According to the World Health Organization, a disability is “any restriction or lack (resulting from any impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being.”
The World Health Organization's definition of a handicap is the "loss or limitation of opportunities to take part in the life of the community on an equal level with others; encounter a person with disability and social, physical environment.
Is an inability to accomplish something one might want to do. The term emphasize the focus on shortcomings in the environment and in many tasks and activities, ex. in education occupation, information or communication (social dimension)."
Another way to dissect the terms "disability" and "handicap" is to look at the degree of inability a person experiences.
A Person is completely unable to do something, then that would be considered a disability.
If the person is simply limited in doing something, then that is considered a handicap.
For example, being bound to a wheelchair is a disability but needing crutches to help you walk is a handicap because you can still walk.
One difference between the two terms is political correctness. Society views the term "disabled" as a politically correct way of saying "handicapped." If you want to be politically correct in your language and are not interested in the subtle difference between these two terms, use "disabled."
Stages of adolescence1. Early – 10-13 yrs2. Middle – 14-17 yrs3. Late – 18-21 yrs
Pubertal changes Rapid changes in body size, shape, composition Between ages 9-17, usually completed in 3-4 years Influenced by diet, race, heredity Females begin puberty before males
Hormones maintain body homeostasis Hormones are transported by blood or lymph Major endocrine glands
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenals, gonads
Hormone imbalance = physical and mental disturbances
Effects reproductive system development and function
Hormonal influences Ovaries (estrogens) Testes (androgens)
Female development Male development Growth spurt
Poor coordination Need: fuel, activities, rest
Changes Independence from parents Importance of body image Peer codes and lifestyles Establishment of identity
Relevance in oral hygiene care Understand growth patterns Insight into changes to direct motivation
Anxiety Increased self-interest Growing independence
Authority figures questioned Concern over physical characteristics
Acne Obesity Delayed/early development
Related to hormonal influence Males highest need, 2nd only to pregnancy
Under nutrition Boys: overactivity and poor diet Girls: voluntary diet restrictions, poor diet
Eating disorders Iron deficiency anemia
Girls after onset of menses
Oral manifestations of STDs Tobacco use Illicit drug use Oral contraceptives and pregnancy Eating disorders Body piercings
One form of early-onset periodontal disease is known as localized juvenile periodontitis. Juvenile periodontitis typically may be first observed in individuals around puberty, ages 11 to 13. The two forms of juvenile periodontitis are generalized and localized. The localized form has characteristic clinical features
Short-term antibiotic therapy in conjunction with non-surgical treatment can have a significant impact on the loosely adherent flora. Conservative therapy may arrest the periodontal breakdown
Patient approach Don’t lecture, highlight positive, show interest
Patient history Health history questions Personal responsibility Parental approval/clearance
Localized juvenile periodontitis is not a common finding in clinical practice. However, it does have a significant prevalence in the population. In the United States, the highest prevalence of localized juvenile periodontitis is among the African-American population. Females may be more susceptible than males
If the disease process is observed at a very early stage, treatment can include subgingival scaling and root planning in conjunction with antibiotic therapy.
The bacteria associated with this disease process are particularly susceptible to antibiotics such as tetracycline or doxycycline..
Dental caries Diet, growth demands, emotional stress
Periodontal infections Biofilm-induced puberty gingivitis, exaggerated response
Risk factors for periodontitis Poor OH, ortho, plaque accumulation, systemic factors
Destructive periodontal diseases Aggressive or chronic, localized or generalized
Patient education OHI and motivation
Caries control program Instrumentation, Fluoride tx, and re-evals
throughout growth Instruction in self-care procedures
Encourage nutritional awareness
An eating disorder is an illnesses that cause serious disturbances to your everyday diet, such as eating extremely small amounts of food, severely overeating or binging and purging
Eating disorders frequently appear during the teen years or young adulthood but may also develop during childhood or later in life.1,2 Common eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder (pg 984- Darby)
Description Complete and permanent cessation of menstruation
Characteristics Usually 47-55 yrs
Hot flashes, headaches, night sweats, sleeping problems Vaginal dryness and infections Emotional disturbances, mood swings, anxiety, Weight gain
Postmenopausal effects Bone problems, fragile skin, predisposition to HBP, diabetes,
atherosclerosis
•Associated with decreased estrogen levels include, Night sweats and sleeping problems which may lead to feeling tired, stressed and or tense
• Emotional disturbances Alterations in estrogen level may result in mood swings, depression, irritability, and difficulty with concentration or memory
Thinning of the oral epithelial lining and decreased keratinization
Glossodynia- burning sensations of the tongue
Altered taste perception ( salty, peppery, sour)
Xerostomia, and Alveolar bone loss
Appointment suggestions Efficiency, calmness, room temperature
Patient instruction Saliva substitutes, OHI, fluoride therapies
Diet Noncariogenic, fiber, low-fat, calcium, low alcohol,
decrease caffiene Fluoride therapies-Home applied FL2, for all in
this age group
A common nutritional deficiency that accompanies the onset of menstruation is:
A) vitamin AB) vitamin DC) iron D) magnesiumE) folate
The master endocrine gland that regulates the output of hormones by other glands is:
A) thyroidB) parathyroidC) pancreasD) adrenalE) pituitary
E) pituitaryThe pituitary gland is the master gland that
regulates hormone output by other glands. The thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, and adrenal glands are the major glands that secrete hormones that regulate growth and development, energy production, food metabolism, reproductive processes, and the body response to stress.