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Active despite pain: the role of pain models in chronic musculoskeletal pain
Stephen MorleyLeeds Institute of Health Sciences
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Aims
1. Review the relationship between pain and behaviour
2. Focus on seemingly counter intuitive relationship between pain and increased (over) activity
3. Implications– aetiological accounts– maintenance of disorder– developing rational treatment model
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Pain – perception for action
Attention : efficient engagement in current task Vs awareness of higher priority demands
A dynamic process
Response
Pain stimulus
Pain signal
Task (signal)
Pain characteristics
Novelty & unpredictability
Intensity
Threat valuePerson characteristics
Fear of pain
CatastrophisingTask effects
Competitive value of primary task
Experimentally difficult
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Naïve modelfor Rest vs Be active
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Low intensity High intensity
Pain intensity
Probability(rest)
Probability(active)
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• Disrupt ongoing behaviour – Reduce activity• Attend to ameliorating pain –
Rest/recuperate
Except when other tasks have greater imperative
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Chronic pain
• Behaviour as a public event– Influence of reinforcers– Establishment of discriminative stimuli – context
effects• Examples
– Pain report– Facial display– Use of aids– Walking speed– Medication consumption
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Chronic pain SD the presence of others
660
680
700
720
740
760
780
Non-Solicit Solicit
Tim
e to
to
lera
nce
- s
(st
op
)
Alone
Partnerpresent
0
5
10
15
20
25
Non-Solicit Solicit
Pai
n Alone
Partnerpresent
From Lousberg et al Pain 1992; 51: 75–9
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Pain and increased behavioural activity
Two issues
1. Aetiologicala) Persistence ► injury
b) Maintenance injury ►continuation despite pain vs rest recuperation
2. Fluctuations in pain ◄►behaviour e.g. rest-activity cycling / pacing
NB Transdiagnostic nature of these accounts
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Two aetiological accounts
• Ergomania (pre morbid) (van Houdenhove)– Based in psychodynamic terminology– Not easy to operationalize– Relative context independent
• Avoidance-endurance (Hasenbring)– Catastrophising ► fear avoidance– Suppression ► switching attention: irritable &
depressed– Minimizing ► ignore pain: positive mood &
overexertion
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Mood as input
Interaction between mood as information and characteristics of the task
Task characteristics = rules about when to StopAs many as can (AMAC) – ‘when you’re
satisfied’Feel like discontinuing (FLDC) – ‘not enjoying’
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Schematic Stop Rule X Mood Interaction
0
20
40
60
80
100
AMAC FLDC
Stop rule
Per
form
ance
Negative Mood
Positive Mood
Evidence from empirical studies
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Mood as input model for pain
Pain
NEG. Mood
Persistence
Avoidance
Overuse
Disuse
Disability
AMAC
FLDC
Stop-rule Performance Physical risk
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Some issues
• The relationship between behaviour and mood: the possible role of goals
• The development of goal preferences– Prevention vs promotion focus– State vs action preferences
• Multiple goals / tasks – the dynamics of pacing• Association of stop rules and tasks
– Doing the dishes vs. writing a novel
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Approach goals discrepancy reducing
Elation / joy
Depression
Neutral
Relief
Anxiety
Neutral
Hope
Tension
Avoidance goals discrepancy increasing
Doing poorly
Doing well
Frustration
Eagerness
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Passive and Active avoidance
Passive‘don’t act and be safe
Fear-avoidance
DO NOTHING
BE ACTIVE
Doing poorly
Doing well
ActiveDo act or else ….
Persistence
BE ACTIVE
DO NOTHING
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INJURY/STRAIN
DISABILITY
DISUSEPASSIVE AVOIDANCEPAIN
Vlaeyen & Morley, Pain 2004
Catastrophic misinterpretations
Enjoy ?
INJURY/STRAIN
PAIN OVERUSE ACTIVE
AVOIDANCE
Inflated Responsibility
Enough ?
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Avoiding, pacing and ‘doing’
From McCracken & Samuel Pain2007; 130:119-125
Avoid Pace Conf
Pace .51
Conf -.13 .07
Uptime -.35 -.14 .10
Disab .43 .23 -.01
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GOAL 2: passive avoidance
GOAL 1: active avoidance
Pacing
Exposure
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Thanks to …
David Griffith (UK)
Johan Vlaeyen (B)