent break-ins if planted under windows
and near drainpipes. The aesthetic character-
istics of acacia plants, in conjunction with
their home security qualities, makes them a
considerable alternative to artificial fences
and walls.
PaintsThe ancient Egyptians used Acacia in paints
and stuff.[10]
Perfume
Acacia farnesiana
Acacia farnesiana is used in the perfume in-
dustry due to its strong fragrance. The use of Acacia as a fragrance dates back centuries.
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Tannin Content of Various Acacia Species
Bark Dried Leaves Seed Pods
Species Tannins [%] Tannins [%] Tannins [%]
Acacia albida 2-28%[13] 5-13%[13]
Acacia cavenia 32%[14]
Acacia dealbata 19.1%[15]
Acacia decurrens 37-40%[15]
Acacia farnesiana 23%[15]
Acacia mearnsii 25-35%[13]
Acacia melanoxylon 20%[14]
Acacia nilotica 18-23%*[13]
Acacia penninervis 18%[14]
Acacia pycnantha 30-45%[14] 15-16%[14]
Acacia saligna 21.5%[15]
In the Bible, burning of acacia wood as a
form of incense is mentioned several times.
Symbolism and ritualThe Acacia is used as a symbol in Freema-
sonry, to represent purity and endurance of
the soul, and as funerary symbolism signify-
ing resurrection and immortality. The tree
gains its importance from the description of
the burial of Hiram Abiff , the builder of King
Solomon’s Temple in Jerusalem.Several parts (mainly bark, root and resin)
of Acacia are used to make incense for
rituals. Acacia is used in incense mainly in In-
dia, Nepal, Tibet and China. Smoke from Aca-
cia bark is thought to keep demons and
ghosts away and to put the gods in a good
mood. Roots and resin from Acacia are com-
bined with rhododendron, acorus, cytisus,
salvia and some other components of in-
cense. Both people and elephants like an al-
coholic beverage made from acacia fruit.[11] According to Easton’s Bible Dictionary, the
Acacia tree may be the “burning bush”
(Exodus 3:2) which Moses encountered in the
desert.[12] Also, when God gave Moses the in-
structions for building the Tabernacle, he
said to "make an ark of acacia wood" and
"make a table of acacia wood" (Exodus 25:10
& 23, Revised Standard Version)
In Russia, Italy and other countries it is
customary to present women with yellow
mimosas (among other flowers) on Interna-
tional Women’s Day (March 8). These "mimo-
sas" are actually from Acacia dealbata (Silver
Wattle).
Tannin
A bottle of tannic acid.
The bark of various Australian species,
known as wattles, is very rich in tannin and
forms an important article of export; import-
ant species include Acacia pycnantha (Golden
Wattle), Acacia decurrens (Tan Wattle), Aca-
cia dealbata (Silver Wattle) and Acaciamearnsii (Black Wattle).
*Inner bark
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Approximate wood densities of various acacia species
Density Heartwood
Density
Sapwood
Density
Species [kg/m³] [kg/m³] [kg/m³]
Acacia acuminata 1040[17]
Acacia amythethophylla 1170[18]
Acacia catechu 880[19]
Acacia confusa 690-750[19]
Acacia erioloba 1230[18]
Acacia galpinii 800[18]
Acacia goetzii 1025[18]
Acacia karoo 800[18]
Acacia leucophloea 760[19]
Acacia mellifera subsp. mellifera 1100[18]
Acacia nilotica 700[19] 1170[18]
Acacia nilotica subsp. adstringens 827-945[18]
Acacia nilotica subsp. nilotica 800[18] 1170[18]
Acacia polyacantha subsp.
campylacantha
705[18]
Acacia sieberiana 655[18]
Black Wattle is grown in plantations in South
Africa. Most Australian acacia species intro-
duced to South Africa have become an
enormous problem, due to their naturally ag-
gressive propagation. The pods of Acacia
nilotica (under the name of neb-neb), and of
other African species are also rich in tannin
and used by tanners.
Wood
Acacia koa Wood
Some Acacia species are valuable as timber,
such as Acacia melanoxylon (Blackwood)
from Australia, which attains a great size; its
wood is used for furniture, and takes a high
polish; and Acacia omalophylla (Myall Wood,
also Australian), which yields a fragrant tim-
ber used for ornaments. Acacia seyal is
thought to be the Shittah-tree of the Bible,
which supplied shittim-wood. According to
the Book of Exodus, this was used in the con-
struction of the Ark of the Covenant. Acacia
koa from the Hawaiian Islands and Acacia
heterophylla from Réunion island are both
excellent timber trees. Depending on abund-
ance and regional culture, some Acacia spe-
cies (eg. Acacia fumosa), are traditionally
used locally as firewoods.[16]
Acacia heterophylla Wood
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In Indonesia (mainly in Sumatra) and in
Malaysia (mainly in Sarawak ) plantations of
Acacia mangium are being established to
supply pulpwood to the paper industry.
Phytochemistry of Acacia Alkaloids
Egyptian goddess Isis
As mentioned previously, Acacias contain a
number of organic compounds that defend
them from pests and grazing animals.[4]
Many of these compounds are psychoactive
in humans. The alkaloids found in Acacias in-
clude dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5-methoxy-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and N-
methyltryptamine (NMT). The plant leaves,
stems and/or roots are sometimes made into
a brew together with some MAOI-containing
plant and consumed orally for healing, cere-
monial or religious uses. Egyptian mythology
has associated the acacia tree with charac-
teristics of the tree of life (see the article on
the Myth of Osiris and Isis).
List of acacia species having little or no alkal-
oids in the material sampled:[31]
0% C 0.02%, C...Concentration of
Alkaloids [%]
• Acacia acinacea
• Acacia baileyana
• Acacia decurrens
• Acacia dealbata
• Acacia mearnsii
• Acacia drummondii
• Acacia elata
• Acacia falcata
• Acacia leprosa
• Acacia linearis
• Acacia melanoxylon
• Acacia pycnantha
• Acacia retinodes
• Acacia saligna
• Acacia stricta
• Acacia verticillata
• Acacia vestita
Cyanogenic glycosidesNineteen different species of Acacia in the
Americas contain cyanogenic glycosides,
which, if exposed to an enzyme which spe-
cifically splits glycosides, can release hydro-
gen cyanide (HCN) in the acacia "leaves."[60]
This sometimes results in the poisoning death
of livestock .
If fresh plant material spontaneously pro-
duces 200 ppm or more HCN, then it is po-
tentially toxic. This corresponds to about 7.5
μmol HCN per gram of fresh plant material.It turns out that, if acacia "leaves" lack the
specific glycoside-splitting enzyme, then they
may be less toxic than otherwise, even those
containing significant quantities of cyanic
glycosides.[31]
Some Acacia species containing
cyanogens:
• Acacia erioloba
• Acacia cunninghamii
• Acacia obtusifolia
• Acacia sieberiana
• Acacia sieberiana var. woodii[61]
SpeciesThere are over 1,300 species of Acacia. See
List of Acacia species for a more complete
listing.
Famous acaciaPerhaps the most famous acacia is the Arbre
du Ténéré in Niger. The reason for the tree’sfame is that it used to be the most isolated
tree in the world, approximately 400 km from
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Acacias Known to Contain Psychoactive Alkaloids
Acacia
acuminata
Up to 1.5% alkaloids, mainly consisting of tryptamine in leaf [20]
Acacia adunca β-methyl-phenethylamine, 2.4% in leaves[21]
Acacia alpina
Active principles in leaf [22]
Acacia aneura
Ash used in Pituri.[23] Ether extracts about 2-6% of the dried leaf mass.[24]
Not known if psychoactive per se.
Acacia
angustissima
β-methyl-phenethylamine[25], NMT and DMT in leaf (1.1-10.2 ppm)[26]
Acacia aroma
Tryptamine alkaloids.[27] Significant amount of tryptamine in the seeds.[28]
Acacia
auriculiformis
5-MeO-DMT in stem bark [29]
0.02% tryptamine and β-carbolines, in the leaf, Tetrahydrohar-
man[22][30][31]
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Acacia
baileyana
Acacia
beauverdiana
Psychoactive[32] Ash used in Pituri.[23]
Acacia
berlandieri
DMT, amphetamines, mescaline, nicotine[33]
Acacia catechu
DMT[34] and other tryptamines in leaf, bark
Acacia caven
Tryptamines
Acacia chundra DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark
Acacia colei DMT[35]
Acacia
complanata
0.3% alkaloids in leaf and stem, almost all N-methyl-tetrahydroharman,
with traces of tetrahydroharman, some of tryptamine[36][37][38]
Acacia concinna
Nicotine[39]
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Acacia confusa
DMT & NMT in leaf, stem & bark 0.04% NMT and 0.02% DMT in stem.[22]
Also N,N-dimethyltryptamine N-oxide[40]
Acacia
constricta
β-methyl-phenethylamine[25]
Acacia coriacea Ash used in Pituri.[23][41] Not known if psychoactive.
Acacia
cornigera
Psychoactive,[41] Tryptamines[11]
Acacia
cultriformis
Tryptamine, in the leaf, stem[22] and seeds.[28] Phenethylamine in leaf and
seeds[28]
Acacia
cuthbertsonii
Psychoactive[32]
Acacia delibrata Psychoactive[32]
Acacia falcata Psychoactive,[32] but less than 0.02% alkaloids[31]
Acacia
farnesiana
Traces of 5-MeO-DMT[42] in fruit. β-methyl-phenethylamine, flower.[43] Eth-
er extracts about 2-6% of the dried leaf mass.[24] Alkaloids are present inthe bark [44] and leaves.[45] Amphetamines and mescaline also found in
tree.[11]
Acacia filiciana Added to Pulque, but not known if psychoactive[41]
Acacia
floribunda
Tryptamine, phenethylamine,[46] in flowers[28] other tryptamines,[47] phen-
ethylamines[48]
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Acacia greggii
N-methyl-β-phenethylamine,[25] phenethylamine[4]
Acacia
harpophylla
Phenethylamine, hordenine at a ratio of 2:3 in dried leaves, 0.6% total[21]
Acacia
holoserica
Hordenine, 1.2% in bark [21]
Acacia horrida
Psychoactive[41]
Acacia implexa
Psychoactive[49]
Acacia jurema DMT, NMT
Acacia karroo
Psychoactive
Acacia
kempeana
Used in Pituri, but not known if psychoactive.[41]
Acacia
kettlewelliae
1.5[21]-1.88%[50] alkaloids, 92% consisting of phenylethylamine.[21] 0.9% N-
methyl-2-
phenylethylamine found a different time.[21]
Acacia laeta DMT, in the leaf [22]
Acacia lingulata Used in Pituri, but not known if psychoactive.[41]
0.2% tryptamine in bark, leaves, some in flowers, phenylethylamine in
flowers,[46] 0.2% DMT in plant.[51] Histamine alkaloids.[31]
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Acacia
longifolia
Acacia
longifolia
var. sophorae
Tryptamine in leaves, bark [28]
Acacia
macradenia
Tryptamine[28]
Acacia maidenii
0.6% NMT and DMT in about a 2:3 ratio in the stem bark, both present in
leaves[22]
Acacia
mangium
Psychoactive[41]
Acacia
melanoxylon
DMT, in the bark and leaf,[52] but less than 0.02% total alkaloids[31]
Acacia mellifera
DMT, in the leaf [22]
Acacia nilotica
DMT, in the leaf [22]
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Acacia nilotica
subsp.
adstringens
Psychoactive, DMT in the leaf
Acacia
obtusifolia
Tryptamine,[47] DMT, NMT, other tryptamines,[53] 0.4-0.5% in dried bark,
0.07% in branch tips.[54]
Acacia oerfota Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf,[30][55] NMT
Acacia
penninervis
Psychoactive[32]
Acacia
phlebophylla
0.3% DMT in leaf, NMT[22]
Acacia
podalyriaefolia
Tryptamine in the leaf,[22] 0.5% to 2% DMT in fresh bark, phenethylamine,trace amounts[46]
Acacia
polyacantha
DMT in leaf [22] and other tryptamines in leaf, bark
Acacia
polyacantha
ssp.
campylacantha
Less than 0.2% DMT in leaf, NMT; DMT and other tryptamines in leaf,
bark [56]
Acaciaprominens
Phenylethylamine, β-methyl-phenethylamine[21][46]
Acacia
pruinocarpa
Ash used in Pituri.[23][41] Not known if psychoactive.
Acacia
pycnantha
Ash used in Pituri,[41] but less than 0.02% total alkaloids.[31] Not known if
psychoactive.
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Acacia
retinodes
DMT, NMT,[57] nicotine,[11] but less than 0.02% total alkaloids found[31]
Acacia rigidula
DMT, NMT, tryptamine, amphetamines, mescaline, nicotine and others[58]
Acaciaroemeriana
β-methyl-phenethylamine[25]
Acacia salicina
Ash used in Pituri.[23][41] Not known if psychoactive.
Acacia sassa Psychoactive[41]
Acacia
schaffneri
β-methyl-phenethylamine, Phenethylamine[4] Amphetamines and mescaline
also found.[11]
Acacia schottii β-methyl-phenethylamine[25]
Acacia senegal
Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf,[22] NMT, other tryptamines. DMT in plant,[43]
DMT in bark.[28]
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Acacia seyal
DMT, in the leaf.[22] Ether extracts about 1-7% of the dried leaf mass.[24]
Acacia
sieberiana
DMT, in the leaf [22]
Acacia simplex
DMT and NMT, in the leaf, stem and trunk bark, 0.81% DMT in bark,
MMT[22][59]
Acacia taxensis β-methyl-phenethylamine[25]
Acacia tortilis
DMT, NMT, and other tryptamines[53]
Acacia vestita Tryptamine, in the leaf and stem,[22] but less than 0.02% total alkaloids[31]
Acacia victoriae Tryptamines,[47] 5-MeO-alkyltryptamine[28]
any other tree. The tree was knocked down
by a truck driver in 1973.
Identification gallery
Flowers
Acacia
aneura
Acacia catechu
Acacia
baileyana
Acacia
berlandieri
Acacia
confusa Acacia con-
stricta, Las Ve-
gas, Nevada,
USA
Acacia
covenyi
Acacia
dealbata
Acaciadenticulosa
Acaciadrummodii
Acacia erio-
loba Sossus-
vlei,
Namibia
Acacia fim-
briata Aus-tralian Na-
tional
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Botanic
Gardens,
Canberra
Acacia
heterophyllaAcacia
longifolia
Acacia
melanoxylon
Nazaré,
Portugal Acacia
saligna
Side,
Turkey
Acacia
schinoides
Australian
National
Botanic
Gardens
Acacia tetra-
gonophylla
Geelong Botan-
ic Gardens,
Victoria,
Australia
Acacia pen-
nata in
Talakona
forest, in
Chittoor
District of
Andhra
Pradesh,
India
Acacia pen-nata at An-
anthagiri
Hills, in
Rangareddy
district of
Andhra
Pradesh,
India.
Bark
Acacia an-
eura Bark
Acacia
auriculiformis
Bark
Acacia ber-
landieri
Bark
Acacia
collinsii
Bark
Acacia con-
fusa Bark,
Hawaii, USA
Acacia
dealbata
Acacia
decurrens
Acacia
erioloba
Acacia
estrophiolata
Bark
Acacia greg-
gii Bark
Acacia
heterophylla
Bark
Acacia
pennata
trunk in
Talakona
forest, in
Chittoor
District
of
Andhra
Pradesh,
India.
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Foliage
Acaciacatechu
Acacia
collinsii
Foliage
Acacia con-
cinna
Foliage
Acaciadenticulosa
Foliage
Acacia
karroo
Foliage
Acacia
leprosa
FoliageAcacia pen-
nata inTalakona
forest, in
Chittoor
District of
Andhra
Pradesh,
India.
Acacia pen-
nata at An-
anthagiri
Hills, in
Rangareddy
district of
Andhra
Pradesh,
India.
Seed pods
Acacia
aneura
Acacia
catechu
Acacia
confusa
Acacia
constricta
Acaciadealbata
Acacia
heterophylla
Acacia
melanoxylon
Seeds
Acacia
baileyana Acacia
berlandieri
Acacia
confusa Acacia
constricta
Acacia
dealbata
Acacia
farnesiana
Acacia
cyclops
Acacia
decurrens
Acacia
greggii Acacia
longifolia
Acacia
mearnsii Acacia
melanoxylon
Acacia
pycnantha Acacia
rigidula
Acacia
tortuosa
Thorns
Acacia
catechu Acacia
collinsii
Acacia
cornigera Acacia
horrida
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Acacia
farnesiana
var.
farnesiana
Acacia pen-
nata in
Talakona
forest, in
Chittoor Dis-
trict of
Andhra
Pradesh,
India.
Tree
Acacia
aneura
Acacia
berlandieri Acacia
confusa Acaciaconstricta
Acacia
dealbata Acacia
heterophylla Acacia
koa Acacia
leprosa
Wood
Acacia
koa
Acacia
heterophylla
Acacia
schaffneri
See also• List of Acacia species
• Plant defense against herbivory
• Psychedelic plants
Notes
[1] http://allafrica.com/stories/200712130315.html. Accessed 9/16/2008
[2] Singh, Gurcharan (2004). Plant
Systematics: An Integrated Approach.
Science Publishers. pp. 445. ISBN
1578083516. http://books.google.com/
books?id=In_Lv8iMt24C.
[3] "Evolutionary change from induced to
constitutive expression of an indirect
plant resistance : Abstract : Nature".
www.nature.com.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/
v430/n6996/abs/nature02703.html.
Retrieved on 2008-04-20.
[4] ^ Chemistry of Acacias from South Texas
[5] "Seggiano Honeys".
www.seggiano.co.uk.
http://seggiano.co.uk/products/10honey/
honey.html. Retrieved on 2008-05-05.
[6] [1]
[7] Richard Pankhurst, An Introduction tothe Medical History of Ethiopia (Trenton:
Red Sea Press, 1990), p. 97
[8] An OCR’d version of the US Dispensatory
by Remington and Wood, 1918.
[9] World Wide Wattle
[10] Excerpt from A Consumer’s Dictionary of
Cosmetic Ingredients: Fifth Edition
(Paperback) Amazon.com
[11]^ Naturheilpraxis Fachforum (German)
[12] Easton’s Bible Dictionary: Bush
[13]^ Purdue University[14]^ Google Books Select Extra-tropical
Plants Readily Eligible for Industrial
Culture Or Naturalization By Ferdinand
von Mueller
[15]^ Plants for a Future Database
[16] Maugh, T.H.II. (2009-04-24). "New
species of tree identified in Ethiopia".
Los Angeles Times.
http://www.latimes.com/news/
nationworld/nation/la-sci-
tree25-2009apr25,0,402549.story .
Retrieved on 2008-04-24.[17] Aussie Fantom
[18]^ The timber properties of Acacia
species and their uses
[19]^ FAO
[20] Lycaeum
[21]^ Fitzgerald, J.S. Alkaloids of the
Australian Legumuminosae -- The
Occurrence of Phenylethylame
Derivatives in Acacia Species, Aust. J .
Chem., 1964, 17, 160-2.
[22]^ Shaman Australis[23]^ Duboisia hopwoodii - Pituri Bush -
Solanaceae - Central America
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[24]^ Wattle Seed Workshop Proceedings 12
March 2002, Canberra March 2003
RIRDC Publication No 03/024, RIRDC
Project No WS012-06
[25]^ Glasby, John Stephen (1991).
Dictionary of Plants Containing
Secondary Metabolites. CRC Press.
pp. 2. ISBN 0850664233.
http://books.google.com/
books?id=te53VV5u8YMC&pg=RA1-PA2&ots=e5Swnj0FN9&dq=acacia+alkaloids&sig=ph1WfGlPn
[26] English Title: Nutritive value assessment
of the tropical shrub legume Acacia
angustissima: anti-nutritional compounds
and in vitro digestibility. Personal
Authors: McSweeney, C. S., Krause, D.
O., Palmer, B., Gough, J., Conlan, L. L.,
Hegarty, M. P. Author Affiliation: CSIRO
Livestock Industries, Long Pocket
Laboratories, 120 Meiers Road,Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia.
Document Title: Animal Feed Science
and Technology, 2005 (Vol. 121) (No.
1/2) 175-190
[27] Maya Ethnobotanicals
[28]^ Acacia (Polish)
[29] Lycaeum
[30]^ www.serendipity.com
[31]^ Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen By
Robert Hegnauer
[32]^ www.bushfood.net[33] Ask Dr. Shulgin Online: Acacias and
Natural Amphetamine
[34] Sacred Elixirs
[35] www.abc.net.au
[36] Acacia Complanata Phytochemical
Studies
[37] Lycaeum -- Acacias and Entheogens
[38] Lycaeum
[39] SBEPL
[40] NMR spectral assignments of a new
chlorotryptamine alkaloid and its
analogues from Acacia confusa MalcolmS. Buchanan, Anthony R. Carroll, David
Pass, Ronald J. Quinn Magnetic
Resonance in Chemistry Volume 45,
Issue 4 , Pages359 - 361. John Wiley &
Sons, Ltd.
[41]^ Index of Rätsch, Christian.
Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven
Pflanzen, Botanik, Ethnopharmakologie
und Anwendungen, 7. Auflage. AT
Verlag, 2004, 941 Seiten. ISBN
3855025703 at [2][42] Lycaeum
[43]^ Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and
Ethnobotanical Databases
[44] www.bpi.da.gov.ph
[45] Purdue University
[46]^ Hegnauer, Robert (1994).
Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen. Springer.
pp. 500. ISBN 3764329793.
http://books.google.com/
books?id=9fDv1RYqIRkC&dq=chemotaxonomie+de
[47]^ www.bluelight.ru
[48] Lycaeum (Acacia floribunda)
[49] wiki.magiskamolekyler.org (Swedish)
[50] Acacia kettlewelliae
[51] Lycaeum Acacia longifolia
[52] extentech.sheetster.com
[53]^ wiki.magiskamolekyler.org (Swedish)
[54] Acacia obtusifolia Phytochemical Studies
[55] Plants Containing DMT (German)
[56] Hortipedia
[57] Pflanzentabelle APB (German)
[58] Magiska Molekylers wiki[59] Arbeitsstelle für praktische Biologie
(APB)
[60] Cyanogenic Glycosides in Ant-Acacias of
Mexico and Central America David S.
Seigler, John E. Ebinger The
Southwestern Naturalist, Vol. 32, No. 4
(December 9, 1987), pp. 499-503
doi:10.2307/3671484
[61] FAO Kamal M. Ibrahim, The current
state of knowledge on Prosopis juliflora...
General references• Clement, B.A., Goff, C.M., Forbes, T.D.A.
Toxic Amines and Alkaloids from Acacia
rigidula, Phytochem. 1998, 49(5), 1377.
• Shulgin, Alexander and Ann, TiHKAL the
Continuation. Transform Press, 1997.
ISBN 0-9630096-9-9
External links• World Wide Wattle• Acacia-world
• Wayne’s Word on "The Unforgettable
Acacias"
• The genus Acacia and Entheogenic
Tryptamines, with reference to Australian
and related species, by mulga
• A description of Acacia from Pomet’s 1709
reference book, History of Druggs
• www.serendipity.com
• Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and
Ethnobotanical Databases
• Flora identification tools from the State
Herbarium of South Australia
• Tannins in Some Interrelated Wattles
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• List of Acacia Species in the U.S.
• FAO Timber Properties of Various Acacia
Species
• FAO Comparison of Various Acacia
Species as Forage
• Long-term effects of roller chopping on
antiherbivore defenses in three shrub
species, Jason R. Schindlera, Timothy E.
Fulbright
• Vet. Path. ResultsAFIP Wednesday Slide
Conference - No. 21 February 24, 1999
• Acacia cyanophylla lindl as supplementary
feed/for small stock in Libya
• Description of Acacia Morphology
• Nitrogen Fixaton in Acacias
• Acacias with Cyagenic Compounds
• Acacia Alarm System
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia"
Categories: Acacia, Excipients
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Acacia